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BIOLOGY 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2010 with funding from 
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 


http://www.archive.org/details/lepidopteraindicO8moor 


_ LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


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|  ADTUUT ATSDSO0 17. ae 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


BY 


Seem ow ENO, MA. F..8., F.Z.8., PE-S., 


MEMBER OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE, 


AND OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. 


VOE. VIL. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
FAMILY LYCANID. 


SUB-FAMILIES LYCZNINA, PLEBEINZ, LAMPIDINA, CHRYSOPHANIN, PORITIINA, AMBLYPODIINA, 
CURETIN#, LIPHYRINA, RURALINZ, 


LONDON: 

LOVELL REEVE & CO., LIMITED, 
PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, 
6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 
1910—1911. 


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PAGE 
Puate 640. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. ‘Phengaris 
Atroguttata . ° ; : 2 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Scolitantides 
Baton. : ‘ ; : 3 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Lycena 
Younghusbandi 5 - : 5 
Puate 641. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lycena 
Felicis. F A : s 6 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. lLycena 
Omphisa . ‘ F : ‘ 6 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. Lycena Metallica if 
Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 4b, 9. Lycena Nycula . 8 
PLATE aa 
Fig. 3g, la, 9, 1b, g. Lycena 
apis eae . : : : : 9 


Fig. 2, $, 2a, 2b, 9. Plebeius Loewii . 12 


DESCRIPTION 


Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Plebeius 
Samudra . 13 
Fig. 4, g, 4a, 4b, 9. Plebeius Astrarche 14 
Puate 643. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. PlebeiusIris. 15 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Plebeius 
Lehana . : 2 : — 16 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Plebeius 
‘Asiatica : 17 
Fig. 4, g, 4a, 2, 46, $. Plebeius Pharis 17 
Prats 644. 
Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, 6, le, 2. Plebeius 
Jaloka . 18 
Fig. 2, g (one cae): 2a, i (another form), 
2b, 9, 2c, g, 2d, 9. Plebeius 
Ellisi 5 19 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. Plebeius Annulata 20 
Puate 645. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, . Polyommatus 
Sree) nov. . : ; ‘ 21 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Polyommatus 
Pseuderos j F om 22 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, $. Polyommatus 


Drasula, nov. . = : “ 23 


Fig. 4, g ,4a, 9, 4b, $, 4c,9. Polyommatus 


Stoliczkana if ; 5 i 24 


OF -PLATES: 


Prats 646. 
Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, g. Polyommatus 
Deyanica . : : : : 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season 
Brood), 2c, 6, 2d, 9, 2e, 6, 
2f, 2 (Dry-season Brood = arene, 
Fawcett). Polyommatus Ariana . 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. Polyommatus 
Drunela, nov. é > 0 

Puate 647. 
Fig. 1, 6, la, 2, 1b, g. Polyommatus 
Bilucha . ‘ : : 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, $,2 2c, 2 ( Wet-season 


Fi 


0a 


Brood), 2d, t, 2e, 2 (Dry-season 
Brocd). Polyommatus Fugitiva . 
3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Polyommatus 
Chitralensis, nov. ; : 


Puiate 648. 


Fig. 


Fi 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


oc 
Ss: 


1, g, la, 9,16, g, le, 9 (Wet-season 
Brood), 1d, 6, le, 2 (Dry-season 
Brood). Polyommatus Yarkun- 
densis”. t : 

Dass & > “2b, $. Azanus 


3, 3a, g. Azanus Uranus 5, 
4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Azanus Gamra 


5, 6, 5a, 9, 5b, Se Orthomiella 


Gpantig 


Prats 649. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


1, g, la, 1b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 
le, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood), 
le, larva and jupa.  Edales 
Pandava . : : ; j 

2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season 
Brood), 2c, 6, 2d, 2 (Dry-season 
Brood). Euchrysops Cnejus 


Puate 650. 


Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


f=) 


1, g, la, 1b, : (Wet-season Brood), 
le,-g, 1d, 2 (Dry-season Brood), 
Euchrysops Contracta 3 

25, ds 20; 9,20, gs Lampides 
Beticus . 

3, g, 3a, 3b, Q (Wet season Brood), 
36," 3d, 2 (Dry-season ca 
Catochrysops Strabo . : 


PAGE 


bo 
oo 


37 


40 


44 


47 


vi DESCRIPTION OF PLATES 
‘PAGE PAGE 
Prats 651. Prater 658. 
Fig. 1, g, 1a, g. Catochrysops Lithar- Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g¢. Nacaduba 
gyria ; : ‘ : 48 Dana 3 78 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), Fig. 2, 2a, g. Nacaduba Hampsoni Ae fis, 
2c, g, 2d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). Fig. 3, $, 3a, 3b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 
Syntarucus Plinius . : . 49 3c, g, 3d, 2 (Dry-season Brood), 
Fig. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Niphanda 3e, larva and pupa. Nacaduba 
G mbia . 52 Atrata. 4 : : a) 80 
Fig. 4, $,4a, 2, 4b, go. " Niphanda Marcia 53 Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, $. Nacaduba 
Plumbeomicans 6 : ~ 82 
PuLateE 652. 
ios ais 9, 1b, g. Lycenesthes Puate 659. 
fora : 99 Fig. 1, $, la, 9, 1b, g. Nacaduba 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 2, 2b, 6. ‘Lyexnesthes Nora A . ‘ . a 82 
Lycenina oy wee Hig. 25g 2a , 2b, g. Nacaduba 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9. amides Boeke ‘ 58 Nosain! : r & 4 84 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, Be Nacaduba 
Pate 653. (Celeste : : . 85 
Fig. 1, 6, la, 9, 1b, g. Jamides Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, 3.  Nacaduba 
Nicobaricus : . 60 "Ancy Ta. ‘ ; SO 
Hie ds 20, 9, 2, $. Jamides Fig. 5, 6, 5a, 9, 5b, $. Nacaduba 
Coruscans 60 Viola i; 5 : : 5 Si 


Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 3b, 9. a amides Lacteata 61 
Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 4b, 2. Jamides Cerulea . 62 Prats 660. 
Fig. 1, la, 6. Una Usta (Vol. VII.) . 279 


Prare 654. Fig. 2, 2a, g¢. Plebeius Jermyni, nov. . 89 
I Is 5 ley 2 a 6. Jamides Fig. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. Chrysophanus 
Cleodus . : 100 Phileas . 91 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2, 3. Jamides Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, ?. Chrysophanus Timeus 92 
Subdita . 64 Fig. 5. 3, 5a, 9. Chrysophanus 
Fig. 3, $, 3a, 3b, Q (Wet. “season Brood), Stygianus : : : - 98 
3c, 6, 3d, 9 (Dry-season ae 
Jamides Conferenda f 65 Prats 661. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. Chrysophanus 
Prare 655. epi ne 
Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 6 (Wet- season Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. Chrysophanus 
Brood), le, g,1d, 9, le, § (Dry- Aditya. é . : . ge 
season Brood), lf, larva and pupa. Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g (Wet-season 
Jamides Celeno 66 Breod, 3c, g, 3d, 2 (Dry-season 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, a 2c, 2. Jamides Brood). Chrysophanus Kasyapa. 95 
Kinkurka 68 
Puate 662. 
Prate 656. Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. Chrysophanus 
Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. (Wet-season Brood), Susanus . 97 
le, g, 1d, le, 2 (Dry-season Brood). Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, $. Chrysophanus 
Jamides Elpis . ; f . 69 Evansi . 98 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Jamides Fig. 3, g, 3a, @, 3b, é. Chrysophanus 
iRomsleae : ieee Al Tseng o ; 98 
Fig. 3, 3a, g. Jamides Kankena » 72 Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, Bi ‘Heliophorus 
Sena : 100 
Prate 657. 
Fig. 1, 6, la, 2, 1b, g. Nacaduba Prate 663. j 
Macropthalma . ‘ 5 eee ie! Fig. 1, $, la, 2, 1b, 6, le, 9. Helio 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 2b, 9. Nacaduba Bes Brahma . : : . 102 
Kerriana . ; ee (hte i Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2, 26, 6 (Wet-season 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 3b, 2, 3c, Ao Nacaduba Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 2 (Dry-season 
Pavana - ye Brood). Heliophorus Epicles . 103 
Fig. 4, ¢, 4a, 2 4b, 3+ “de 2. Nacaduba Fig. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. Helge ns 
Bhutea 2 5 pea tits Viridipunctata . - 104 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


Puate 664. : 
Fig. 1, 6, la, 2, 16, g (Wet-season 
Brood), 1c, 6, 1d, 2 (Dry-season 
Brood). Heliophorus Tamu = 
2, }> 2a, g; 2b, 3} 2c, 2 (Wet- 
season Brood), 2d, 6, 2e, 9 (Dry- 
season Brood). Heliophorus Moorei 


Fig. 3, $, 3a, 2, 3b, g, 3c, 9. Helio- 


Fig. 


phorus Androcles 
Puate 665. 
Fig. 1, la, 9. Gyaniriodes Libna ‘ 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, e 2b, ¢. Poritia Hewit- 
soni 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, $. Poritia ‘Eryci- 
noides ‘ 
Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, “4b, 3. Poritia 
Sumatre . : 2 
Puate 666. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, 1c, 2. Poritia 
Geta > 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, $. Poritia Phraa- 
tica . 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 3; Be, Q. " Simis- 
kina Pediada . 
Puate 667. 
Fig. 1, ¢, 1a, 9,1b, g,1le, 9. Simiskina 
Phalena . 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, $; 2e, 9. Simiskina 
Phalia . 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, Be 2. Simiskina 
Potina 
Prate 668. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g,1¢e, 9. Zarona 
Jasoda . 
Fig. 2, 2a, g. Cyaniriodes Libna 
Fig. 3, $, 3a, 2, 3b, g,3c, 9. Surendra 
pee tae ‘* 
Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 2, 40, a 4c, . Shrendra 
Discalis . 
Pate 669. 
Fig. 1, ¢, 1a, 9,16, g, le, 9. Surendra 
Amisena . ‘ 5 . 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, $3, 2c, es Surendra 
Florimel . - : 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 3, 3c, 2 Q (Wet-season 


Brood), 3d, 3 (Dry-season Brood), 
3e, larva and pupa. Traota 
Timoleon . 


Puate 670. 
Fig.1, 6, 1 ?,1b, g. Iraota Rochana 
Fig. 2, $, 2a, 2b, 9, 2c, larva and pupa. 
Amblypodia Narada . 5 
Fig. 3, 3a, ¢. Amblypodia Taooana 


PAGE 


105 


129 
130 


Prats 671. 
Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Amblypodia 
Anita ; = . 3 C 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, ?. Uae Atkin- 
soni : ‘ 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, g, 3b, he Mahathala 
"Ameria 5 
Prate 672. 
Fig. 1, ¢, 1a, 1b, 9. Thaduca Multicau- 
data 2 3 : , 5 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala Con- 
Stancee . 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, é- Athopals Cen- 
” taurus = 
Puate 673. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala 
Pirithous . : : ‘ : 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and 


pupa. ‘Arhopala Coruscans. 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g, 3c, larva oral 


pupa. ‘Arhopala Amantes . 
Puate 674. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala 
Amatrix . 


Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 3. Arhopala Agnis 
Fig. 3, 3a, g. Arhopala Apha 


Puate 675. 
Fig. 1, g,1a, 1b, 9. Arhopala Anthelus 
Fig. 2,¢, 2a,?,2b, 6. Arhopala Camdeo 
Fig: 3, g,3a, 2,3b, ¢. Arhopala Anarte 


Puate 676. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala 
Eumolphus : j : < 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2), Arhopala 
Maxwelli . : 5 : 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, Arhopala 
Hellenore 3 z : 
Puate 677. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 6. Arhopala 
Silhetensis , : 3 F 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Arhopala 
Nicév illei . 


Fig. 3, ¢,.3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala ‘Agaba 
Fig. o 4a, 6. “Arhopala Zambra, nov. 


Prats 678. 
Fig.1, $,1a,?,1b,g. Arhopala Bazalus 


Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala 
Singla . 
Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 92, 3b, 3. Athopala 


‘Antura, nov. 


158 
160 
161 


161 
163 


164 
165 


166 
167 
168 


Vili 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


Puiate 679. 
Fig. 1, g, 1a, 9,1b, g. Arhopala Selta 
Fig. 2, Gis Be 2, 2b, 6. Arhopala Aroa 
Fig. 3 be: 3a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Canaraica 
Fig. 4 4a, 3. ‘Athopala Mindanensis 
PrateE 680. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 1b, 9. Arhopala Rafilesii 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala 
Bazaloides 
Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9, 3b, g. " Arhopala Alemon 
Prats 681. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala Atrax 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9,20, 6. ee 
Hewitsoni é 
Fig. 3, 3a, g. Arhopala Agrata : 
Fig. 4, 4a, g. Arhopala Alea 
PuatE 682. 
Fig. D la, 6. Arhopala Opalina . 
Fig. 2, 2a, g. Arhopala Aida . 
Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 9,930, 3 - Arhopala 
Basiviridis 
Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 9, Ae 3. Arhopala 
Mirabella . ‘ j : c 
PLATE 683. 
Fig. 3 g, la, 1b, 9. Arhopala Subfasciata 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Albo- 
‘punctata : 
Fig. 3, 6, 3a, ?, 3b, g. Arhopala ‘Alesia 
Fig 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Arhopala 
Dama, nov. : c c 5 
Puate 684. 
Fig.1, ¢, 1a, 9,1b, ¢. Arhopala Adorea 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. Arhopala Atosia 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Arhopala Aidias 
Prate 685. 
Fig. 1, la, 3. Arhopala Khamti . 
Fig. 2 , ¢, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Ginea . 
Fig. 3, , 8a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Abseus 
Puate 686. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, larva, 1d, 
pupa. Arhopala Rama. 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Dodonxa 
Fig. Be 3a, Q. “Arhopala Comica . 
PLATE 687. 
Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala 
Diardi . ; . : z 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala 
Fulgida . : : : . 
Fig. 3, g¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala 
Asoka. : ° . : 


PAGE 
169 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 
175 
176 
177 


178 
179 


198 
199 


Puiate 688. 


Fig. 1 


Fig. 2 


, 6, la, 1b, 2, le, larva and pupa. 
” Arhopala ‘Apidanus 
2, g, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Ageia 


Fig. 3, 3a, g. Arhopala Belphcebe 
Pate 689. 
Tes, No ei c,e ils Oe itp, Arhopala 
Chinensis s : G 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, Arhopala 
Areste . : : 3 
Fig. 3, 6, 3a, 2, 3b, Arhopala 
Anniella . : > : 
Pate 690. 
Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala 
Bp : : ¢ : . 
Fig. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Arhopala 
Antimuta 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Moolaiana 
Prats 691. 
Fig. 1, la, g. Arhopala Duesse . 
Fig. 2, é6, 2a, 9, 26, 6. Arhopala 
Artegal 
Fig. 3, ¢, 3a, Os 3b, $. Arhopala 
Hypomuta 3 2 4 5 
Fig. 4, 6, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Arhopala 
Metamuta é ° * : 
PLATE 692. 
Te, WL ig Ue, On Ie ec ese 
Paramuta : 
Fig. 2, 2a, g. Arhopala Roona 
Fig. 3, 3a, 9. Arhopala Zeta. 
Fig. 4, g, 4a, 4b, 9. Arhopala Perimuta 
Prate 693. 
Fig. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. Arhopala 
Andamanica . : : A 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9,2b, g. Arhopala Fulla 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Arhopala 
Arvina 5 : : - 
Prats 694. 
Hig: 1; }, la, 9, 1b, Arhopala 
Agelastus : : : 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 26 Arhopala 
Perissa . 5 a 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, Arhopala 
Adala ‘ : e 
Puate 695. 
Fig. 1, $, la, 9,10, ¢. Arhopala Tounh- 
one : : : ; 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, @. Arhopala Asopia . 


. 8, 6, 3a, 2, 3b, @. Arhopala Meta 


PAGE 


DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 


Prate 696. - 
Fig. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b,g. Arhopala Ober- 
thiiri : : : t : 
Fig. 2, $, 2a, 2b, 9. Arhopala Ganesa . 
Fig. 3,6, 3a, 3b, 9. Arhopala Aberrans 
Fig. 4, dg, 4a, 2, 4b, a a Bir- 
mana 


Pruate 697. 
Fig. 1, la, g> Arhopala Ammonides 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 2b, 2. ae Paraga- 
nesa 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, Q. " Arhopala Zephy- 
retta d 
Fig. 4, g, 4a, 9, 40, 3. Arhopala Ariel 


Prats 698. 
Fig. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, @, le, 1d, larva and 
pupa. Curetis Thetys : 
Fig. 2, g, 2a, 9, 26, oy Curetis Stig- 
mata 
Fig. 3, $, 3a, ?, 3b, $b. Curetis Gloriosa 


Prate 699. 
Fig. 1, g, a 9, 1b, g. Curetis Saronis 
Fig. 2, g, 2 re 2b, g (bulis form), 3, Be 


3a, 3h, Q (discalis form) 
Puate 700. 


Fig. 1, g, la, 2,1b, 6. Curetis Dentata 
His. 2; 6, 2a, 9, 26, g. Curetis 


Angulata : : : é 
Fig. 3, g, 3a, ¢, 3b, g. Curetis 
Malayica . : : - : 

Prate 701. 
Bias dus @, 1b, 6g. Liphyra 
eae : E . : 5 
Fig. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Strymon 


Sassanides : : . : 
Fig. 4 8, 3a, 9, 3b, g. Callophrys Rubi 
Fig. 4, 6, 4a, or 2 Pes ees 
"Leechi ; c 


PAGE 


PLATE 
Fig. 


702. 
1, g, la, 9, 1b, 6. Neolycena 
Sinensis : : : 5 
2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Ruralis 
Dohertyi ‘ : 
By Cig CEE Og lA Ge Ruralis Teana 
. 4, 4a, $. Ruralis Khasia : 
703. 
1, g, la, 9,1b, 6. Ruralis Ataxus 
2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, g. Ruralis Duma 
3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. Ruralis Syla . 
704. 
1, g, la, 2, 1b, g, le, 1d, larva and 
pupa. Ruralis Birupa 
2, 2a, g¢. Ruralis Letha 
. 3, 3a, 6. Ruralis Zoa . 
4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. Ruralis ahen 
705. 
ig. » 3g, la, 9, 1b, g. Ruralis Pavo. 
» 65 2a, 9, 2b, g. Euaspa Mili- 
‘onia 
Osis) Os 9, 3b, in ‘Cheetoprocta 
Odata é . 
. 4, 4a, g. Listeria Dudgeonii 
705A. 
1, la, larva and pepe. Traota 
Timoleon . 5 : 
. 2, 2a, larva and. pupa. Surendra 
Quercetorum . . : 
. 3, 3a, larva and pupa. "Amblypodia 
Anita 
. 4, 4a, larva and pupa. Arhopala 
‘Coruscans 
. 5, larva. Arhopala Amantes . 


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LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Sub-Family LYCAENINZ. 


Eyes naked, colouring on the upper side generally blue or purple, some few dark 
or pale brown: many metallic and shining, venation and general structure very similar 
in all the genera; the margins of the wings invariably entire; the hindwings are 
tailless. 

GENITALIA.—/Edeeagus very wide at the proximal end, so that it is heart-shaped, 
and there is a good armature of cornuti (Chapman). 


Genus PHENGARIS. 
Phengaris, Doherty, Journ. As, Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 36. 


Imaco.—Eyes smooth; this splendid Chinese butterfly, Lyceena atroguttata, 
Oberthiir, deserves to be placed in a separate genus or sub-genus, distinguished from 
Lycena by the upper discoidal vein of the hindwing being short, and angled outwardly, 
the lower discocellular meeting the median vein opposite its second forking. 

This butterfly is certainly the finest of the sub-family, unless the Danis group of 
Cyaniris be excepted. I was not able to detect any odour about it, but it has all the 
air of a protected species. I often saw it in the meadows of the Kutcha Naga country, 
Naga Hills, from 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation, flying very slowly and visible from a 
great distance, so that I caught a good number, in spite of its rarity. The character 
of its markings, round black spots on a pure white ground, is very remarkable. It is 
hard to avoid thinking Tajuria maculata, Hew., a mimic of this species, though it 
seems to live at a lower elevation and further to the westward. Turaka hamada is 
somewhat-similarly marked, and is obviously protected. 

Ihave taken the name Phengaris, which means a daughter of the moon, from the 
modern Greek (Doherty, l.c.). 

Type, atroguttata, Oberthiir. 

Dr. Chapman informs us that the genitalia of Phengaris show characters closely 
allied to those of typical Lycena. 

VOL. VIII. B 


2 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


PHENGARIS ATROGUTTATA. 
Plate 640, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, 9. 


Lyczna atroguttata, Oberthiir, Etud. @Entom. ii. p- 21, pl. 1, fig. 4, a, b (1876). 

Phengaris atroguttata, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 36, Leech, Butt. of China, Japan, 
and Corea, ii. p. 317 (1892). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 659, 

Phengaris atroguttata, var. albida, Leech, 1.c. pl. 28, fig. 5, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very pale blue with a metallic sheen in certain lights, 
the basal and costal portions of the forewing and the basal and abdominal portions of 
the hindwing suffused with darker blue, darkest at the base and gradually paling 
outwards. orewing with a large black spot at the end of the cell, two beyond it near 
the marginal band, one above the other, a third black spot beneath them and more 
inwards, a small black dot below that and more inwards still ; a broad black marginal 
band, well defined, which abruptly stops a little below vein 3, and has below it a black 
mark on vein 2. Hindwing with a thin, suffused blackish, marginal band, containing 
suffused black markings in the interspaces, the black spots of the underside showing 
through the wing. Underside white. Horewing with all the markings jet black and 
large ; a transverse spot in the middle of the cell, a larger nearly round spot at the 
end, a whorl of spots in the upper disc beyond, commencing with a twin spot on the 
costa, a twin spot below and a little outside, a round spot again below and on the inner 
side and a small spot again below and still farther inwards, a sub-terminal row of square 
spots from the costa to interspace 1, an anteciliary row of short somewhat lunular marks 
stopping in the same interspace, and a marginal series of smaller and somewhat triangular 
spots stopping in the next lower interspace. Hindwing with three large spots on the 
costa and three bands of large spots across the wing, the first consisting of five, the 
second and third of seven each, and an anteciliary row, the spots becoming larger 
hindwards. 

Female. Upperside like the male, but there is an extra spot inside the cell, three 
sub-apical spots instead of two, and a small spot straight below the hindermost large 
spot instead of being well on the inner portion of the wing as in the male; the 
marginal black band is also broader and is somewhat suffused on its inner side. 
-Hindwing with all the spots of the underside showing more distinctly and the outer 
marginal band broader. Underside similar to the male, except for the position of the 
small spot being directly below the large lowest one, instead of being on its inner 
side. Cilia of both sexes white. 

Antenne black, club whitish beneath; head and body black above, whitish 
beneath. 

Expanse of wings, f ?, 2 inches. 


LYCANINE. 3 


Hasirat.—Naga Hills, Western China. 

Distripution.—The type came from Moupin; it is commonly distributed in 
W. China; Doherty procured it from the Naga Hills, and it is in our collection from 
the same locality. Watson records it from the Chin Hills. 


Genus SCOLITANTIDES. 
Scolitantides, H bner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 68 (1816). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B.M. p. 167 (1869). 
Lycena, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. 
p. 334 (1907). 

Has a peculiar type of coloration, the fringe of the wings being alternated with 
black and white, and the spots of the underside large and black; venation as in 
Lycena. 

GerniTaLiA.—Harpagones or clasps not Plebeid; very broad, exceptionally so, and 
short, suddenly excavated from the lower apical half and extended into a long point 
downwards. Cingula or girdle deeply bent over the harpagones. Tegumen highly 
excised in front apex, raised into a high saddle at the back, the whole tegumen 
extended right beyond the harpagones. Falces or hooks much reduced, being merely 
two slightly curved points in the rear of the tegumen. Furca long, waved; sdcagus 
broad, exceptionally short, being only about twice its own width (Bethune-Baker). 

Type, erion, Pallas. 


SCOLITANTIDES BATON. 
Plate 640, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 
Papilio baton, Bergstriasser, Nomencl. ii. p. 18, vol. iii. pl. 9, figs. 6 to 8 (1779). 
Lyczna baton, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 889, Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 109, pl. 24, fig. 2, ¢ 9? 
(1884). 
Papilio hylastor, Bergstriisser, Nomencl. ii. pl. 47, figs. 7, 8 (1779). 
Polyommatus vicrama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, pl. 31, fig. 6, 9. 
Scolitantides cashmirensis, Moore, l.c. 1874, p. 272. Butler, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 408. 
Lyczena hylas, de Nicéville (nec Schiff.), Butt. of India, iii. p. 84 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 673. Bingham, Fauna of Brit, India, Butt. ii. p. 351 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish-blue, both wings with a slender lunular black 
line at the end of the cell, and black marginal line with a little inner blackish suffusion, 
a series of sub-terminal blackish spots on the hindwing, and indications of a very slender 
white line close to the marginal line. Cilia white, with blackish spots opposite the vein 
ends. Underside grey, with a slight bluish tinge with a few blue scales at the base, 
markings black, prominent. /orewing with a spot inside the cell, a short lunular 
mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of seven spots, much curved outwards 

B 2 


4 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


above the middle, the two upper spots small, the second spot from the lower end 
well inwards, the lowest spot outside on a line with the third, a sub-terminal 
series of spots, a black marginal line and between them a row of short brown linear 
marks. /Zindwing with four sub-basal spots in an outwardly curved row, a lunule at the 
end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the upper one near the apex of the wing, 
the next well inwards being the commencement of an outwardly highly curved row of 
five spots, the second from the lower end well outwards, and a costal spot between the 
upper spot and the sub-basal spot ; a sub-terminal double series of short lunules with 
orange-ochreous between them ; a black marginal line. Cilia as on the upperside; in 
some examples the black spots are’encircled with pale whitish. 

Female. Upperside purplish-brown, with some blue-grey basal irrorations, the 
lunular mark at the end of the cell obscure, some sub-terminal obscure blackish spots 
with narrow, paler surroundings, mostly obsolete on the forewing, faintly indicated on 
the hindwing, not visible on either wing in some examples. Cilia as in the male, but 
the spots in it are brown. Underside as in the male. Antenne black, ringed with 
white ; top of head white ; some white marks on the front of the thorax; thorax and 
abdomen blackish above, with greyish-blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, S 14%; inches. 

Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Central and South-Eastern Europe, Afghanistan. 

DisrriputTion.—Leslie and Evans record it from Chitral, Butler from Kandahar, 
de Nicéville from Ladak, Kashmir, Lahoul, Kunawur, Bingham from Beluchistan ; it is 
in our collection also from Kulu and Kashmir. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. 


Scolitantides orion, Papilio orion, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. il. 
p. 309 (1892). Habitat, Corea, Pekin, Central Europe, Asia Minor, South Siberia, and the 
Amur. 

Scolitantides lanty, Lycena lanty, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 53 (1886). Habitat, 
Chinese Thibet. 


Genus LYCA( NA. 


Lyczena, Fabricius, Tl. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807). de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 3384 (1907). 


Forewing with vein 6 from upper end of cell, 9 out of 7, the bases of 6 and 7 well 
separated, 8 absent, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 10 and 11 from apical half of 
sub-costal vein, 12 at apex bent slightly towards 11. Hindwing with 3 and 4 distinctly 
separated at base, 3 from a little before the end of the cell, 4 from the end, 7 from 


LYCANIN 4. 5 


apical half of sub-costal, 8 strongly arched at base, then straight to apex, running 
close to costal margin. Antenne half as long as the costa of forewing, club well 
marked, oval, pointed at tip, 
palpi sub-porrect, with short 
stiff hairs in front, third joint 
moderately long, legs slender, 
tibie and tarsi of foreleg 
tapered, the latter long, ex- 
articulate, spined beneath, 
foreles of female normal, 
with minute claws. Genitalia 
with the clasp more or less 
quadrangular on side view, 
with a strong spine from the 
dorsal angle parallel with the 
distal margin; the cornuti 
are small and numerous. 


Type, arion, Linnzeus. Photo of genitalia of Lycena arion, Linnzus. 
According to Tutt, all 


the species of this genus that follow belong to Scudder’s genus Glaucopsyche, Syst. 
Rev. Am. Butt. p. 33 (1872), type, lygdamus, Doubleday, from America, which Tutt 
separates from Lycena, but the general structure is the same, and Dr. Chapman 
informs us that the genitalia are congeneric. 


LYCHNA YOUNGHUSBANDI. 


Plate 640, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 


Lyczena younghusbandi, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 484, pl. 36, fig. 10, ¢. Bingham, Fauna of 
Brit. India, Butt, ii. p. 338 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark brownish-black, with a satiny sheen and tinted 
with plumbeous; marginal lines black and slender, an indistinct slender linear mark 
at the end of the cell of the forewing. Cilia snow white, with a basal ochreous-grey 
band. Underside. J orewing brownish-grey, spots black, with whitish edges ; a linear 
mark at the end of the cell, and a discal even row of six spots, the row slightly outwardly 
curved, the lowest spot oblique, formed of two joined together ; a sub-terminal, very 
indistinct double row of grey lunular marks ; terminal line brown. indwing with all 
the inner portion glistening green, leaving a fairly even terminal band of brownish- 
grey, veins in the green portion grey, some glistening green sub-terminal spots, grey 
terminal line, and cilia of both wings grey. 


6 LEPIDGPTERA INDICA. 


Female, like the male above and below, the sub-terminal markings on the underside 
more prominent. Antenne black, ringed with white, head and body brownish-black 
above, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1435 inches. 

Haspirat.—Thibet. 

DisrripuTion.—Recorded by Bingham from Sikkim, Chumbi Valley, and Phari ; 
in the B. M., a fine series of both sexes (including the types) from Gyantze, Thibet. 


LYCHNA FELICIS. 


Plate 641, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, 6. 
Lycena felicis, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 52 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. 
p. 307. (1892). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown with a chocolate tint, five deep 
black sub-terminal, triangular spots on the hindwing, from the anal angle upwards, 
each outwardly edged with metallic blue-green scales, and inwardly with dark orange 
angulated lunules, the upper and lowest spot small. Underside. Lorewing grey, spots 
deep black, ringed with white; a lunular spot at the end of the cell, a discal series of 
six nearly round spots, slightly curving inwards at its upper end, the lowest spot 
geminate ; a sub-terminal series of more or less lunular spots decreasing in size and 
paling in colour upwards, a very fine brown terminal line, and between them some 
grey lunular marks on a whitish ground. SHindwing pale blue-green, becoming pale 
outwards, the terminal border more or less grey like the colour of the forewing, a black, 
fine, lunular line on a pale ground at the end of the cell. Cilia above, with the inner 
half brown, the outer half white; on the underside it is grey. Antenne black, ringed 
with white. Palpi black above, white beneath, with black and white rather long hairs ; 
frons blackish-brown, with a white streak on each side, head and body blackish-brown 
above, white beneath. 

Very near Younghusbandi, but the markings on the underside of the forewings 
differ somewhat, and the wings are broader and shorter. 

Female, like the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1335 inches. 

Hasirat.—Thibet. 

Disrripution.—In the B. M. from Gyantze, How-kow and other parts of Thibet. 


LYCHNA OMPHISA. 
Plate 641, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, @. 


Polyommatus omphisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pl. 66, fig. 2, ¢. 
Lyczena omphisa, de Nicéville, Butt of India, iii. p. 84 (1890), Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, ii. 
p. 347, pl. 19, fig. 131 (1907). 


LYCHNINA. 7 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown, all the interior portion of both wings 
thickly covered with metallic blue scales which in some lights look purple-blue and in 
others purple-green, leaving the borders as if with broad even blackish bands, the 
extent of the blue scaling, however, varies somewhat in different specimens. Under- 
side. orewing dark brownish-grey, darker on the outer marginal portion ; a black 
lunule edged with white at the end of the cell, an even discal series of six black spots 
edged with white, the lowest geminate, the three upper ones curving inwards below 
the costa, some obscure white angular marks on the outer margin ; the base of the 
wing thickly suffused with blue scales. Hindwing blue-green, darker towards the base ; 
a white lunule at the end of the cell, four white spots in an even curve in the middle of 
the disc, and a fifth white spot on the middle of the costa; veins rather prominent. 

Female. Upperside dark purple-brown without any markings; a slender black 
marginal line to both wings and a black costal line on the forewing. Underside. 
Forewing suffused with pale chestnut-brown, the outer margin with large pale white 
spots joined together, making a rather broad whitish marginal band, some blue suffusion 
at the base. Hindwing dull pale blue-green with some pale greyish suffusion on the 
costal parts; markings on both wings as in the male. Cilia white. Antenne black, 
ringed with white; head and body black above with some blue pubescence, below 
white. 

Expanse of wings, $ 14%, 2 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—N. W. Himalayas. 

DistripuTion.—Recorded from Chitral, Lahoul and Ladak; and it is in our 
collection from Dras, 


LYCHZNA METALLICA. 
Plate 641, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. 


Lycena metallica, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, pl. 35, figs. 7,8, ¢, 9, 9 (1865). Moore, Proc. 
Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 247. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 83 (1890). 
Lyczna galathea, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings dilute violaceous-cyaneous, a whitish striga 
before the cilia, outwardly powdered with fuscous. J orewing with the tips of the veins 
and the margin increasingly hindward. indwing with the costal border and the 
external margin fuscous. Underside. orewing very pale hoary-brownish at the base 
and at the apex; the hindwing entirely metallic bluish-greenish. J vurewing with a 
rounded spot. Hindwing with a litura on the discocellulars, and a bent fascia of 
rounded spots beyond the disc whitish, broader in the forewing and in the hindwing 
joined to a fuscous shadow (Felder). 

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the basal two-thirds. Hindwing with 


8 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the interior area with blue iridescent scales, three sub-terminal square spots (now faded) 
orange-ochreous above the hinder angle of the forewing and a series of similar sub- 
terminal spots on the hindwing, decreasing in size upwards. Cilia of both wings 
white. Underside. orewing grey, shining, some blue-green scales at the base; a 
narrow spot at the end of the cell, and seven in a transverse row in the disc, all whitish 
with brown centres. Hindwing green, almost emerald green, veins and outer margin 
speckled with brownish (apparently because the green scales are rubbed off them), a 
white lunular spot at the end of the cell and a discal, evenly curved row of large round, 
white spots. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, 
orey beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1425 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Ladak. 

The description and figures of the male are taken from Felder’s description and 
figures, the type being lost; the blue colour of the upperside is undoubtedly too 
vivid ; the description and figures of the female are taken from the actual type-specimen 
kindly lent from the Tring Museum ; the type-specimen isa female as stated by Felder, 
and not a male as supposed by de Nicéville. There can be no doubt that Felder’s 
figures 7 and 8 represent the male and his figure 9 represents the female, though the 
blue coloration of the interior of the wings of this figure is, as it is in the male figure, 
much too vivid, the colour of this female is really brown with blue iridescence, very 
difficult to represent in a coloured figure. Bingham altogether misidentified the species, 
sinking fig. 9 to omphisa, and figs. 7 and 8 to galathea. He never could have seen 
Felder’s type. 


LYCANA NYCULA. 
Plate 641, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, 9. 


Polyommatus nycula, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 503, pl. 31, fig. 3, ¢. 

Lycena nycula, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. 1888, p. 272, pl. 94, ¢. 

Lyczna galathea, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 82 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. 

India, Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue. vrewing with the costal line 
blackish, and both wings with the outer marginal line blackish, with fine streaks 
from it running in on the veins; cilia white with a pale grey line in it, hardly visible ; 
some blue scales at the base of both wings. Underside pale brownish-grey. Forewing 
with a white spot at the end of the cell, and a discal even row of white spots, 
containing minute, central, grey dots, outwardly curved above its middle and 
inwardly curved below it, some indistinct angulated whitish marks on the outer 
margin which under the lens are blue-tinted. Hindwing pale blue-green, a thin white 
lunule at the end of the cell, and a curved row of five pale white spots in the disc, 


LYCZENINZ. 9 


- with a sixth white spot in the middle of the costa; a series of pale white angulated 
marks on the outer margin. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body 
blackish with blue pubescence. 

Female. Dark chocolate-brown. Fvrewing with four large square subterminal 
orange spots above the hinder angle, sometimes with indications of a fifth. finding 
with a complete sub-terminal row of similar spots, the second and third the largest, 
decreasing in size upwards. Underside like the male, but the colour on both wings 
paler, the outer marginal space tinged with pale blue on the forewing, some brownish 
suffusion on the interior portion of the wing, and the discal row of white spots with 
more prominent dark central dots. Hindwing similar to the male. 

Expanse of wings, f 1745, 2 143; inches. 

Hasrrat.—N.W. Himalayas. 

DisrriputTion.—The type came from Kunawar, it has been recorded from Simla 
and Tehri Gurhwal. Moore also records it from Kashmir and Narkunda; and it is in 
our collection from Kunawur and Pangi. 


LYCHNA GALATHEA. 
Plate 642, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Lycena Galathea, Blanchard, in Jacq. Voy. Ind. iv. p. 21, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, g (1844). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 82 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 673. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, 
Butt. ii. p. 348 (1907). 

Polyommatus galathea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271 ; id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss. Lep. 
p. 6 (1879). 


ImaGo.—Male. Upperside of a beautiful azure-blue colour. orewing with the 
costal line black, marginal line black with the colour running in shortly on the veins. 
Cilia white with a grey line in it. Underside. Fvrewing grey, pale on the upper parts, 
the lower portions smeared with brown in the outer parts of the interspaces ; a discal 
row of six black spots edged with white, the two lowest geminate, the third and fourth 
linear, the fifth oblique, the sixth small, the seventh minute and placed a little inwards 
below the costa ; a thin lunular line edged with white at the end of the cell; base of 
wing with blue iridescence. Hindwing blue-green densely irrorated with darker blue- 
green on the basal portion; a white lunular line at the end of the cell, and a discal 
well-curved row of six pale white spots in regular order. Antenne black, ringed with 
white; head and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs ; white below. 

Female. Upperside dark brown, almost blackish-brown. orewing with three 
subterminal dark orange spots above the hinder angle, decreasing in size upwards. 

VOL. VIII, c 


10 ; LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hlindwing with four subterminal similar spots, the second and third from the anal 
angle the largest. Underside like the underside of the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1445 inches. 

Hapirat.—N.W. Himalayas. : 

DIsTRIBUTION.—Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri; Leslie and 
Evans from Chitral; it has also been recorded from Pangi, Kashmir, Kulu, and the 


hills north of Simla, and it is in our collection from Goolmurg. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. 

Lyczena lycormas, Polyommatus lycormas, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. ix. p. 57 (1868). 
Synonym, Lycena scylla, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 22 (1880). Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. 
p. 139, pl. 16, fig. 7 (1887). Habitat, Japan. 

Lyczena kazamoto, Druce, Cist. Ent. i. p. 361 (1875). Habitat, Central Japan. 

Lycena cxligena, Oberthiir, Ktud. d’Ent. ii. p. 21, pl. i. figs. 3, a, b (1876). Habitat, Central China. 

Lycena euphemia, Lycena euphemius, var. euphemia, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. pp. 142, 288, 
pl. 138, fig. 6 (1887). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan. 

Lycena divina, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 286, pl. 13, figs. 5a, b, 2 (1887). Habitat, Corea. 

Lycena xgina, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Ross. 1891, p. 451. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 303, 
pl. 31, fig. 11, g¢ (1892). Habitat, Central China. 

Lycena insularis, Lycena argus, var. insularis. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii, p. 302, pl. 31, 
figs. 8, 6,5, 9 (1892). Habitat, Yesso Island, Japan. 

Lycena barine, Leech, l.c. p. 304, pl. 31, fig. 14, § (1892). Habitat, Oiwake, Japan. 


Sub-Family PLEBEINZ. 


Eyes naked, except in the genus Polyommatus, and in the aberrant genera 
Azanus and Orthomiella, colour generally blue or purple as in Lyceeninz, neuration 
similar, 

GENITALIA.—Clasp large, tapering to each end, each clasp quite separate from its 
fellow, and with the two divisions into which the clasp is divided only distinct at the very 
end. The dorsal portion of the armature consists of two lateral portions, connected across 
the actual dorsum by a comparatively narrow and featureless strip of chitin, less reduced, 
however, than in Celastrina (Lycenopsis) ; each side has a rather long process clothed 
with hairs, and of by no means simple structure ; attached to the hase of this is a smooth 
hook, so articulated as to have considerable freedom of movement; the base of the hook 
is more or less swollen, and extends somewhat transversely to the dorsal process, then 
with a bend, which may be a right angle, the rest of the hook extends more or less 
parallel to the dorsal process on its dorsal side. It is the size and form of this 


PLEBEINL. 11 


hook and its relation to the dorsal process that afford the easiest characters to 
seize for the sub-division of the Plebeids (Chapman). 

Tutt has divided the genus Plebeiws into several sub-divisions merely on account 

of small differences in the genitalia, most of them so small, it is impossible to consider 
them generic characters, we prefer putting them into sections, giving the genitalial 
differences from Chapman’s notes in Tutt’s Britt. Lep. x. pp. 156-157 (1907). Polyom- 
matus, however, though practically similar in every other character, has hairy eyes, and 
therefore the species of that genus are easily distinguishable ; all the above are tailless. 
All the species of Edales and Euchrysops have filamentous tails, and in that they differ 
from the other Plebeids, but in every other respect Hdales is a true Plebeid, and 
Euchrysops very nearly related. 
, Nore.—Tutt says (Britt. Butt. ix. p. 327) that the character (smooth or hairy 
eyes) is of little importance, and “ does not even separate species belonging to different 
sub-families.” We have not found this to be the case; in the Heterocera the eye 
character is of great importance as a family character, and in the Lycenidz we have 
found it, almost universally, to correspond with the characters of the genitalia and 
general structure ; in only two instances in the whole of the Lyceenidze do we find hairy- 
eyed and smooth-eyed genera that have to be put in the same sub-family ; in the 
Plebeinze there are three, Polyommatus, Azanus and Orthomiella; Polyommatus is a 
true Plebeid, the others somewhat aberrant; the other genera are all smooth eyed; in 
the Hypolyczeninz the hairy and smooth-eyed genera are in about equal numbers, and 
form two sections of that sub-family ; the remaining sub-families have no exceptions 
that we have yet found, and are as follows :— 


_ SMOOTH EYED. HAIRY EYED. 
Gerydinz. . “  Curetine. 
Ly cxenopsinz. Ruraline = Thecline. 
Everine. Aphneine. 
Lyczenine. 
Chrysophanine, 
Poritine, 
Amblypodine. 
Cheritrinz. 
Horagine. 
Biduandine. 
Loxurine. 
Liphyrine, 
SECTION I. 


. Genus PLEBEIUS. 


_ Plebeii, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. (2); p. 744-(1767). Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. p. 591 (1799). 
- ‘Plebeius, Kluk, Zwierz, Hist.. Nat. iv..p: 81 (1780), Crotch, Cist. Ent, i. p. 60 (1872). Kirby, 
Cc 2 


12 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Handbook Lep. ii. p. 87 (1895), Tutt, Ent. Record, vii. pp. 220, 340 (1895) ; id. Brit. Lep. x. 
p. 159 (1909). 

Lycena, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, i. 
p. 334 (1907). 

Cyaniris, Dalman, Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. p. 63 (1816). Type, semiargus, Rottenburg. 

Nomiades, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 67 (1816). . 

Aricia, R, and L, Jena, Allg. Lit. Zeit. i. p. 280 (1817). Prout, Ent. Record, xxi. p. 156 (1909). 
Type, astrarche, Bergstriisser. 

Vaceiniina, Tutt, Brit. Butt. x. p. 154 (1908). Type, optilete, Knoch, 

Albulina, Tutt, l.c. Type, pheretes, Eversmann. 

Latiorina, Tutt, l.c. p. 55. Type, orbitulus, Esper. 


Structure and neuration very similar to Lycena. Genitalia characterised by its 
length and slenderness of both dorsal process and the upright portion of the hook ; 
the dorsal process is, also curved in such a way that, when the parts are flattened, as — 
occurs when mounting them on a slide, the dorsal armature has the closest resemblance 
to the harp-like tale of the lyre-bird, or perhaps we ought to say, to the conventional 
harp that that tail so closely imitates (Chapman). 

Type, Argus, Linnzeus. 


PLEBEIUS LOEWII. 
Plate 642, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 
Lyczxna loewii, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 9. Herrick-Schiifer, Schmett. Eur. i. figs. 434 to 437 (1849). 
Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 141 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 79, pl. 26, fig. 167, ¢ 


(1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 343 (1907). 


Lycena empyrea, Freyer, Neuere Beitr. vi. pl. 573, fig. 1 (1852). Gerhard, Mon. Lye. pl. 17, 
figs. 2, a to ¢ (1853). i 

Lyceena chamanica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 111. 
p. 79 (1890). 


ImaGo.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. orewing with the costal and outer 
marginal lines black, the latter with a little black suffusion and short blackish streaks 
running in on the veins and in the interspaces. J/indwing with a black marginal line, 
a series of indistinct subterminal black marks with a fine white line between them. 
Cilia white with a black basal band. Underside grey, markings black edged with 
white. orewing with a lunule at the end of the cell, a discal series of six spots, the 
lowest linear, the second and third oblique, the upper three close together. /indwing 
with four sub-basal spots, a lunule at the end of the cell, and a discal series of six 
spots, the lowest lunular, the next placed inwards in a line with the first spot and the 
cell lunule, forming the end of a complete curve with the next three, the last two of 
this curve, being the fourth and fifth spots of the series, close together, the six 


PLEBEINZ. 13 


inwards, in a line with the seventh spot below the middle of the costa, and also 
another costal spot near the apex of the wing; both wings with a subterminal series 
of brown spots, enclosed by a lunular pale brown line, the first, second and fourth 
from the anal angle with metallic blue scales, the first three bordered on their inner 
sides with orange-ochreous ; a fine marginal brown line and grey cilia with a brown 
basal band. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above with a 
little blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a blackish spot at the end of the 
cell, a post-discal transverse double series of pale whitish spots, the outer series being 
obscure, a marginal blackish line with a very indistinct and very fine inner whitish 
line. Hindwing with a post-discal series of more or less obscure whitish spots, a 
subterminal series of blackish spots, commencing with a small pair close together near 
the anal angle, the next two the largest, the others more obscure and decreasing in 
size upwards, all edged outwardly with white, and the first four crowned inwardly with 
orange, a marginal blackish line, and cilia of both wings as in the male. Underside as 
in the male, the markings larger and more prominent. 

_Expanse of wings, $ 1,45 inches. 

Hasirat.—Beluchistan, Chitral, Persia, Asia Minor. 

DistriputTion.—Recorded by Leslie and Evans from Chitral, by de Nicéviile 
from Quetta and Khojak; in our collection from Gunduk in the Sarakola Pass, 
Beluchistan. 


PLEBEIUS SAMUDRA. 
Plate 642, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢g. 


Polyommatus samudra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 574, pl. 67, fig. 2, ¢. 
Lycena samudra, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 78 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 673. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 347 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside lavender-blue, both wings with slender terminal black 
line, in most examples (but not in the type-specimen) with a little black suffusion 
inside the line, thickest at the apex of each wing ; some dull blue scaling at the base. 
Cilia snow-white. Underside grey, spots black, ringed with whitish. Forewing with 
a short lunule at the end of the cell, a discal even series of five spots, with a slight 
outward curve, the lowest composed of two small spots joined together, the next the 
largest, the next three more or less angular in shape. Hindwing with three sub-basal 
spots, a pale short slender lunular mark at the end of the cell; a discal series of eight 
spots, six of them in an even and well-curved row from the middle of the costa to the 
second interspace, the other two outwards, level with each other, near the abdominal 
margin of the wing; both wings with slender terminal brown line, sub-terminal brown 


14 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


lunules and an indistinct series of brown marks between them, those on the hindwing 
containing some pale blue-green metallic scales. Cilia white with grey marks at the 
vein ends. 

Female. Upperside brown with a few dull blue scales at the base, and on the 
abdominal margin of the hindwing ; terminal line black and slender. Underside as in 
the male, but in the type-specimen the ground colour is much darker, markings similar. 
Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above with blue hairs, white 
beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1545 inches. 

Hasirat.—Baltistan, Beluchistan, Ladak, Kashmir. 

DisTRIBUTION.—-The types in the B. M. are from Kashmir; there is one example 
from Ladak, and a fine series of both sexes from Kiris, 8,000 feet elevation. 


SECTION J[.—Aricta. 


Genitalia has a comparatively very fine hook to the dorsal process, and possesses 
on the body of the clasp, in a longitudinal line, a number of rough spinous processes. 
Type, astrarche, Bergstrasser. 


PLEBEIUS ASTRARCHE. 
Plate 642, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, 2. 


Papilio astrarche, Bergstrisser, Nomencl. iii. p. 4, pl. 49, figs. 7, 8 (1779). 

Lycena astrarche, Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xiv. p. 2£0 (1878). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, 
p. 889. Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 114, pl. 24, fig. 9, g, 9 (1884). Alphéraky, Hor. Soc. 
Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 386 (1881). Doherty, Journ, As. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Bingham, 
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 337 (1907). 

Papilio allous, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 988 to 992 (1827-1841). 

Lyczna astrarche, var. allous, Lang, Butt. of Europe, p. 115 (1884). ; 
Lyceena medon, de Nicéville (nec Hufnagel), Butt. of India, iii. p. 69 (1890). Mackinnon and 
de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 671. 

Polyommatus nazira, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 504, pl. 31, fig. 4. 

Lyczna nazira, Moore, l.c. 1882, p. 246. 

Cupido nazira, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 368. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside satin brown. orewing with a black spot at the end 
of the cell; a terminal series of blackish spots, and a sub-terminal series of orange 
lunules, sometimes one and sometimes both obsolete. Hindwing with a similar 
terminal and sub-terminal series more prominent, a fine black marginal line to 
both wings. Underside dark grey with some blue scales at. the base, markings 


PLEBEIN 4. ; 15 


black, with white edgings. Forewing with a spot at the end of the cell, and a 
discal series of spots, highly curved outwards above the middle and inwards 
below it. Mindwing with four sub-basal spots in a line, a thin lunule at the end 
of the cel], a discal series of spots curved above and below as in the forewing ; 
both wings with terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of black spots with a white 
line between them and the terminal line, the white line having black dots on the vein 
ends, the black spots heavily crowned with orange and the orange crowned with thin 
blackish lunules. Cilia white. Antenne black, ringed with white ; club whitish beneath ; 
head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath ; palpi with some stiff black hairs. 

Female, above and below, like the male, but the bands above are composed of 
larger orange spots, and on the underside the ground colour is darker, and all the 
markings larger and more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, $ 2 145 to 1; inches. 

Larva.—Pale green, with a brownish-purple medio-dorsal stripe and faint pale 
lateral stripes ; each segment has two wart-like eminences with projecting white bristles ; 
the ventral surface is pale green with whitish bristles ; the claspers are semi-transparent 
and pale yellow in colour; the legs are spotted with black ; when full-grown itis about 
half an inch in length and has the usual Lycena shape ; its food-plant is the Storkbill 
(Erodium cicutarium). 

Pupa.—Has the usual Lyceena form, pale yellow in colour, witha green tinge, with 
a dorsal stripe of reddish-purple ; it is spun up among the dry leaves of Hrodium and 
Artemisia (Lang). 

Hasirat.—The Himalayas, throughout Europe, Asia Minor, Kouldja, Askold and 
Amurland. 

Distrisution.—de Nicéville records it from Simla, Kashmir, Ladak, Kumaon, 
Cheena, Doherty from Naini Tal, Bingham from Beluchistan, Mackinnon and de 
Nicéville from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral, and it is in our collection 
from Solon, Simla. 


PLEBEIUS IRIS. 


Plate 643, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, ¢. 


Lycena iris, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 207. Grum-Grshimailo, Rom. Mem. Lep. iv. 
p- 378, pl. 7, fig. 8 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 337 (woodcut) (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich silky purple-brown; both wings with terminal 
black line and black lunule at the end of the cell. Hindwing with a very indistinct 
sub-terminal series of blackish spots, and sometimes indications of a series close to the 
margin, the two nearest the anal angle less obscure than the others, and occasionally 


16 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with two or three blue-green metallic scales. Cilia snow-white. Underside dark grey, 
spots large and edged with clear-cut white rings. Jorewing with the largest spot of 
all, at the end of the cell; in some examples it looks like two spots closely joimed 
together, a discal series of six spots quite close to the large discoidal spot, the first four 
from the upper end in a well-curved series, the lowest spot outwards, the third, fourth 
and fifth at right angles to the others, like short bars, the fifth generally the longest. 
Hindwing with four sub-basal spots in an irregular line, a thick lunular mark at the 
end of the cell, and a discal series of seven spots, the sixth from the costa outwardly 
deeply curved, the seventh placed a little outwards ; both wings with a terminal brown 
line, a sub-terminal series of brown lunular marks, edged inwardly by conspicuous white 
lunules, and between them a paler series of brown lunular marks, the last four spaces 
before the anal angle of the hindwing filled in with orange suffusion, the spots in them 
jet black with metallic blue-green scales, the two middle ones the largest. 

Female, above and below, like the male. 

Antenne black, ringed with white; thorax and abdomen blackish above, white 
beneath ; front and top of head white. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 1+/5 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Central Asia, Pamirs, Chitral. 

DisTRIBUTION.—A fine series in the B. M. from Turkestan, Samarkund, and many 
other parts of Central Asia, and nine examples from Ziarat and Jhela Drosh, Chitral, 
collected by Leslie and Evans. 


SECTION IIJ.—Atxpu.ina. 


Genitalia agrees with Aricia in the general form of the long hard process of the 
clasp, but has the hook of the dorsal process with a very broad square base, and the 
upper portion thick below, tapering and ending in a slight hook. 

Type, pheretes, Eversmann. 

PLEBEIUS LEHANA. 
Plate 643, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, @. 
Polyommatus lehana, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 230; id. Sci. Res. Second Yark. Miss. 
Lep. p. 6, pl. i. fig. 6, ¢ (1879). 
Lycezena lehana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 81 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. 


Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 352, pl. 19, 
fig. 132, ¢, 133, 9 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, with some dark blue scaling at the base ; 
both wings with very fine marginal black line. Underside. Forewing plumbeous- 
grey, with blue scaling at the base, markings blackish-brown with white edges; a 
lunular mark at the end of the cell, a diseal row of five small spots, evenly curved 


PLEBEINZ.. 17 


inwards at its upper end. //indwing with the ground colour darker; markings pure 
white, large and prominent, a streak within the cell, a costal spot above it, another spot 
outwards close to it, a spot below obliquely outwards, five squarish lengthened spots in 
the disc in a row, only separated from each other by the veins, the upper end outwardly 
obliquely below the last-mentioned spot, the row running right across the wing, the 
lowest spot belonging to it (very small) placed inwards, a series of paler and more 
obscure sub-terminal spots, all the spots centred by very obscure grey dots. Cilia 
white. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, clothed 
with bluish hairs, white beneath, the palpi beneath fringed with black hairs, 

Female. Upperside darker than the male, otherwise it is similar both above and 
beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. 

Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. 

Distripution.—Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, de Nicéville 
from Leh and Ladak ; and both sexes are in our collection from Kashmir. 


PLEBEIUS ASIATICA. 
Plate 643, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. 
Lyczxna pheretes, var. asiatica, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 402; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 
p. 382. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 81 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, 
Butt. ii. p. 352, pl. 19, fig. 134 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Forewing more pointed at apex. Upperside, both wings rich 
metallic blue, with very fine marginal black line. Underside grey. Forewing with a 
thin black lunular mark edged with white at the end of the cell, some blue scaling at 
the base of the wing. Hindwing irrorated with blue scales on the basal two-thirds, the 
white spots arranged as in Lehana, but smaller and more round. 

Female. Upperside darker and duller in colour, with fine marginal black line. 
Underside coloured like the male. Forewing with three small white spots in a 
transverse row in the upper disc, instead of the complete row of discal spots as in 
Lehana. HHindwing with a white lunule at the end of the cell, the remaining markings 
as in Lehana. 

Expanse of wings, 3 75, 2 1 inch. 

Hasitat.—Sikkim, Chumbi. 


PLEBEIUS PHARIS. 
Plate 643, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. 
Lycena pheretes, var. pharis, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii. p- 138, pl. 9, figs. 5, g, 5a, 9. 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue. Forewing with a black marginal 


line; margin of hindwing broadly black, especially at apex and costa ; cilia broadly 
VOL. VIII. D 


18 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


white. Underside. Forewing purple-grey, paling towards apex; a black spot ringed 
with white at apex of cell, a discal series of small black spots ringed with white, varying 
in number; in some specimens only three, usually four. indwing pale brownish on 
the disc, fading into pale greenish-ochreous at the margin, with the following pale 
ochreous spots; one in and extending beyond discoidal cell, cuneiform, a discal series 
of six beyond it, and an indistinct one basally below the costa. 

Female. Upperside dark fuscous, basally irrorated with blue. Underside as in 
the male. 

This form differs from the var. asiatica of Elwes in having fewer discal black spots 
on forewing, and in the size and length of the pale cellular spot on hindwing (Faweett). 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 inch. , 

Hasrrat.—Khamba Jong, Thibet, 15,000 feet elevation. Colonel Fawcett has 
kindly lent us his types for figuring. Elwes says, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 485, that 
he believes this to be a form of his Asvatica, but there is undoubtedly a marked 
difference, especially in the whitish streak in the cell of the hindwing. 


SECTION IV.—Larrorra. 


Genitalia very near Albulina, but the dorsal hook is less heavy and more like that 
of Polyommatus ; the hard process of the clasp is rather long, and the serrate margin 
extends round an almost circular termination. 


Type, orbitulus, Esper. 


PLEBEIUS JALOKA. 
Plate 644, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, lb, g, le, 9. 


Polyommatus jaloka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pl. 66, fig. 3, ¢. 
Lycena jaloka, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 86 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 349 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, the base of forewing and the basal and 
abdominal half of hindwing covered with greenish-blue scales. Forewing with a fine 
black costal and outer marginal line, and a short black mark edged with grey at the 
end of the cell. HMindwing with a deeper black terminal line inwardly edged with a 
very fine white line, interrupted by black dots at the vein ends. Underside greyish- 
white. Forewing basally irrorated with blue scales, markings black, edged with white, 
a short lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal series of six spots, commencing in 
the third interspace, decreasing in size upwards where it is curved inwards; three pale 
blackish somewhat spear-shaped marks between the discal series and the outer margin, 
in the first three interspaces. Hindwing with the basal third with blue scaling ; a pale 


PLEBEIN. 19 


brownish rather broad and even medial band deeply elbowed outwards in its middle, 
leaving a large white spot inside the elbow. Cilia white, black basally. Antenne 
black, ringed with white, the club bright bronzy-red on the underside ; head and body 
blackish above with blue hairs, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside brown, with some dull blue basal scaling, marked like the 
male. Underside. orewing with the basal two-thirds sutfused with brown, sharply 
defined just before the discal series of spots which are disposed as in the male, as also 
are the paler spots before the outer margin above the hinder angle. Hindwing with 
the basal third densely irrorated with blue scaling, the elbowed band represented on 
both sides of the large white spots, meeting both above and below it. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 3° to 1 inch. 

Hasirat.—Kashmir. 

DistripuTion.—Recorded from the Rajdiangan Pass, Sursungar and Stakpila 
Passes, and Baitul. 


PLEBEIUS ELLISI. 
Plate 644, figs. 2, § (one form), 2a, ¢ (another form), 2b, 2, 2c, g, 2d, 9. 
Polyommatus ellisi, Marshall, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 41, pl. 4, fig. 4, g. 
Lycena ellisi, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ili. p. 87 (1890). 
Lycena leela, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 66, pl. 1, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9; id. Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 87 (1890). 
Lyczna jaloka, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 349 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale greyish-black, with blue basal irrorations. [ore- 
wing with a thick lunular black spot ringed with white at the end of the cell, and a 
discal medial series of five white spots with black centres. Hindwing with a fine black 
lunule ringed with white at the end of the cell, and a white spot above it a little 
outwards, a discal medial row of five white spots with blackish centres, the lowest 
small and a little outwards. Cilia of both wings white. Underside grey, suffused with 
pale chocolate colour. Both wings with the spots as above, but more prominent, the 
upper spot on the hindwing joined to another above it, the base of this wing suffused 
with blue séales. 

Female. Upperside greyish-black, much darker than the male, with some blue 
scales at the base. Both wings with similar white spots, but without black centres. 
Underside grey, with glistening blue scales at the base of the hindwing, which often 
occupy a third of the wing. vrewing with the white spots very faintly indicated, 
but without black centres. Hindwing with the cell spot and upper spot large and 
touching each other, a blackish patch on their outer side, the black colour continued in 
a ring round the upper spot, also indications of a discal series of white spots. 


Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 1 inch. 
D2 


20 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—Himalayas, Ladak. 

Distripution.—Recorded from Pangi, 12,000 feet. Sanch Pass, 14,000 feet 
(type). The form Jeela was taken by de Nicéville at Zogi-la, on the Ladak side, at about 
11,000 feet elevation, and at Mamyka Pass, Ladak, 13,000 feet, and at Fotu-la, Ladak, 
about the same elevation. The species is variable, but undoubtedly both ellisi and leela 
are forms of one species. 


SECTION V:—Cvyantris. 


Genitalia agrees with Aricia in having the hard process markedly larger than the 
soft one, but it has a more special character in the hook of the dorsal process being 
folded at the bend to about 170°, ie. the base and upper part almost folded together. 

Type, Semzargus, Rottenbure. 


PLEBEIUS ANNULATA. 
Plate 644, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. 
Lyczna semiargus, var. annulata, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 484, pl. 36, figs. 12, g, 11, 9. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brownish-black with a slight purplish tint, with blue 
iridescence in certain lights leaving broad blackish margins to both wings, and also 
to the costa of the hindwing. Costal line of forewing and cilia of both wings pure 
white. Underside pale grey, spots small, black, narrowly ringed with white. Forewing 
with the costal line pure white, with black inner edge, the entire wing, except a small 
outer marginal space, suffused with pale blackish-brown, with some obscure darker 
streaks on the veins ; a short linear mark at the end of the cell, a discal evenly curved 
row of five spots. /indwing with three sub-basal spots, a discal row of six spots, 
evenly and deeply outwardly curved, a linear mark at the end of the cell, the inner 
third of the wing with blue irrorations, both wings with a sub-terminal row of 
brown lunular marks, rather far from the margin, the upper ones on the forewing more 
or less obsolescent ; marginal line black. Cilia pure white. Antenne black, ringed with 
white ; head and body black above, with white bands on each side of the eyes, white 
beneath. 

Female, similar to the male, above and below, with less iridescence above. 

Expanse of wings, S 2 14%; inches. 

Hasirat.—Gyantze, Thibet, 13,000 feet elevation. 

The types are unique ; it is a very distinct form. 


ALLIED CHINESE, JAPANESE AND AFGHAN SPECIES. 


Plebeius argus, Papilio argus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 483 (1758). Habitat, Central Japan, 
Europe, Asia Minor, Amurland, 


PLEBEINA. 21 


Plebeius optilete, Papilio. optilete, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. i. p. 76, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6 (1781). Central 
Japan, Europe, Siberia, Amurland, Trans-Baikal. 

Plebeius cleobis, Lycena cleobis, Bremer, Butt. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 472 (1861). Habitat, Central 
Japan, Corea, Amurland, Bureja Mountains. 

Plebeius pheretes, Papilio pheretes, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. p. 45 (1865). Habitat, Western China, 
Europe, Turkestan, Amurland, Lapland. 

Plebeius micrargus, Lycena micrargus, Butler, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 283 (1873). Habitat, Tokio, Japan. 

Phebeius chinensis, Lycena chinensis, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 523, pl. 10, fig. 5; Synonym, 
Lycna mandschurica, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. vi. p. 160 (1892). Habitat, N. China. 

Plebeius bracteata, Lycena bracteata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p- 407, pl. 39, fig. 4, ¢. 
Habitat, Kandahar. 

Plebeius pseudegon, Lyczna pseudegon, Butler, Proc. Zool. Sec. 1881, p. 851. Habitat, Yesso Island, 
Japan. 

Plebeius iburiensis, Lycena iburiensis, Butler, l.c, p. 852. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 108 (1882). Habitat, 
Yesso Island, Japan. 


Genus POLYOMMATUS. 
Polyommatus, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins, xiv. p. 116 (1805); id. Enc. Méth.ix. p, 11 (1819). 
Tutt, Brit. Butt. i. p. 313 (1906). 
Lyczna, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 66 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit, India, 
Butt. ii. p. 334 (1907). 
Hirsutina, Tutt, Brit. Lep. x. p. 154 (1908). Type, damon, Schiff. 
Agriades, Tutt, l.c. p. 155. Type, coridon, Scop. 


Eyes hairy, coloration, structure and venation much as in Lyceena and Plebeius ; 
differs from Plebeiws in the genitalia, in having a less heavy base to the clasp, a less 
slender upper portion, and its curvature is simple; the hard process of the clasp is 
rather shorter than in Agriades; in both there is a soft process between the two 
divisions of the clasp (it often swells out in preparation in a balloon-like way) ; 
whether we regard it as a part of the soft process of the clasp, or a development of the 
membrane between the two processes does not much matter, but its considerable 
development (it occurs elsewhere) is characteristic of these two genera. The hairy eyes 
of the species of this genus makes it a link between the Plebeine and Lampidine. 

Type, Zcarus, Rottenburg. 


POLYOMMATUS SARTOIDES, nov. 
Plate 645, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. 
Lyczena sarta, Bingham (nec Alphéraky), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 345 (1907). 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue, with some darker blue scaling at the base. 


Forewing with the costal line finely black, terminal line black, with indications of 
suffused sub-terminal blackish spots. Hindwing with the costa broadly suffused with 


22 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


blackish; the terminal line black with large sub-terminal almost square black spots 
edged with grey in the interspaces, the two near the anal angle small and geminate. 
Cilia white with a black basal band. Underside dark chocolate-grey, markings black, 
broadly surrounded with white, spots all large. orewing with a short lunular mark 
at the end of the cell, a row of five discal spots, curved inwards at its upper end, the 
third from the top oblique, a series of sub-terminal short lunular spots, the white 
surroundings joined together forming a narrow white sub-terminal band, and between 
it and the discal series is a row of almost square dark brown spots, almost filling up 
the space between. //indwing with a somewhat spear-shaped, large white spot at the 
end of the cell, another in the middle of the disc between the discal and sub-terminal 
series, four sub-basal spots in a line, a discal series of eight spots, bent outwards 
above its middle, the lowest two spots geminate, a sub-terminal series of black spots 
broadly capped with orange, edged on its inner side by black lunules, the two lowest 
spots and the two lowest Junules geminate ; marginal line of both wings black, slightly 
crenulate. Cilia grey with brown lines across it, opposite the vein ends. Antennz 
black, ringed with white, with some white marks on the club ; head and body blackish 
above with blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside brown, with a chocolate bronzy tinge. Forewing with the 
costal line black, and a narrow black marginal band, containing a series of black 
triancular spots, the discal portion of the wing generally the palest. Hindwing, darker 
brown, black marginal line, and sub-terminal black spots as in the male, both wings with 
a transverse series of unusually large spear-shaped orange spots, the outer ends 
touching the black spots, darker and more prominent on the hindwing. Cilia not 
quite as in the male, the black basal band on it being interrupted in places. Under- 
side as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 1445 inches. 

Hasirar. — Chitral. 

A fine series in the B. M. taken by Leslie and Evans (Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
1908, vol. xiv. p. 672), who naturally were unable to identify it; it no doubt belongs to 
the Sarta group, but is a very distinctive local form. 


POLYOMMATUS PSEUDEROS. 
Plate 645, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. 
Polyommatus pseuderos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138. 


Lycxna pseuderos, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 77 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue with beautiful blue reflections. Torewing 
with a black costal lineand black terminal line, with some slight blackish suffusion on 


PLEBEINE. 23 


its inner side and short blackish streaks running in on the veins. //indwing with the 
costa somewhat narrowly blackish, terminal line black, a series of sub-terminal blackish 
spots with a very fine white line between them. Cilia white, with a basal black band. 
Underside grey, with a pinkish tint, spots black, narrowly ringed with white. Porewing 
with a few blue scales at the base, a spot inside the cell, another below it, a lunule at 
the end ; a discal row of seven spots, the two lowest geminate, the row curving evenly 
outwards above its middle and curving inwards below it. Hindwing with blue scales 
on the basal and abdominal portions, four sub-basal spots in a line, the lowest close to 
the lowest geminate spots of the discal series, which consists of eight spots, the upper 
three in a line outwards, the remainder nearly in a line inwards, both wings with a 
terminal brown line, sub-terminal white spots with brown centres, capped with orange, 
the orange limited by brown lunules inwardly edged with white triangular marks, the 
middle ones of the hindwing expanding into a whitish streak inwards. Cilia whitish, 
with grey markings opposite the vein ends. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head 
and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs; a white band on each side of the 
eyes, whitish beneath. 

Female. Upperside blackish-brown, with blue reflections, varying much in extent 
in different specimens. Forewing with a black mark at the end of the cell; black 
terminal line, three or four sub-terminal orange lunular marks above the hinder angle. 
findwing with a black terminal line, a regular series of orange lunular spots, 
decreasing in size upwards, each orange spot with a black spot at its outer end, and a 
black lunule at its inner end, a very fine white line between the spots and the terminal 
line. Cilia white with a brown basal band. Underside as in the male, the spots and 
markings larger and more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 13%; inches. 

Haprrat.—Kashmivr. 

DistriBuTion.—The type came from the Sind Valley, Kashmir; it is in the B. M. 
from Mandi, Kulu, and Bhagi, 9000-10,000 feet. 


POLYOMMATUS DRASULA, nov. 
Plate 645, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside cyaneous-blue with brilliant reflections, veins pro- 
minent. orewing with the costal line white with black inner edging before the apex, 
outer-marginal line rather broadly blackish, inwardly diffuse and shortly running in on the 
veins. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly blackish, terminal line black, narrowly 
diffused with blackish inwards with:a series of indistinct sub-terminal blackish spots. 
Cilia white, with grey marks opposite the vein ends. Underside grey with a pink 
tint; spots black, ringed with white. Forewing with a lunule at the end of the cell, 


24 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


a discal series of seven spots, the two lowest geminate, the row evenly curved 
outwards above its middle, some blue scaling at the base. Hindwing with the 
basal portions irrorated with blue scales, four sub-basal spots in a line, a fine Junular 
line in a small white patch at the end of the cell, a discal outwardly well curved row ef 
seven spots, the lowest lunular ; both wings with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal 
series of spear-shaped white marks, each with a grey spot in it; the middle spots of 
the hindwing expanding into a white streak inwards, its inner point joining the 
discoidal patch. Antenne: black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish, with blue 
hairs. 

Female. Upperside brown, costal line of forewing white, marginal line of both 
wings blackish, a few indistinct blackish sub-terminal spots on the hindwing. Under- 
side darker than the male, markings similar. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 175 inches. 

Hasirat.—Kardong Pass, 17,000 feet elevation (types); it is in the B. M. also 
from the Chongching Valley, Ladak and Kashmir. 


POLYOMMATUS STOLICZKANA. 
Plate 645, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g, 4c, 9. 


Lyczena stoliczkana, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, pl. 35, figs. 10, 11, ¢ (1865). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 73 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 341 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rather pale violet-blue. Forewing with dark blue 
iridescent scales at the base and along two-thirds of the hinder marginal space. Hind- 
wing with the basal and abdominal portions with similar iridescent scales; both wings 
with brown marginal line. *, Cilia white witha basal brown band. Underside pale violet- 
grey, all the veins more or less prominent, marginal line brown. Forewing with a 
black thin linear mark at the end of the cell, on a round white spot; some bright 
iridescent blue scales at the base, outer part of the wing palest, the interspaces being 
somewhat whitish. //indwing with the basal and abdominal portions broadly irrorated 
with blue iridescent scales, a large pale whitish spot or round patch at the end of the 
cell, with the whitish colour continued in the interspace above vein 4 down to the 
outer margin, which contains a series of rather broad whitish streaks in all the inter- 
spaces, each streak containing a fine line of the ground colour ; with the exception of the 
mark at the end of the cell of the forewing there are no other marks or spots on either 
wing. Cilia pure white without the basal band. 

Female. Upperside violet-brown with some basal blue scales on the forewing and 
on both basal and abdominal portions of the hindwing, a few markings on the outer 
margin of the latter, like nearly obsolete pale spots. Underside coloured like the male. 


PLEBEINAL. 25 


Forewing with the black spot at the end of the cell larger, and on the outer margin a 
series of pale white spots, with small lunular grey marks inside them; blue iridescent 
scales on both wings as in the male. Hindwing with the white cell patch and the 
streak to the sub-terminal series broader, commencing with a point below the cell 
patch and widening outwards, a series of rather large white terminal spots with 
brownish spots inside them, capped with orange, the orange marks with what looks 
like a series of brownish lunules on their inner. sides, but the specimen is somewhat 
faded and all the marginal markings of the hindwing are very indistinct; no other 
spots or markings on either wing. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body 
blackish-brown above, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 14% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Ladak. 

The above description and figures are taken from Felder’s types from the Tring 
Museum ; they are in fairly good condition, though apparently somewhat faded ; de 
Nicéville suggested that they were dwarfed examples of Ariana, Moore, and Bingham 
sank Ariana to Stoliezkana, but they had evidently never seen Felder’s types, which 
have no resemblance to Moore’s species. There are two examples of Stoliczkana in the 
B. M. which have some of the usual discal spots on the underside more or less visible. 


POLYOMMATUS DEVANICA. 
Plate 646, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. 
Polyommatus devanica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 573, pl. 66, fig. 4, ¢. 
Lyczna devanica, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 71 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, 
Butt. ii. p. 344 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dusky purplish-brown with blue scaling on the basal 
portions, sometimes covering the greater portion of the wings, but the amount is very 
irregular and varying; a black lunular mark at the end of the cell in both wings and 
black terminal line. Underside dark brownish-grey, or greyish-brown ; much darker 
than usual, the spots black, large and prominent, and broadly ringed with white. 
Forewing with one at the end of the cell, a discal series of five (sometimes six) spots, 
the upper one inwards, the third, fourth and fifth from the top rather oblique ; just 
outside this series is a row of brown lunular marks, a sub-terminal row of smaller brown 
marks, all more or less ringed with whitish, and a brown marginal line. Lindwing 
with four sub-basal spots almost in a line, a spot at the end of the cell, a discal series 
of five spots almost in a line, the lower two geminate, the series completed to seven by 
a spot near the middle of the costa and another outwardly below it; marginal line 
brown, a series of sub-marginal brown spots, the lower two small and geminate, each 
capped with pale orange and edged outwardly by a white line, the orange edged 

VOL. VIII. E 


26 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


inwardly by brown lunules, the latter again inwardly edged by white lunules, these 
white lunules expanding into a white patch in the middle of the disc. 

Female. Upperside uniformly dark brown with a few blue-grey basal scales, very 
neatly resembling the male, cell marks and marginal line black. Underside slightly 
darker, markings as in the male. Cilia white with brown spots opposite the extremity 
of the veins. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish above, with 
a little blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 144; inches. 

Hasrrat.—Ladak, Kashmir. 

DisTRIBUTION.—It is in the B, M. from Dras, Gorais Valley, as well as the type 
from Ladak ; in our collection from Ladak. 


POLYOMMATUS ARIANA. 


Plate 646, figs. 2, $, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 
2c, g, 2d, 9, 2e, g, 2f, 9 (Dry-season Brood=arene, Fawcett). 
Polyommatus ariana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 504, pl. 31, fig. 2, ¢; and 1874, p. 271; 
id. Sci. Res. Second Yarkand Miss. Lep. p. 6 (1879). 
Lyczena ariana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 246. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
p- 133. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 72 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 379. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 672. 
Cupido ariana, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 368; id. Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 149. 
Lyczena sutleja, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 246. 


Lycena stoliczkana, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 341, pl. 19, fig. 130, g (1907). 
Lyczena arene, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, p. 137, pl. 9, fig. 4. 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, ?, 2b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. orewing with a blackish costal line, 
and rather broad marginal blackish border, and inside this border is a series of very 
indistinct, pale bluish short marks in the interspaces ; an indistinct small blackish spot 
at the upper end of the cell. Hindwing with the costa rather broadly suffused with 
pale blackish, and a marginal, inwardly suffused blackish band, broader than the marginal 
band of the forewing; some dull blue scales on the basal portions of both wings, 
marginal line black. Underside rather dark brownish-grey with basal blue irrorations ; 
markings black, ringed with white. orewing with a spot inside the cell, another 
sometimes below it, neither always present, a slender short lunular mark at the end, a 
series of seven discal spots, curved inwards above, the lowest two small and geminate, 
a grey terminal line, and short greyish linear sub-terminal marks. Hindwing a little 
darker, three sub-basal spots, the lowest more or less obsolete, a very slender pale 


PLEBEINA. 27 


lunular line in a triangular white patch at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight 
spots, the lowest two minute and geminate, the upper three in an outward line, the 
remainder angled inwards in an inwardly curved series, terminal line grey, sub-terminal 
white spots with grey centres, the middle ones expanding inwards in a white streak, 
the series of white spots with brown thin lunules on their inner sides capped with 
minute slender brown lunular marks. Cilia white. Antennee black, ringed with white ; 
head and body blackish above with purplish pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside brown, generally without any markings, but in some examples 
there are some sub-terminal orange spots on the lower portion of both wings. Under- 
side darker than in the male, the markings similar. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 1345 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, g, 2d, ?, 2e, ¢, 2f, 2). 


Male. Upperside brilliant grey-blue, with some darker blue irrorations at the 
base. orewing with the costal line very finely black, marginal line of both wings 
black, with some short slender black lines running in on the veins. HHindwing with 
the costal space slightly suffused with pale blackish. Cilia white. Underside very 
much paler than in the other form, the blue scales at the base, and especially in the 
abdominal portion of the hindwing, more extensive and brighter, markings similar, the 
outer area of both wings often nearly white. 

Female like the same sex of the Wet-season form, but the sub-terminal orange 
spots on both wings on the upperside are always present and prominent; the series is, 
however, seldom complete, especially on the forewing; on the underside the spots are 
usually smaller and more round, and the size is very variable. 

Expanse of wings, f 1345 to 15°5, 2 14% to 1,4 inches. 

Hasirat.—W. Himalayas. 

DistripuTion.— Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie 
’ and Evans from Chitral, by Doherty from Naini Tal (4,000 to 8,000 feet), by Moore from 
Kashmir, by de Nicéville from Kunawar, Mataran, Dras Valley (11,000 feet), Leh ; in the 
B. M. also from Thundiani, and in our collection also from Kulu and the Gorais Valley ; 
the type of arene came from Khamba Jong, Thibet (15,000 feet elevation). 

‘Note.—Colonel Fawcett has very kindly lent us his type of arene for figuring 
(2c and 2e); it is a very good example of the Dry-season form of ariana; we possess 
some identical with it from Kashmir. 


POLYOMMATUS DRUNELA, nov. 
Plate 646, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, @. 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining opalescent blue, some brilliant blue-green scales 
at the base and along the hinder margin of the forewing, and covering the whole of the 


nH 2 


28 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


hindwing except the narrow marginal portions; costal line of forewing, and outer 
marginal line of both wings black. Cilia brownish at the base, its outer portion white, 
tipped with grey. Underside dark chocolate-grey, some green scaling in the basal 
portion of the hindwing ; spots deep black, ringed with white. orewing with a thick 
lunular spot at the end of the cell, an evenly, outwardly curved, discal series of six 
round spots, the lowest in the first median interspace. Hindwing with three sub-basal 
spots in a row, the lower two rather close together; an evenly outwardly curved discal 
series of seven round spots, the lowest geminate, a white streak between the fourth 
and fifth spots, running into a small white patch at the end of the cell; which contains 
a very fine lunular line ; both wings with a terminal fine black line, sub-terminal black 
spots, outwardly edged with white, and inwardly with orange, capped with black 
lunules. Cilia pure white. 

Female. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, black lunular spot at the end of 
the cell of the forewing, and both wings with sub-terminal black spots capped with 
orange, four on the lower part of the forewing and five on the hindwing. Underside 
much darker than in the male, markings similar but larger, and brighter coloured, and 
in addition on the forewing there is a spot inside the cell and another below it, the 
latter in the left wing being geminate. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. 

Haprrat.—Peshawar, types in Mus. Druce. 

The underside in both sexes is much like the underside -of Plebeius astrarche, 
Bergstriisser. 

POLYOMMATUS BILUCHA. 
Plate 647, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. 
Lycena bilucha, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 24. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 76 (1890). 
Lycena balucha, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 1. p. 340 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining opalescent purplish-blue, base of both wings 
and abdominal area of hindwing with iridescent dark blue scales ; costal line of fore- 
wing and marginal line of both wings black. Cilia white with a grey basal line. 
Underside grey, markings black edged with white. J orewing with a spot inside the 
cell and another below it, a short lunular mark at the end, a discal row of six spots, 
elbowed outwards in the 6th interspace. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots, and a 
deeply curved discal row of seven spots, the upper one just below the middle of the 
costa the largest, both wiags with some blue scales at the base, a marginal fine brown 
line, a sub-terminal series of spots, brown on forewing, black on the hindwing, followed 
by a series of orange spots inwardly edged by blackish lunules. Antennz black, ringed 
with white ; head and body blackish above with blue hairs, whitish beneath. 


PLEBEIN. 29 


Female. Upperside brown with some blue scaling at the base, a slender marginal 
black line to both wings ; a black spot at the end of the cell of forewing and sometimes 
a sub-marginal series of orange spots, generally obsolete. Hindwing with a terminal 
series of black indistinct spots, with pale surroundings, nearly obsolete, sometimes bnt 
not often with orange markings ; in most examples all but the terminal series of black 
indistinct spots of the hindwing are wanting. Underside as in the male, but the ground 
colour is darker and the markings on the hindwing generally smaller. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 13°5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Beluchistan. 

DisrriputTion.—The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; de Nicéville records 
it from Quetta, and we have both sexes from Shurog, Quetta and Chaman. 


POLYOMMATUS FUGITIVA. 
Plate 647, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 2d, g, 2e, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 


Lycena fugitiva, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 606; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 207. 
Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 74 (1890). 

Lyczna persica, Butler (nec Bienert), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 407 ; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, 
p- 207. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 74 (1890). 
Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 672. 

Lycena icarus, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 339 (1907). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, 2, 2b, f, 2c, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. A local form of P. icarus. Upperside bright lilacine blue, with 
some darker blue scaling at the base of both wings and on the abdominal portion of the 
hindwing, a fine black costal line to forewing and on the outer margin of both wings. 
Underside grey with bright blue scales at the base of both wings and on the abdominal 
portion of the hindwing, markings black with white edges. vrewing with a spot in 
the cell and another below it, a lunule at the end and a discal row of seven spots, the 
lowest two small, pale and geminate; the row is evenly curved outwards above the 
middle and ‘inwards below it. Hindwing with three sub-basal spots, a pale thin 
lunular line at the end of the cell and a discal row of eight very small spots, the lowest 
two geminate, the row elbowed outwards in the fifth interspace ; the spots all of a 
size; both wings with brown terminal line, and sub-terminal spots followed by very 
pale and obscure orange spots (seldom visible) edged on their inner sides by blackish 
lunules. Cilia white, grey at its base. Antennze black, ringed with white; head and 
body blackish above with blue hairs, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside brown, with some blue scaling at the base of both wings. 
Forewing with two or three sub-marginal orange spots below the middle and indications 


30 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


of paler-spots upwards, but generally these spots are absent. Hindwing with some 
very indistinct blackish sub-terminal marks. Underside dark brownish-grey, markings 
as in the male, but the orange spots near the outer margin of the hindwings, though 
pale, are distinctly visible. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 14% inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2d, 2, 2e, 2). 


Male and Female do not differ from the other form, except in their smallness of 
size and paler colour, and with all the markings on the underside very minute, and the 
orange sub-terminal spots on both wings of the female above are often complete. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 inch. 

Haspirat.—Beloochistan, Kandahar. 

DistRIBuTIon.—The types came from Quetta, in North Baleockiceee there are 
many examples in our collection taken at Kandahar, Chaman and Quetta, anid we have 
received it from Gwal, Sheerog, Karian and the Lora Valley; it is no doubt a local 
form of P. icarus, Rottenbure. 


POLYOMMATUS CHITRALENSIS, nov. 
Plate 647, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. A local form of P. icarus. Upperside dark lavender-blue. 
Forewing with a slender black costal line, both wings with black terminal line. Cilia 
white, with a brown basal band. Underside dark grey, spots black ringed with white, 
much larger and more prominent than in P. fugitiva or P. yarkundensis, markings 
similarly disposed, but there are eight spots in the discal row on the hindwing, the 
lowest two being twin spots ; in some examples the sub-marginal orange spots of the 
hindwing are very prominent. 

Female. Upperside dark brown with a pinkish-ochreous tint. orewing in some 
examples without any markings, in others there are three or four pale orange sub- 
terminal spots above the hinder angle. /Hindwing with a more or less complete series 
of sub-terminal black spots marked with blue on the outer side and with orange capped 
with dark brown lunules on the inner side, prominent in some examples, more or less 
obsolescent in others. Underside darker than in the male and more pinkish tinged, all 
the spots and also the sub-terminal orange spots on both wings large and prominent. 

Expanse of wings, ? 2 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—Chitral, Sane se and four females in the B. M. The tint of the 
blue colour of the upperside in the males is different to the other forms of P. icarus, 


PLEBEINA. 31 


POLYOMMATUS YARKUNDENSIS. 

Plate 64$, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢, 1c, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 1d, ¢, le, ? (Dry-season Brood). 

Polyommatus yarkundensis, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 229 ; id. Sci. Res. Second Yarkand 
Miss. Lep. p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 8 (1879). 

Lycena yarkundensis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 75 (1890). 

Polyommatus kashgharensis, Moore, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1878, p. 230; id. Sci, Res. Second Yarkand 
Miss. Lep. p. 5, pl. i. fig. 7, g (1879). 

Lyczna kashgharensis, de Nicéville, 1.c. 

Lycena icarus, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 339 (1907). 


Wet-season Brood = yarkundensis (Figs. 1,-3, 1a, 2, 1b, 2, le 2). 


Imaco.—Male. A local form of P. zcarus. Upperside of a beautiful lilacine-blue 
with a rich satiny lustre, terminal line black. Cilia white with a brownish basal 
band, some darker blue scaling at the base of both wings. Underside grey with 
blue-green scaling at the base of both wings and along the abdominal portion of the 
hindwing ; spots black, ringed with white. J vrewing with a spot in the middle of the 
cell, a lunule at the end, and a discal series of seven spots, the lowest two small and 
geminate ; the series even, and well curved outwards above its middle. Hindwing with 
a pale brown lunular mark at the end of the cell, four sub-basal spots in a line, a well 
curved discal series of six spots; both wings with terminal brown line, sub-terminal 
brown lunules, and between them a series of small pale brown spots surrounded with 
whitish, those on the forewing more or less obsolescent. Antenne black, ringed with 
white ; head and body blackish above, covered with blue hairs, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside dark brown with a purplish tint, some blue scaling at the 
base, and sub-terminal series of four or five orange spots above the lower angles of 
both wings, those on the hindwing capped with obscure black lunules, and having black 
spots in them which are edged on the terminal side with white. Cilia white with 
blackish basal band. Underside dark grey with a pinkish-ochreous tint, with some 
basal blue scales, spots arranged as in the male, but in the forewing there is an extra 
spot immediately below the spot in the centre of the cell ; the sub-terminal markings on 
both wings are very prominent and contain a series of orange spots below the sub- 
terminal lunules. 

Expanse of wings, f 1445 to 14%, $ 1435 to 145 inches. 


Dry-season Brood = kashgarensis (Figs. 1d, 3, le, ?). 


Male, Upperside similar to the Wet-season form, but the colour brighter with a 
slight lavender tint, the costal space of the hindwing suffused with blackish. Under- 


32 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


side with the markings disposed as in the other form, but smaller, and on the hindwing 
the basal blue irrorations are less, and the sub-terminal lunules are attached to pale 
orange spots. 

Female. Upperside blue, of a paler and duller colour than the male. vrewing 
with a rather broad blackish terminal band containing a. series of sub-terminal 
orange spots which decrease in size upwards, and become obsolete above the middle. 
Ilindwing with the costa broadly suffused with blackish, terminal line black, and a 
sub-terminal series of five orange spots, inwardly edged with slender black lunules. 
Underside darker than in the male, markings similarly disposed, both wings with 
the sub-terminal series of black lunules inwardly edged with white, and the space 
between them and the black spots near the margin filled in with prominent orange 
spots. 

Expanse of wings, f 17/5, 2 1,15 to 1;4inches. 

Hasirat.—Kashgar, Yarkand. 

Three males and four females of the Wet-season form, and five males and three 
females of the Dry-season form in the B. M. 

The type (a female) is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, a co-type (also a female) is 
in the B. M., it is much worn and broken, but there can be no doubt it is a female of 
the Wet-season brood of this local form of icarus. 


Genus AZANUS. 


Azanus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 79 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 122 (1850). Bingham, 
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 361 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. Forewing with the cell half as long as the wing; vein 11 emitted at 
one-third before the end of cell, strongly bent upwards and anastomosing with 12 for a 
short distance, then free; 10 free, 9 out of 7; 8 absent; 7 emitted a little before upper 
end of cell, 6 from the upper end, 4 from the lower end, 3 from well before the end ; 
costa arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin rounded, hinder angle obtuse, hinder 
margin straight. Hindwing with vein 3 emitted before the lower end of the 
cell. Costa rounded, apex broadly so, outer margin convex, anal angle angular, 
abdominal margin strongly convex in the middle, concave just before the angle. It 
differs, however, from the other Plebeids in vein 11 anastomosing with 12 for a short 
distance, whereas in true Plebeids vein 12 is bent towards 11, but does not touch it. 
Genitalia almost if not absolutely congeneric with Euchrysops, and is not strictly 
Plebeid. 


Type, Ubaldus, Cramer. 


PLEBEIN £. 33 


AZANUS UBALDUS. 
Plate 648, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 

Papilio ubaldus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 209, pl. 390, figs. L, M (1782). Herbst. Pap. pl. 312, 
figs. 3, 4, § (1804). 

Polyommatus ubaldus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 682 (1823). 

Azanus ubaldus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 245. Butler, id. 1886, p. 366. Doherty, Journ. 
As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
p. 123. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 380. Nurse, id. 1899, 
p. 512, de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 362, pl. 19, 
fig. 138 (1907). 

Catochrysops ubaldus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 149. 

Lyczna zena, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 505, pl. 31, fig. 9, 9. 

Azanus zena, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 483, and 1885, p. 763, and 1886, p. 365. Swinhoe, 
id. 1884, p. 507, and 1885, p. 134, and 1886, p. 428. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-purple, with a slight shade of brown in the 
middle of the wings. Forewing with the outer margin edged with brownish, the cell 
and beyond it in the disc covered with hair-like specialized scales. HHindwing also with 
brown marginal edgings, two black sub-terminal spots in interspaces 1 and 2, the 
latter the larger and more prominent ; both wings with white cilia, black at its base. 
Underside pale grey. vrewing with the markings pale brown, edged with white ; 
a streak from the base to the middle of the wing near the costa; a bar at the end of 
the cell, a black sub-costal spot above it, another similar spot a little further forward, 
an upper discal bar from the costa to the middle of the wing, short bar below it on 
the inner side, a sub-terminal broken line, a terminal line, and some short linear marks 
between them. Hindwing with three sub-basal black spots in a line, the lower two 
rather close together, a sub-costal black spot near the apex, two sub-terminal similar 
spots near the anal angle, all large and prominent and edged with white, all the other 
markings brown, also edged with white, a line at the end of the cell, a discal broken 
band of three linear marks, terminal brown line, sub-terminal sinuous line and some 
more or less angulated spots between them. 

Female. Upperside blue, more or less suffused with brown, with purplish-bluc 
suffusion, and terminal black line; a sub-terminal series of brown spots ringed with 
white, one near the anal angle large and prominent, sometimes with two; capped often 
with very pale orange ; all the other spots capped with white and with another row of 
whitish lunules; these sub-terminal marks varying much in different specimens. 
Antenne black, ringed with white, apex of club also white ; head and body dark brown 
above with blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 3% to 1 inch. 

Hasirat.—India, Ceylon. 

VOL. VIII. EF 


34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


DistrrpuTion.—The type came from the Coromandel Coast. Doherty recorded 
it from Kumaun, Ranibagh and the Kali Valley, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from 
Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Nurse from Kutch, Hampson from the Nilgiris ; 
we took it at Poona, Karachi, Mhow, Ahmednugger and Aden; it is never very 
common, but is generally distributed throughout India, and both de Nicéville and 
Bingham record it from Ceylon. 


AZANUS URANUS. 
Plate 648, figs. 3, g, 3a, g. 


Azanus uranus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 366, pl. 35, fig. 1, g; id. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, 
p. 146. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 124 (1890). Nurse, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, 
p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p 488. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Bingham, Fauna 
of Brit. India, Butt.ii. p. 363 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside coloured like A. ubaldus, but paler; terminal line 
black, no brown edgings ; the two blackish spots near the anal angle of the hindwing 
obsolescent. Underside grey, darker than in ubaldus, markings similarly disposed, but 
very obscure, and the black sub-costal and sub-basal spots on the hindwing very small, 
and the discal series somewhat differently disposed, being composed of short lunules 
joimed together and broken at its upper end. 

Female. Upperside much paler than in ulaldus, the blue basal suffusion more 
extensive. Underside like the male in colour, the markings very ill-defined, the sub- 
basal spots on the hindwing obsolescent, sometimes absent, the outer sub-costal spot 
present, the two sub-terminal spots near the anal angle large. Cilia, antenne, head 
and body as in ubaldus. 

Expanse of wings, 2 1 inch. 

Hasirat.—India. © 

DistTRIBUTION.—We took it in Beluchistan, Karachi, Poona and Mhow, Irvine in 
Malda, Yerbury in Campbellpur and Chitta Pahar, Punjab; Leslie and Evans record 
it from Chitral, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, Nurse from Kutch. 


AZANUS GAMRA. 
Plate 648, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. 


Lyczna gamra, Lederer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. y. p. 189, pl. i. fig. 3, ¢ (1855). 

Azanus gamra, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 132. de Nicévyille, Butt. of India, iii. 
p. 125, pl. 26, fig. 176, g (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, 
p. 44. 

Azanus crameri, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 80, pl. 36, fig. 1 (1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1888, p. 357. 

Azarus jesous, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 363 (1907). 


PLEBEIN 4. 35 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish-blue, both wings with black outer marginal 
line, with a little narrow, blackish suffusion inside it. Cilia white, with a black basal 
band. Underside grey, with a slight pinkish suffusion, markings brown, edged with 
white. Horewing with a streak from the base, which is blackish basally, a black spot 
inside the cell, a thick lunular mark at the end, and another between it and the black 
cell spot, beyond the cell are three bars from the costa, the middle one the thinnest, 
the first and second descend to vein 2, the third to vein 3, the first expands a little on 
vein 2, below these bars are two short oblique streaks. Terminal line black, sub- 
terminal line brown, composed of lunular marks joined together, and between them a 
series of spots, the lower one lunular. Hindwing with a black spot near the base, 
joined to the base by a thick black streak, four sub-basal spots in a line, the two upper 
ones larger than the other two, a black spot on the middle of the costa, a brown 
lunule at the end ofthe cell, and a discal curve of lunular marks in three pieces, with 
a linear mark on the white ground, in the middle beyond them ; terminal line black, 
a sub-terminal line of conjoined brown lunules, and between them a series of black 
spots, decreasing in size hindwards, except the second and third from the anal angle, 
which are large, all the spots edged with white. 

Female. Pale grey blue, suffused more or less with brownish, the inner portion 
of both wings often quite pale, and the veins somewhat prominent. Forewing with a 
black lunule at the end of the cell, the costa and outer margins broadly brownish. 
Hindwing with the costa and outer margin more narrowly brown. Underside as in 
the male, spots more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 1 inch. 

Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Aden, Abyssinia, South Africa, Syria. 

DistrisuTion.—Lederer’s type came from Syria; we took it at Poona, Mhow and 
Aden ; Doherty records it from Kumaun, Moore from Ceylon, Watson from Mysore and 
Chin Lushai, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Nicéville from Umballa, Orissa and 
Madras, Bingham from Baluchistan, Oudh, the Central Provinces and Upper Burma. 


ALLIED MALAYAN SPECIES. 


Azanus asialis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, vol. x. p. 33, pl. 8, fig. 22, $. Habitat, 
N.E. Sumatra. 


Genus ORTHOMIELLA. 
Orthomiella, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 125 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 
ii, p. 368 (1907). 


Hyes hairy. forewing, cell large, more than half the length of the wing, vein 3 
from before lower end of cell, 4 from the end, 5 from junction of lower and middle 


F 2 


36 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


discocellulars, 6 from upper end of cell, 7 from before upper end, 8 absent, 9 from 
apical half of 7, 10 free, 11 and 12 anastomosed for a part of their length, 12 ends 
before end of cell. Hindwing with the cell about half the length of the wing, vein 3 
from a little before lower end of cell, 8 strongly arched, then straight to apex, running 
very close to the costal margin. Costa slightly concave, apex obtuse, outer margin 
slightly sinuous, hinder angle somewhat rounded. Antenne about half as long as the 
costa of forewing, club stout, abrupt, spatulate ; palpi sub-porrect, with a bristly fringe 
of hairs in front, third joint acicular, body moderately stout, its genitalia is Plebeid, 
and in its hairy eyes, anastomising of veins 11 and 12 and in its general characters it 
is closely allied to Azanus. 
Type, pontis, Elwes. 


ORTHOMIELLA PONTIS. 
Plate 648, fies. 5, ¢, 5a, 9, 5b, g. 
Chilades (?) pontis, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 446; id. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1883, p. 384, pl. 8, 
fig. 5, ¢. 
Orthomiella pontis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 126, pl. 26, fig. 177, g (1890). Watson, 
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 369, pl. 19, 
fig. 139. (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep purplish-brown, with a lilacine tint in certain 
lights, terminal line of both wings blackish. Cilia brown alternated with white. 
Underside grey with a pinkish tinge. orewing, a brown bar across the middle of the 
cell, and another across the end, a discal series of conjoined brown bats, three in a row, 
from near the costa to vein 4, the fourth a little inwards, the fifth and sixth hindwards 
from the inner side of the fourth ; the base of the wing irrorated with black scales; all 
the bars edged with fine whitish lines. Mindwing with the base and lower half of cell 
densely irrorated with black scales, with small patches of paler scales, bands brown as 
on the forewing, but not edged with whitish, a sub-basal band of bars commencing with 
a large spot near the costa, the rest of the band more or less obliterated by the black 
scaling; a bar at the end of the cell, and a discal irreeular band of conjoined bars 
outwardly curved, its lower portion obliterated by the black scaling, both wines with a 
pale terminal line and a sub-terminal series of angular brown spots, one in each inter- 
space. Antenne dark brown, speckled with white; head and body purplish-brown 
above, blackish-brown beneath. 

Female. Upperside dark brown, the inner portion of the forewing purplish-blue, 
with a bright blue sheen in certain lights; the blue colour much more extensive on the 
hindwing. Underside like the male, but the markings are more pronounced, and the 
basal black irrorations less extensive. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ , 1415 inches. 

Haprrat.—sikkim, 6,000 feet, North Chin Hills, Upper Burma. 


PLEBEINZ. 37 


ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. 


Orthomiella sinensis, Chilades (7) sinenses, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 446. Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete. ii. p. 339, pl. 31, fig. 19, 9 (1893). Habitat, Chang Yang. 


Genus EDALES, nov. 
Catochrysops, Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90, 1881. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 223 (1884). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 175 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 410, 
(1907). 


Eyes naked. Forewing, cell half as long as the wing, vein 7 from well before 
upper end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 11 free from 12. Wing comparatively 
short, costa arched, apex moderately acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, 
hinder margin straight. Hindwing, cell short, less than half the length of the wing ; 
vein 3 emitted a little before lower end of cell, 7 a little before the upper end ; costa 
slightly arched, apex and outer margin rounded, hinder angle well marked, hinder 
margin slightly convex, a filamentous tail ; genitalia distinctly Plebeid. 


Type, pandava, Horsfield. 


EDALES PANDAVA. 


Plate 649, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), lc, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood), le (larva 
and pupa). 

Lyczna pandava, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 84 (1829). 

Catochrysops pandava, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 92, pl. 37, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, larva and pupa 
(1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 225, pl. 21, fig. 17, g (1884). de Nicéville, Journ. As. 
Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 47; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 183, pl. 27, fig. 187, 9 (Wet-season Form), 
p. 184, pl. 27, fig. 188, 9 (Dry-season Form) (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 386. 
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 627. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 46. 
Betham, id. p. 179. Watson, id. 1897, p. 661. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. 
de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 413 (1907). 

Catochrysops nicola, Swinhoe, Proce. Zool. Soe. 1885, p. 132. 

Catochrysops bengalia, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 47. 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, 1a, ?, 1b, ?). 


Imaco.— Male. Upperside lavender-blue, costal line of forewing and outer 
marginal line of both wings black. Hindwing with a sub-terminal series of black spots 
with a thin white line between them, and the terminal black line, the spot at the end 
of interspace 2 large, inwardly crowned more or less broadly with pale ochreous-yellow ; 
tails black with white tips. Underside brownish-grey ; markings of the ground colour 


38 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


formed by their white edges. Jorewing with a spot at the end of the cell, a discal 
row of six spots, the second from the lower end sometimes, but not always, a little 
inwards, the uppermost spot always so; a sub-terminal double row of short linear 
marks joined together, the inner row the heavier. Hindwing with four sub-basal black 
spots edged with white, decreasing in size hindwards, the lowest placed a little inwards 
on the abdominal margin, in some examples the lowest two spots are more or less 
obsolete, a mark at the end of the cell, a discal whorl of spots, the second and third 
from the upper end placed a little outside the others; a sub-terminal double row of 
conjoined lunular marks effaced near the anal angle by an orange patch, which forms 
the caps to two large black sub-anal spots, the inner one the larger, with sometimes 
one and sometimes two small black dots, one on each side of the spot nearest the anal 
angle; marginal line on both wings brown. Cilia brown, contaming a darker brown 
line. Antenne black ringed with white; head and body brown above with bluish 
hairs, beneath whitish. 

Female. Upperside. orewing with broad costal and outer marginal borders, 
the inner portion blue like the male, but paler, marginal line black. Hindwing with 
the costa broadly pale blackish-brown, the outer marginal band narrowly so, some white 
spear-shaped marks on its inner side, the inner portion of the wing dull blue with some 
basal blue iridescence, a series of sub-terminal black spots capped with white inwardly 
and lined with white outwardly, the first and often the second also capped with orange, 
the second always the largest and the others decreasing in size upwards. Underside 
as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 1525 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (= bengalia) (Figs. 1c, 3, 1d, 9). 


Male and Female like the other form, but generally paler and often duller in colour, 
sub-terminal spots on the hindwing less clearly defined, and in the female the blue 
iridescence is more extensive; on the underside the ground colour is generally darker, 
the markings not so well defined on the hindwing, the discocellular and discal bands 
sometimes coalesce and form an ill-defined diffuse medial cloud on the wing ; but this is 
by no means always the case, many specimens being without it. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 1 to 14/5 inches. 

Larva.—Onisciform greenish or violet-brown above, with a dorsal darker brown 
line and white spots, and a yellow lateral line (Moore). Feeds on Cycadacee (Thwaites). 
When full grown a little over half an inch in length, of two distinct colours, some being 
bright green, others of a dark reddish-purple (vinous). They are of the usual Lycznid 
shape; the head very small, black, shining, and hidden beneath the second segment, 
the third segment larger than the second, the other segments of about equal size, the 
anal segment flattened and rounded, divisions between the segments well marked. 


PLEBEING. 39 


The larva throughout is very rough, widely pitted or depressed, and covered with very 
minute white tubercles bearing very short fine hairs, neither the hairs nor the tubercles 
being visible without a lens. The body at its highest and widest. part is wider than 
high. It is extremely variable in markings, hardly any two being exactly alike ; there 
is usually a dark dorsal, sub-dorsal and lateral line dividing the upper surface of the 
body into three equal areas, the dorsal and two subdorsal lines coalescing on the 
eleventh segment, and forming a broad band to the thirteenth. In some examples 
the divisions between the segments are marked with darker, and there is a sub-dorsal 
series of oblique lines, one on each segment, between the dorsal and sub-dorsal lines. 
The underside of the body and legs seem to be always pale green. The erectile organs 
on the twelth segment very small. Feeds in Calcutta on Cycas revoluta. In Calcutta 
three species of ants attend this larva, which Professor Forel has identified for 
me: Prenolepis longicornis, Latreille, Monomorium speculare, Mayr, and Cremasto- 
gaster, 1. sp. 

Pupa.—Violet-brown, thick, head truncate (Moore); of the usual Lycznid form, 
quite smooth, more or less fuscous, with a darker dorsal and sub-dorsal line, head-case 
somewhat square, thorax slightly humped and constricted posteriorly, spiracles pale. 
Though the larve swarm in April and May in Calcutta on the cultivated Cycads in 
gardens, eating the hardly-opened shoots or fronds, thereby utterly destroying the 
appearance of the plant for the year, I have never succeeded in finding the pupa on 
the plants, and can only conclude that the ants drive the full-grown larve down the 
stems of the plants into their nests, where the larve undergo their transformations 
(de Nicéville). 

Hasirat.—-India, Ceylon, Burma and the Malay sub-region. 

DistrisuTion.—Moore records it from Ceylon, Elwes from Bernardmyo, Betham 
from the Central Provinces, Watson from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, Mackinnon 
and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé-Philipe from Lucknow, de Nicéville from the 
Himalayas, Orissa, Kanara, Bangalore, Pulni Hills, Andamans, Nicobars; the type came 
from Java. 

Norr.—The Ceylon examples are always of a paler and more brilliant blue colour 
than those from India. 


Genus EUCHRYSOPS. 
Euchrysops, Butler, Soc. Ent, xxxiii. p. 1 (1900). 
Catochrysops, Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 223 (1884). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 175 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 410 
(1907). 


Eyes naked. orewing, cell half the length of the wing, vein 7 from a little 
before upper end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 from apical third of sub-costal 


40 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


vein, 11 with its base well separated from 10, but touching vein 12 above its middle, 
12 being bent towards it, wing longer than in Edales, costa less arched, outer margin 
less rounded. Hindwing with vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell, 7 from well 
before its upper end, costa slightly arched, apex and outer margin rounded; a 
filamentous tail. Genitalia very special, and differ much from that of Edales, more 
inclined to Plebeid than to any other form. 

Type, enejus, Fabricius. 


EUCHRYSOPS CNEJUS. 
Plate 649, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g (Wet-season Brood), 2c, ¢, 2d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 


Hesperia cnejus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798). 

Polyommatus cnejus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 657 (1823). 

Lyezna enejus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. &3 (1829). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773, 
Herrich-Schiiffer, Ex. Schmett. ii. fig. 120, 2 (1869). 

Lumpides cnejus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165 (1869). Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. xiv. 
p. 158 (1879). 

Cupido cnejus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 348. 

Catochrysops cnejus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 92 (1881). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 605. 
Moore, id. 1882, p. 246. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 225, pl. 21, fig. 2, g (1884), and 
p- 456, pl. 44, fig. 15, 9 (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 178 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. 
Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 661. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. 
de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham (part), 
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 0. p. 415 (1907). 

Euchrysops enejus, Butler, Soc. Ent. xxxiii. p. 1 (1900). 

Catochrysops cneius, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 133. 

Lycena pandia, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 418 (1848). 

Lycena patala, Kollar, l.c. p. 419. 

Lampides patala, Butler, Trans. Linn Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547. 

Catochrysops patala, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 148. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 131, and 1886, 
p. 426. 

Lyczna samoa, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 37, pl. 4, fig. 18, 9, also p. 138 (1869). 

Catochrysops theseus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 131, pl. 9, fig. 8, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 180 (1890), 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, g, 2a, $, 2b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. orewing with the outer marginal line 
black, inwardly edged with brownish, which is broadest at the apex. Sindwing with 
the marginal line black, two sub-terminal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2, with 
white outer and orange inner edges, the latter the larger. Cilia whitish, grey at its 
base ; tail black, tipped with white. Underside grey, markings pale brown edged with 
white. Forewing with a lunular mark at the end of the cell, a discal line of short 


PLEBEINZ. 41 


linear marks, curved slightly inwards at its upper end, and rather close to a sub- 
terminal double line of short linear marks, rather darker in colour. Hindwing with 
three sub-basal black spots in a curve, and another black spot in the middle of the 
costa, a discal series of spots, the uppermost one outside the others, the lowest one well 
inside, the lowest two more or less lunular, a sub-terminal series of spots, decreasing in 
size upwards, those in interspaces 1 and 2 black, the latter the larger, both marked 
with orange on their inner sides, all enclosed by a line of lunules joined together ; 
both wings with a terminal brown line. 

Female. Upperside. orewing blackish-brown at the base, with broad blackish- 
brown costal and outer borders, the inner portion of the wing blue with iridescent 
scales. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish-brown, the outer margin narrowly 
so, the sub-terminal spots large and prominent, with smaller blackish spots with whitish 
outer edges continued up the wing, with a row of spear-shaped, whitish spots on their 
inner side. Underside as in the male, the two black sub-terminal spots on the hind- 
wing with some metallic blue scales. Cilia white. Antenne black, speckled with 
white; head and body dark blackish-brown above, with some blue scales, white 
beneath. 

'Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 134; to 1,5 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (= patala) (Figs. 2c, 3, 2d, ?). 


Male and Female above and below similar to the Wet-season form, the coloration 
paler, the markings on the underside smaller. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 14/5 to 14%; inches. 

GenITALIA.— Harpago long, very narrow, apex somewhat spatulate and excoriated, 
covered with stiff bristles, all through its lower edge and terminal third of upper edge ; 
cingula bent closely over harpagines as in veres, tegumen deeply cleft, with long 
strong falces, in close proximity to the harpagines as in Hveres; furca short and broad ; 
zedceagus of moderate and even width, with a bend near the middle. 

Larva.—Of the usual Lycznid shape, the head small, black shining, retractile. 
Colour of body pale green with darker green or reddish dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, the 
latter coalesced into a broad band between the eleventh and last segments. The 
entire surface of the body covered with minute white tubercles, there are also a few 
scattered white hairs. The segmental constrictions shallow. Spiracles black ; extensile 
organs on the twelfth segment small. The larva is broader than high in its higher 
part, increasing in width to fourth segment, from thence to the flattened anal segment 
of about uniform width. Bred by me in Caleutta on Phaseolus trilobus, Linn. Mr. 
W. C. Taylor reports that the larva feeds in Orissa on Dolichos catjany, Roxb. Dr. A. 
Forel identifies the ant in Calcutta as Camponotus rubripes (= sylvaticus, Fabr.), sub- 
species, compressus, Fabr. 

VOL, VIII. G 


42 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Pupa.—Very pale green, the abdominal segments somewhat opaque ; of the usual 
Lyceenid shape, no distinctive structure or markings. Head-case square, thorax 
slightly humped, slightly constricted before the first abdominal segment, a dark dorsal 
line extending the whole length; spiracles black; entire surface smooth, not hairy 
(de Nicéville). 

Hasrrat.—Throughout India, Ceylon and the Malayan sub-region, extending to 
Australia. A very common insect. 

Note—The type-specimen of the variety theseus is unique, and as, until more 


examples are procured, it is impossible to decide by dissection whether it is a good 
form or not, we leave it here. 


EUCHRYSOPS CONTRACTA. 


Plate 650, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 1c, g, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 


Lampides contracta, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 406, pl. 39, fig. 3, ¢. 
Catochrysops contracta, Butler, l.c. 1881, p. 606. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 506. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. 


Soc. 1893, p. 297. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 181 (1890). Nurse, Journ. Bo. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 512. 


Catochrysops ella, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 606, and 1886, p. 365. Swinhoe, id. 1884, p. 506, 
and 1886, p. 426. Swinhoe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1887, p. 273. de Nioéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 180 (1890). 

Catochrysops hapalina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 148, pl. 24, figs. 2, §, 3, 9. Swinhoe, id. 


1885, p. 131, and 1886, p.426. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p.145. de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, iii. p. 182 (1890). 
Catochrysops cnejus, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 415 (1907). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, ?). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark grey-blue tinged with lilac; both wings with a 
fine outer marginal black line and pure white cilia, with a blackish-brown basal band. 
Hindwing with a small terminal black spot in interspace 1, and a very minute black 
dot in the next interspace, not always present, without any white or orange edges; tail 
black tipped with white. Underside dark grey, markings disposed as in enejus, but very 
obscure, and on the hindwing the black sub-basal and costal spots are indicated by pale 
spots a little darker than the colour of the wing, and there is a distinct white fascia 
across the wing, between the discal row of spots and the sub-terminal series; the anal 
spots are small and obscure, and the orange and white edgings are very small and faint, 
and often absent. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown 
above, with some blue scales, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but darker. Forewing with the costa 
broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrower blackish band. Hindwing with 
the costal portion suffused broadly with blackish, the outer marginal band about as 


PLEBEIN. 43 


broad as on the forewing, with the spots and enclosing lunular line much as in the 
female of enejus, but generally without any indications of orange or white edgings, but 
sometimes there are indications of them. Underside as in the male, the markings and 
the white fascia on the hindwing more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 4% inch. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. le, #, 1d, 2). 


Male. Upperside very pale lilac-blue, marginal lines brown, the anal spots on the 
hindwing more prominent. Underside paler than in the other form, but like the Wet- 
season form the colour is of quite a different kind to that of enejus ; markings similar to 
those of the Wet form. 

Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but the costal and outer portions of 
the forewing are broadly suffused with pale brownish-grey, the markings on the 
hindwing as in the Wet form, but more distinct, the marginal spots ringed with white, 
the anal spots with pale ochreous. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ?, 78; inch. 

GENITALIA.—Harpago broad, longish, fore apex developed into a long hook ; 
altogether much more Plebeid than enejus ; cingula erect as in the Plebeids. Tegumen 
Plebeid in all particulars, the harpagines different, very deeply cleft, with long narrow 
pointed cheeks ; furca long and narrow as in the Plebeids ; edceagus narrow, angled at 
a quarter from the tip; the harpagines are nearer the arion group; cingula and 
tegumen essentially Plebeid. 

Nore.—Bingham has put contracta as a synonym to enejus; we believe he could 
not have had suttcient material to judge by. We have a very fine series of seasonal 
forms of both, and believing, as we always have maintained, that they are distinct 
from each other, we obtained from Mr. Bethune-Baker a diagnosis of the genitalia of 
each. 

Hasirat.—N.W. India. 

DistripuTion.—The type-specimens of all the above were collected by us; we 
took this species on the Hubb River in Beluchistan, in Kandahar, Karachi and Kutch. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND MALAYAN SPECIES. 


Euchrysops trifracta, Catochrysops trifracta, Butler, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p. 194. Habitat, 
Rat Island, Straits of Malacca. 

Euchrysops luzonicus, Plebeius luzonicus, Rober, Tris, 1886, p. 60, pl. 5, fig. 22. Habitat, Philippines. 

Euchrysops arcana, Lycena arcana, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 43 (1890). Everes arcana, Leech, Butt. of 
China, etc. ii. p. 329, pl. 31, fig. 1, 9 (1893). Habitat, W. China. 


44 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Sub-Family LAMPIDINZ. 


Eyes hairy. orewing with vein 12 usually bent towards 11, sometimes touching 
it; in Jamides jomed by a short bar ; in Nacaduba they anastomose for a short dis- 
tance; 8 absent. 

The genitalia present much variation, most of the genera have a pistol-shaped 
eedoeagus much like that of Lyceenopsis (Chapman). 


Genus LAMPIDES. 


Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). 

Polyommatus, Moore (nec Latreille), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 93 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 230 
(1884). de Niceville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 203 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, 
Butt. ii. p. 432 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. Forewing with cell less than half the length of the wing, veins 
6 and 7 close together, 8 absent, 9 from the middle of 7, 10 and 11 from apical half of 
sub-costal, 12 bent towards 11, very close, touching it, but not anastomosed, 12 long, 
ends on costa opposite end of cell; costa very slightly arched, nearly straight, apex 
not acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. Hind- 
wing with the cell very short, veins 3 and 4 from lower end of cell, 7 from a little 
before upper end, 8 arched at base, ends on costa before the apex; costa slightly 
arched, apex rounded, outer margin rather straight, especially in the female, hinder 
angle angulate, hinder margin rather long. 

Type, beticus, Linnzeus. 


LAMPIDES B@TICUS. 
Plate 650, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 


Papilio beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. xii. vol. i. (2), p. 789 (1767). Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 522 
(1775) ; Sp. Ins. ii. p. 119 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 69 (1787). Esper, Schmett. i. (1), pl. 27, 
figs. 3a, b (1778), and part ii. pl. 91, fig. 3 (1784). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 373, 374, g, 
375, 9 (1798-1803). 

Polyommatus beticus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 653 (1823). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 93 (1881). 
Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 31. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 214, fig. 64, neuration of 
forewing, p. 230, pl. 20, fig. 8, g, 1, 9 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 204, pl. 27, 
fic. 190, g¢ (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 47, and 1897, 
p- 662. de Nicéville, id. 1890, p. 297. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, 
id. 1898, p. 381. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Leslie and Evans, 
id. 1903, p. 674. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xvi. 1903, p. 48. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 432 (1907). 


LAMPIDIN£. 45 


Lampides beticus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165 (1869). Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. 
xiv. p. 158 (1879). Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 567. 

Hesperia betica, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 280 (1798). 

Lyczna betica, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 80 (1828). Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pl. 7, fig. 9, ¢ (1836). 
Guenée, An. Soc. Ent. France, fourth series, vii. p. 665, pl. 13, figs. 9 to 12, five posterior 
segments of larva showing special organs (1867). Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 99, pl. 22, figs. 2, 6 ?, 
pl. 28, fig. 5, pupa (1884). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 887. Pryer, Rhop. Niphonica, 
p. 17, pl. 4, fig. 22, g (1888). 

Papilio coluthez, Fuessly, Schweiz. Ins. p. 31, fig. 2 (1775). 

Papilio damoétes, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 526 (1775). 

Papilio archias, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 181, fig. C (1777). 

Papilio pisorum, Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, ii. p. 242 (1785). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue, with hair-like, whitish scales dispersed over 
the entire surface of both wings. Forewing with costal and outermarginal brown line, 
the latter often with a little inward brown suffusion. Hindwing with a similar 
marginal line, a rather large round black subterminal spot in interspace 2, a smaller 
spot in interspace 1, each spot ringed, sometimes with pale blue, sometimes with pale 
orange-ochreous. Cilia white, with a brown basal band ; tail black, tipped with white. 
Underside grey with a slight ochreous tinge, markings brownish. Forewing with a 
pair of bars across the middle of the cell, and a pair across the end, a pair in the disc, 
from near the costa to vein 3, continued a little inwards to the hinder margin in two 
pieces, all with white inside the pairs. Hindwing with eight or nine more or less 
sinuous brown fasciz at even distances apart, all the brown lines with white marks 
between them; both wings with brown terminal line, white subterminal line, then a 
series of white lunules, followed by white marks, more or less in echelon on the 
forewing, formed into a white narrow band on the hindwing, the whole surface of both 
wings having these markings at even distances apart; and there are small jet black 
subterminal spots, containing metallic, blue-green scales, broadly surrounded by orange, 
in interspaces 1 and 2. 

Female.. Upperside with some slight brownish suffusion, some shining blue scales 
at the base of both wings and in the interior portion of the forewing ; on the hindwing 
there are two spots in interspaces 1 and 2 as in the male, and some pale brown spots 
in continuation up the wing, all outwardly edged by a fine white subterminal line, 
and across the disc there is a narrow white band, divided by the veins. Underside as 
in the male. Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown 
above with blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 143, to 14 inches. 

Larva, when full grown, measures 7%ths of an inch; pale dull green throughout, 
shagreened, but not hairy, except slightly so at the sides; the small retractile head 
smooth, ochreous pale brown, shining, a dorsal line of a somewhat darker green than 


46 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the ground, no other markings whatever, altogether a very plain-looking creature. 
The constrictions at the segments shallow, the spiracles black, but inconspicuous, the 
usual extensile organs on the twelfth segment very short. The larva feeds on the 
yellow pea-like flowers and on the pods of Crotalaria striata, D.C., in Caleutta. 
Dr. A. Forel, of Geneva, has identified the three species of ants which I have found 
attending this larva in Calcutta as Camponotus rubripes, Drury (sylvaticus, Fabricius), 
sub-species compressus, Fabricius ; Tapinoma melanocephalum, Fabricius, and Prenolepis 
obscura, Mayr. (var. clandestina, Mayr). 

Pupa.—Pale yellowish-green, the posterior end very blunt and rounded, the 
abdominal segments larger than the anterior, the head small, a dark dorsal line, a 
double sub-dorsal series of small black spots, the thorax slightly humped on the back, 
the pupa smooth throughout (de Nicéville). 

Lang’s description of the larva in Europe is somewhat different, and so also is 
Trimen’s description of it in South Africa, they are both given in detail by de Nicéville, 
at p. 205 of his work; he says, “I have given these various descriptions of the trans- 
formations of P. baticus, as from them it would appear that the insect is much more 
variable in the earlier portions of its history than it is later on asa butterfly. I 
think this will be found true of very many of the larvee of the Lyceenidz, which, as 
far as my experience goes, vary in coloration and markings in the most extraordinary 
and puzzling manner.” 

Hasrrar.—All India, Burmah, Ceylon, the Malayan sub-region to Australia, also 
in parts of Europe, Asia and Africa a very common insect. 


ALLIED MALAYAN SPECIES. 


Lampides bagus, Polyommatus bagus, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 352; id. Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 457, pl. 44, fig. 18, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malacca. 


Genus CATOCHRYSOPS. 


Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. i. p. 87 (1832). Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90 
(1881). Distant (part), Rhop. Malayana, p. 223 (1884). de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. 
p. 175 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 410 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. orewing with the cell half the length of the wing, upper disco- 
cellular in line with the sub-costal vein, the lower vertical ; vein 7 emitted before the 
upper end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 from apical third of sub-costal vein, 
11 at base well separated from 10, 12 bent towards 11. Costa arched, apex somewhat 
acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, 


LAMPIDINEA. 47 


cell short, vein 3 from before lower end of cell, 7 from beyond the middle ; wing 
elongate, pear-shaped ; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, outer margin slightly 
convex, hinder angle well marked, hinder margin slightly convex. 

Type, strabo, Fabricius. 


CATOCHRYSOPS STRABO. 
Plate 650, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 2 (Wet-season Brood), 3c, g, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 


Hesperia strabo, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 287 (1793). 

Polyommatus strabo, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 656 (1823). 

Catochrysops strabo, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. i. p. 88 (1832). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 91, 
pl. 37, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9 (1881), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 246. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, 
p. 224, pl. 21, fig. 8, g, 14, @ (1884). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 177 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. 
Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 661. 
de Nicéville, id. 1890, p. 386. Betham, id. 1891, p. 179. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
p- 297. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 377. Mackinnon 
and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. 
Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. 
p. 411, pl. 19, fig. 143, g (1907). 

Lampides strabo, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165 (1869). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1892, p. 627. 

Cupido strabo, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106. 

Lycena strabo, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 152 (1876), 

Lyczna kandarpa, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 82 (1829). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773. 

Lampides kandarpa, Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 158 (1879). 

Lyczna asoka, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 419 (1848). 

Lyczna didda, Kollar, l.c. p. 420. 

Lycena platissa, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 74, pl. 4, fig. 20, 9 (1869); id. Ex. 
Schmett. ii. fig. 122, 9 (1869). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 2, 3a, 2, 3b, $). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, pale violet-blue, shining; terminal line on both wings 
black, edged inwardly on the hindwing by a fine white line; a short blackish bar at the 
anal angle, followed by a round black spot in interspace 2, with a little white on its 
inner side. Cilia white, with a grey medial line. Underside, pale dull grey, markings 
darker grey edged with white. orewing, with a bar at the end of the cell, a small 
round sub-costal spot in interspace 10, a discal band of conjoined spots from veins 1 to 
7, dislocated below vein 3, where the upper end of the lower portion is shifted a little 
inwards. Hindwing with a black sub-basal spot and a medial sub-costal black spot; a 
curved bar at the end of the cell, an outwardly curved discal series of six spots, the 
first three from the top nearly in a line, the second and third conjoined, the fifth 
inwards, the sixth outwards and lunular and three lunular spots in a row between it 


48 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and the sub-basal black spots, these latter, however, often indistinct, both wings with 
a fine terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of lunular spots edged on both sides 
with white, and between them a series of small grey spots ; a large round sub-terminal 
black spot crowned with orange in interspace 2, two black dots between it and the anal 
angle, outwardly edged by a short white line; tail black, tipped with white. Antenne 
black, the shafts speckled with white; palpi black above, with white hairs beneath 
tipped with black; head and body brown above, white beneath ; body with blue and 
grey hairs above. . 

Female. Upperside grey, with blue reflections at the base, the extent of which 
varies much in different examples. orewing with the costa and apex broadly blackish, 
in some examples this colour extends down the outer margin, in others it is broken 
into three bands on the lower portion of the wing. Hindwing with the costa broadly 
pale blackish, extending down the outer margin in some examples, in others the band 
is narrow with whitish sub-terminal lunules, and indications of a discal series; a large 
sub-terminal black spot crowned with orange in interspace 2. Underside as in the 
male. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 14%5 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, 2, 3d, 9). 


Male and Female like the Wet-season brood, but much paler in colour and smaller 
in size. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 75 to 14/5 inches. 

Larva of the usual shape (ie. onisciform); head light yellow, margined with 
brown ; body light rose, covered with tiny star-topped stems so arranged as to make 
diagonal whitish lines to each segment ; a sub-dorsal line on the back; anal segment 
nearly square, the margin of the body clothed with light-coloured and longish hairs. 

Pura of the usual form, covered with stiff, erect hair; colour light rose, with a 
black patch on the second segment and centre of thorax ; it has also a dark dorsal line, 
and the lower segments are smudged with black (Davidson, Bell and Aitken). 

Hasrrat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Nicobars, and throughout the 
Malayan sub-region to Australia a common insect. 


CATOCHRYSOPS LITHARGYRIA. 
Plate 651, figs. 1, g, la, 9. 


Lampides lithargyria, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 340; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 91 (1881). 
Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 336. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1886, p. 429. 


LAMPIDINZA. 49 


Catochrysops lithargyria, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 178. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1891, p. 661. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. 
Catochrysops strabo, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 411 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside greyish silvery-blue, with some darker glistening blue 
scales at the base; the tint of colour is quite different to that of strabo, the markings 
above and below are, however, very similar, but the sub-anal black spot on the hindwing 
is seldom capped with orange, the cilia of that wing has black points at the vein ends, 
and there is a distinct sub-terminal series of blackish lunules. Also on the underside 
of the forewing, the sub-costal small spot above the discal band, in every example we 
have examined, is closer to the band, very nearly touching the uppermost spot of the 
band, whereas in strabo it is always widely separated from it; the genitalia, however, 
is very similar to that of strabo, but there is some difference in the androconia. 

Female. With the same peculiar silvery blue scaling above, the sub-anal spot 
sometimes (but not always) capped with pale orange; markings similar. 

_ Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% inches. 

Hasirat.— Assam, Ceylon, Andamans and the Malayan sub-region. 

DistriBuTion.—Moore records it from Ceylon, Elwes from Burma, de Nicéville 
from the Philippines; we have a fine series from the Khasia Hills, Port Blair and 
Amboina. 

Genus SYNTARUCUS. 
Syntarucus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 929. 
Tarucus, Moore (part), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 81 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 186 (1890). 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 417 (1907). 

Langia, Tutt, Brit. Lep. ii. p. 314 (1908), and ix. p. 331 (1908). 

Raywardia, Tutt, l.c. p. 484 (1908). 

Eyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 short, reaching the costa before the upper end of 
the cell, 11 emitted at one half before the end of the cell, short, suddenly bent upwards 
soon after its origin, and in the males touches 12, but does not anastomose with it, in 
the females it does not quite touch, vein 10 emitted at one-third and 9 from beyond 
middle of 7, 8 absent, 6 and 7 well separated at base, middle discocellular slightly 
outwardly oblique, the lower upright. Costa slightly arched, apex angulate, outer 
margin convex, hinder angle angulate, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 8 
strongly curved at base, 7 emitted at one-fourth before upper end of cell, cell short, 
discocellulars in nearly a straight line, 4 emitted from lower end of cell, 3 from close 
before it. Costa arched, apex and outer margin rounded, anal angle obtuse. 

Type, telicanus, Hiibner. 

SYNTARUCUS PLINIUS. 
Plate 651, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 2 (Dry-season Brood). 

Hesperia plinius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst, iii. p. 284 (1793). 

VOL. VIII. H 


50 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Papilio plinius, Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 45, fig. 1 (1800). 

Polyommatus plinius, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 658 (1823). 

Lycena plinius, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 72 (1828). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. 

Tarucus plinius, Moore, Lep, Ceylon, i. p. 82, pl. 36, fig. 4 (1881). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool, Soc. 
1884, p. 506, and 1885, p. 133, and 1886, p. 427. Hampson, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 
p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 194 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
1890, p. 34. Davidson and Aitken, id. p. 353. de Nicéville, id. p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 47. 
Betham, id. p. 179. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
p. 297. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 661. Nurse, id. 1899, p. 512. de Rhé- 
Philipe, id. 1902, p. 489. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bingham, Fauna of 
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 420 (1907). 

Lampides cassius, var. plinius, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 164 (1869). 

? plinius, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 132. 
Tarucus telicanus, Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 381. 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-grey, both wings with terminal black line 
with a narrow blackish edging, widest at the apex, gradually decreasing hindwards, the 
markings of the underside more or less visible through the wings; tail black tipped 
with white. Cilia white. Underside white, markings dark chocolate-brown. Forewing 
a sub-costal streak from the base, a short spear-shaped streak below it, six irregular 
transverse bands close together: Ist outwardly curved, its upper end touching the end 
of the sub-costal streak ; the 2nd commencing in a point at-the costa just before the 
middle and thickening hindwards to the middle of the hinder margin; the 3rd from 
the costa, outwardly oblique and sinuous, thickening somewhat hindwards to vein 2, 
then suddenly fining downwards ; the 4th in three pieces, outwardly curved, commencing 
with a short outwardly oblique band from the costa, followed by a rather large round 
spot, and then a thin streak obliquely inwards to the hinder margin; the 5th a short 
sinuous outwardly oblique band from the costa, one-fifth from the apex ; the 6th a thin 
similar band beyond it. Hindwing with seven transverse, disjoimted bands, mostly 
outwardly curved from the costa to the abdominal margin, both wings with fine 
terminal line, sub-terminal somewhat sinuous thicker line, and between them a series 
of spots, somewhat lunular, larger on the hind than on the forewing, a large black spot 
containing a ring of metallic scales in interspace 2, and two black similar dots near 
the anal angle, all ringed with orange-ockreous. Antenne, head and body black, shafts 
of antenne with white rings, thorax with blue pubescence. 

Female. Upperside. J orewing with the ground colour white with a violet tinge, 
the costa broadly black, the outer margin very broadly black, the base suffused with 
black and with some blue scales, a transverse, ante-medial outwardly curved black band, 
a post-medial outwardly oblique and nearly straight band, followed by two or three 
spots merging into the outer border, the black predominating all over the wing except 


LAMPIDIN&, 51 


in its middle portions. Hindwing with an even, rather narrow, black outer marginal 
band, sub-terminal black spots with white caps and the entire wing blackish, with the 
bands of the underside showing through it. Underside as in the male, the markings 


darker, nearly black. 


Expanse of wings, $ ? 1/5 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, ¢, 2d, $). 


Both sexes with. markings above and below very similar to those of the Wet- 
season brood, but much paler in colour; in the female, the white colour above is much 
more extensive, showing on the forewing the discoidal bar and discal band of square 
spots distinctly, the costal and outer marginal bands are also narrower and more even, 
and on the hindwing there is a post-discal series of white spots present. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 1 inch. 

Larva.—Pale greenish-yellow above, sides lilacine, a narrow brownish median line, 
followed by eight diagonal short streaks and six brownish-red spots. Before pupating 
the colour gets much more diffused. Feeds among the flower-beds of Plumbago. 

Pupa.—Dull yellowish, profusely mottled with brown spots (de Nicéville). 

Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, China, the Malayan sub-region to Java, West 
Africa, Aden. 

DistrIBuTION.—Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, Watson from Mysore and 
Chin Lushai, Davidson and Aitken from Karwar, Betham from the Central Provinces, 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Nurse from Kutch, de Rhé-Philipe from 
Lucknow, Manders from the Shan States, Hampson from the Nilgiris, and it is in our 
collection from the Khasia Hills. 


Genus NIPHANDA. 


Niphanda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 572. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 131 (1890). 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 370 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. The venation closely resembling Lycewnesthes. orewing with the 
cell a little shorter, vein 3 is emitted from before lower end of cell, 9 from middle of 7, 
12 bent a little downwards towards 11, ends on costa opposite end of cell, instead of 
before it; costa nearly straight, apex blunt, hinder angle obtuse. Hindwing, cell 
shorter than in Lycznesthes, vein 8 arched and ends before apex of wing. Antenne 
long, more than half as long as the costa of forewing, club long, gradual ; palpi sub- 
porrect, densely clothed with short scales, not fringed with long hairs or bristles, third 
joint long, naked; costa and outer margin evenly curved, hinder angle obtuse ; hinder 
margin convex at base, concave outwardly. 

Type, tessellata, Moore. 


NOIS 
NIVERSITY OF ILL 
i LIBRARY 


52 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


NIPHANDA CYMBIA. 
Plate 651, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Niphanda (2) cymbia, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 76, pl. 9, figs. 8, g, 8a, 2. 
Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 270, pl. 94, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 132, 
Frontispiece, figs. 130, ¢, 131, 9 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Bingham, 
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 370 (1907). 

Niphanda plinioides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 524, pl. 48, fig. 8, 9. 

Niphanda tessellata, de Nicéville (nec Moore), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 61. Elwes, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 572. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet colour, shining, costal and outer marginal 
lines of both wings blackish-brown, edged inwardly with brown, the edging deeper on the 
hindwing, which has a sub-terminal indistinct series of brown spots with lunules above 
them, thin lunules closing all the cells. Underside dull greyish-white, markings dark 
chocolate-brown. Forewing with the base suffused, this suffusion running along the 
costa in small angular patches; a broad sub-basal streak from the hinder margin, 
narrowing upwards but not reaching the costa, a post-medial outwardly oblique broken 
band of three spots, the upper one closing the cell, the other two touching each other 
in interspaces 1 and 2; two sub-apical short outwardly oblique bands close together, 
the outermost one twice as thick as the other. Mindwing with three large, nearly 
round black spots ringed with white, one sub-costal beyond the middle, one 
immediately below it, and a third also sub-costal, nearer the base, all the outer markings 
chocolate-brown, all ringed with white, a spot near the base, a row of three below the 
inner black spot, a long cell lunule with a spot touching its lower end, a discal 
outwardly curved series of spots, a series of short streaks beyond it; both wings with 
terminal, very fine black line, sub-terminal spots, the lowest two in each wing geminate, 
on the hindwing a third at the anal angle, all these spots enclosed by a line of lunular 
marks, the spot in interspace 2 of the forewing, and all the spots of the hindwing more 
or less black, the two at the apex of the latter larger than the others. Cilia brown 
with white patches. Antenne black ringed with white ; head and body blackish-brown 
above, whitish beneath. 

Female. Upperside dull pale smoky brown. rewing with a black bar at the 
end of the cell, a rather broad blackish outer marginal band, a discal irregular narrow 
band, very indistinct. Hindwing more suffused with brown than the forewing, 
indications of an indistinct thin discal band, followed by a series of dull whitish spots, 
both wings with brown terminal line, on the hindwing edged inwardly by a fine white 
line, followed by a series of black spots, ringed with whitish. Cilia grey without white 
patches. Underside with the colour and markings very similar to those of the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; to 1335 inches. 


LAMPIDINE. 53 


Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam. 
We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. 


NIPHANDA MARCIA. 
Plate 651, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. 


Lyczena (Niphanda) marcia, Fawcett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, pt. ii. p. 139, pl. 9, fig. 7. 
Niphanda marcia, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 370, pl. 20, fig. 146 (1907). 


Imago.—Male. Upperside violet, brighter and paler in colour than eymbia ; some 
of the markings of the underside faintly visible through the wings, and all the veins 
more or less prominent, terminal line of both wings black, and some indistinct sub- 
terminal blackish spots. Cilia brown at the base, white at the tips, chequered with 
brown. Underside with the ground colour white, markings chocolate-brown with 
white edges. Forewing with the basal and costal spaces suffused with pale chocolate- 
brown; a dark basal streak, an outwardly oblique broad dark streak, from the hinder 
margin one-third from the base, formed of conjoined spots, through the outer part of 
the cell, where there are two smaller spots, the upper one minute, a bar at the end of 
the cell, a discal band composed of five small spots in an outwardly oblique row from 
near the costa to vein 3, with a broad dark smear outside them, the band completed by 
two large spots one above the other and somewhat inside, in interspaces 3 and 2. 
Hindwing entirely suffused with pale chocolate-brown, except for a small space in the 
middle of the disc, all the markings white-edged, three sub-basal rather large dark 
spots, the first sub-costal, the next two close together, the lower one a little inwards, 
in interspaces 3 and 2, a minute dot above them, and a small spot on the abdominal 
margin, a discal outwardly curved series of spots, two close together from below the 
costa, then a white patch, outside which are four pale spots in a circle, an outside spot 
and then an inside spot close to the abdominal margin; both wings with terminal 
brown line, a sub-terminal series of white spots, with brown spots inside them, the 
spot in interspace 2 of the forewing and those in interspaces, 2, 3, and 6 of the 
hindwing and also an anal spot more or less black and larger than the others, the 
whole series being followed by a series of white lunules. Antenne black ringed with 
white ; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside white, markings brown. vrewing with the base and costal 
portions suffused with brown, a thin bar at the end of the cell, a diseal band, broad 
from the costa where it is outwardly curved to vein 3, then in a narrow form, inwardly 
curved to the hinder margin; a narrow white band divided by the veins, nearly 
obliterated in its upper part by brown suffusion, and followed by a marginal band of 
brown. Hindwing with the interior portion almost entirely suffused with brown, a 
discal outwardly curved series of five small white spots, a sub-terminal double series of 


54 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


white spots, the outer spots large and centred with brown spots which become darker 
and larger hindwards, especially those in interspaces 2 and 3; terminal line of both 
wings black. Underside white without any brown suffusion, markings disposed as in the 
male, but much more prominent on account of the whiteness of the ground colour. 

Expanse of wings, $ 13%, ? 1 inch. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui, Siam. 

DistTRIBUTION.—The type (a male) came from Tounghoo, Burma, taken in June ; 
there is a male in the B. M. from Siam, and a female from Contor Island, Mereui. 


ALLIED CHINESE, JAPANESE AND BORNEAN SPECIES. 

Niphanda fusca, Thecla fusca, Bremer and Grey, Schmett. N. China, p. 9 (1853). Leech, Butt. of 
China, etc. ii. p. 340, pl. 31, fig. 17, 9, var. (1893). Habitat, Japan, Corea. 

Niphanda tessellata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Lyczenesthes tessellata, Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 458, pl. 42, fig. 13, ¢, and pl. 44, fig. 21, 9 (1886). Synonym, Lyczenesthes ethiops, 
Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 253. Habitat, Malayana. 

Niphanda lasurea, Thecla fusca, var. lasurea, Graeser, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1888, p. 74. Habitat, Central 
China. 

Niphanda reta, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 576, pl. 32, fig. 12, g. Habitat, Kina Balu, 
Borneo, 


Genus LYCANESTHES. ‘ 

Lyceenesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773. Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 343. Moore, 
Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 87 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 232 (1884). Trimen, South Afr. 
Butt. ii. p. 93 (1887). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 127 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of 
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 372 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. Jorewing. Celllong, more than half the length of the wing; vein 
7 from before upper end of cell, veins 1 and 2 very wide apart at base, 2 and 3 emitted 
from apical fourth of median vein, 4 from lower end of cell, 6 from upper end, 8 absent, 
9 from apical half of 7, 10 and 11 free, 12 ends on costa before end of cell; veins | 
and 12 and the median and sub-median veins thickened towards base ; costa slightly 
arched, apex sub-acute, outer margin convex, hinder angle almost a right angle, hinder 
margin straight. Hindwing with the cell about half as long as the wing ; middle and 
lower discocellulars concave and sloping obliquely outwards; veins la, 1, median and 
sub-costal veins and vein 8 all distinctly thickened towards base; 3 and 4 arise 
close together from lower end of cell, 8 strongly arched at basal third and extended 
parallel and very close to the costal margin up to the apex of the wing, wing broad, 
costa arched, apex and hinder angle well marked, outer margin convex, short projections 
at the end of veins 1 to 3 composed of slight fascicles of long hair-like scales or cilia ; 
hinder margin very slightly convex. Antenne more than half the length of the costa 


LAMPIDINZ. 55 


of forewing ; club long, gradual, acute at apex ; palpi porrect, fringed with stiff hairs in 


front ; third joint long, naked ; body robust. 
Type, lengalensis, Moore. 


LYCANESTHES EMOLUS. 
Plate 652, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Polyommatus emolus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 656 (1823). 

Lycenesthes emolus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 128 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 
Soc, 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 660. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Elwes, id. p. 622. 
Davidson, Bell and Aitken, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 374. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 373 (1907). 

Lycznesthes bengalensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773, pl. 41, fig. 2, g. Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 458, pl. 44, fig. 9, g¢ (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark, dull, purple-blue, base of wings suffused with 
dark dull blue scales ; terminal line on both wings black, expanding slightly at the 
apex of the forewing ; sub-terminal, indistinct, black spots in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 on 
the hindwing, the upper one the smallest. Cilia brown. Underside pale brown, with 
a slight purplish tint, markings slightly darker than the colour of the wing, formed by 
their whitish edgings. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal sinuous and 
outwardly curved band of short bars joined together, rather close to the margin, followed 
by a sub-terminal complete band of small lunular marks joined together, this band 
haying the whitish edging only on its outer side. 7indwing with sub-basal band of 
three bar-shaped spots, with a minute blackish spot below them on the abdominal 
margin, a bar at the end of the cell, a discal, outwardly curved complete band of short 
bars joined together, terminal black band inwardly edged with whitish, a series of sub- 
terminal darker and somewhat angulated spots, inwardly edged by whitish lunules, 
closely followed by a similar smaller series, a sub-terminal black spot, capped with dull 
orange in interspace 3. Antenne black, speckled with white ; head and body purplish- 
brown above, whitish beneath. Cilia grey, with a black basal band above, brown 
beneath. 

Female. Upperside pale brownish, of a violet tint. orewing with the base, 
costa and outer margins broadly suffused with dark brown, the hinder margin 
narrowly brown, terminal line black. Hindwing with some brown suffusion at the 
base, and with a brown, narrow outer marginal suffusion, terminal line black, 
inwardly edged by a white line, a series of indistinct, sub-terminal blackish triangular 
spots, inwardly edged with pale lunules. Underside like the male, ground colour some- 
what paler. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 14% inches. 


56 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Larva, when full-fed, 0°62 of an inch in length, somewhat dark green in colour 
(of darker shade than most Lyczenid larvee), smooth and shining, the whole upper 
surface covered with minute pits to be seen only under. a strong magnifying glass. 
The head is very small and retractile as usual, and of a pale green colour, the second 
segment is unmarked, the third to sixth segments inclusive have some obscure reddish- 
brown dorsal blotches, the three following segments are unmarked, the tenth to twelfth 
segments have somewhat similar blotches to those on the third to sixth segments, but 
they are more distinct and darker in shade. There is a pale yellow lateral line just 
about the legs. All the segments are irregularly and broadly pitted at the sides ; 
these pits seem more or less to assume the form of a longitudinal sub-dorsal depression, 
below which to the lateral line the colour of the insect is slightly paler. The whole 
larva is much depressed, somewhat wider than high, and seems to gradually increase 
in breadth to the tenth segment, the last seement is almost as large and rounded. 
The larva varies greatly in colour and markings, some being pale green throughout and 
unmarked, others again are reddish-brown throughout. It feeds m Calcutta on 
Nephelium litchi, Lamb., Cassia fistula, Linneeus, and Heynea- trijuga, Roxb., and not 
improbably, as it feeds on so many bushes, it will eat others. Dr. Forel identifies the 
ant which attends the larva as Ceophylla smaragdina. Fabricius, the large red and 
green ant which makes immense nests of growing leaves in trees. 

Pura, 0°4 of an inch in length, of the usual Lyceenid shape, the tail pointed, the 
thorax slightly humped, and ending in a somewhat sharp ridge-line on the back ; it is 
coloured pale ochreous, and bears a prominent diamond-shaped mark posteriorly. It is 
smooth throughout, reddish-brown, sprinkled with minute darker spots (de Nicéville). 

Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Malacca, Borneo, Amboina, Cape York, Australia. 

Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Orissa, Ganjam, Sikkim, Andamans, 
Elwes from Naga and Karen Hills, Watson from the Chin Hills, Davidson, Bell and 
Aitken from Karwar; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, and 
have it in our collection also from Silhet, Kulu, Borneo and New Guinea. 

Norr.—de Nicéville puts Pseudodipsas lyceenoides, Felder, from Amboina, as a 
synonym to emolus, at p. 47 of his vol. iii.; he says: “ Felder’s lyceenoides is a very 
curious species, in which the hindwing has two short but well formed tails; Hewitson 
says that this species belongs to the genus Lycenesthes, Moore, but the tails look to me 
to be too substantial to bring into that genus.” We have the type of lyceenoides before 
us, through the courtesy of the Hon. Walter Rothschild; it is a true Lyceznesthes, as 
Hewitson said. Felder’s figure is misleading, the specimen has no tails, what the artist 
mistook for tails are the usual fascicles of long hair-like scales or cilia common to all 
species of the genus Lyceenesthes. Felder’s lyceenoides is, however, quite distinct from 
emolus, being much paler on the underside, almost exactly of the colour of Nacaduba 
macropthalma, the linear markings are pure white, and the discal band is complete and 


LAMPIDIN&. 57 


of a different nature to that of emolus. What balliston, Hiibner, is, we do not know; it 
is also made a synonym of emolus, but its habitat is doubtful, we therefore omit it. 


LYCAHNESTHES LYCANINA. 
Plate 652, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 

Lyczena lycenina, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot, Ges, Wien, xviii. p. 281 (1868). Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. 
Lep. p. 219, pl. 90, figs. 6, 9, 9 (1878). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 87, pl. 35, figs. 8, 8a, ¢ 
(1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 232, pl. 21, fig. 3, g (1884). Hampson, Journ. As, 
Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de. Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 130, pl. 26, fig. 178, ¢ (1890). 


Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 660. Elwes, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 623. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Bingham, Fauna of 
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 375 (1907). 

Lyczenesthes lycambes, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 220, pl. 90, figs. 11, 12, g (1878). de Nicéyille, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 131 (1890). 

Lyczenesthes orissica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a lighter and brighter purple colour than emolus, 
apex of forewing more acute, the outer margin straighter, the hindwing is more 
truncate, the anal angle somewhat acute instead of being rounded; terminal line 
black, but not expanding at the apex of the forewing, no sub-terminal indistinct 
blackish spots on the hindwing. Cilia similar. Underside, bands slightly darker than 
the ground colour, edged with white. Jorewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a 
discal dislocated band of four conjoined bars, from costa to vein 4, a conjoined bar 
slightly inwards, in the next interspace, a band of three conjoined bars, from the inner 
side of the fifth bar, running hindwards from vein 3 to vein 1. Hindiing with a sub- 
basal, round black spot, ringed with white, below the costa (not always present), a 
band across the end of the cell, continued to vein 1, a sub-basal spot on the abdominal 
margin (sometimes nearly black) ringed with white; a discal, somewhat irregular, 
outwardly curved band of conjoined bars, with two conjoined bars touching on its 
inner side from vein 7 to vein 4; both wings with terminal brown line and a sub- 
terminal double series of white lunules, a large black sub-terminal spot in interspace 
2 of the hindwing, crowned with orange, the terminal line of this wing inwardly 
edged by a white line, and the cilia grey with white basal line. 

Female. Upperside much as in the female of emolus, the sub-terminal spots on 
the hindwing generally more prominent. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 14%; inches. 

Haszrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

DistRisuTion.—The type came from Ceylon, we have not been able to examine it, 
it is not at Tring, and we have not been able to ascertain where it is deposited ; Moore 


records it from Orissa, Elwes from the Naga Hills, Watson from Mysore and the Chin 


VOL, VIII. I 


58 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hills, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Bingham from Tenasserim and Siam, Distant from 
the Malay Peninsula; we have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia 
Hills, we took one example at Karachi in August, 1882, and have it from Ranchi 


(Bengal), Karwar and Coorg. 


ALLIED MALAYAN SPECIES. 
Licznesthes philo, Lycena philo, Hoptfer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxxv. p. 27 (1874). Habitat, Celebes. 


Genus JAMIDES. 
Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 86 (1881). Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 222 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 156 (1890). 
Lampides, Moore (nec Hiibner), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 94 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 226 
(1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 159 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 396 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. Forewing, cell half as long as the wing, vein 7 emitted before 
upper end of cell, upper discocellular in line with and forming part of sub-costal 
vein, middle and lower discocellulars sub-equal, middle slightly straight, lower slightly 
concave, vein 3 emitted before lower end of cell, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7; 10 
and 11 from apical half of sub-costal, both free, 12 ends on costa, well before end 
of cell, 11 and 12 bent inwards towards each other close to base of 11 and joined 
by a short bar; costa arched, apex somewhat acute, outer margin very slightly 
convex, nearly straight; hinder angle somewhat angular, hinder margin straight, 
about four-fifths the length of the costa. Hindwing, cell short, broad; venation 
normal; costa slightly curved, apex rounded, outer margin somewhat convex, and 
obtusely angulate at vein 2, hinder angle well marked, hinder margin straight. 
Antenne half as long as costa of forewing, club spindle-shaped, long and gradual, 
palpi densely clothed with scales beneath, third joint long (except in J. bochus, 
which has the palpi comparatively short) ; body slender. 

Type, bochus, Cramer. 


JAMIDES BOCHUS. 
Plate 652, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. 


Papilio bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 210, pl. 391, figs. C, D, g (1782). 

Jamides bochus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 86, pl. 36, 
figs. 8, ¢, 8a, 9 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 222, pl. 21, figs. 19, ¢, 16, 2 (1884). 
Hampson Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 157 
(1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 528. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1902, p. 626. 
Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34. de Nicéville, id. 386. Watson, id. 1891, 
p. 46, and 1897, p. 660. Betham, id. 1891, p.178. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 377. 


LAMPIDINZ. 59 


Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and 
Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 47. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 398 (1907). 

Polyommatus bochus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 661 (1823). 

Lyczna bochus, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 272, pl. 94, g (1888). 

Hesperia plato, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 288 (1793). 

Papilio plato, Donovan, Inst. Ind. pl. 45, fig. 2 (1800). 

Polyommatus plato, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 653 (1823). Blanchard, Voy. Péle-Sud, iv. p. 398, 
pl. 3, figs. 9, 10, ¢ (1853). 

Lampides plato, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B, M. p. 166, pl. 2, fig. 3, 9 (1869). Semper, Journ, 
des Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 156 (1879). 

Lycena pluto, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 490 (1852). 

Hesperia democritus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 285 (1793). 

Polyommatus democritus, Godart, Ent. Méth. ix. p. 656 (1823). 

Lampides democritus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 166 (1869). 

Lycena nila, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 78 (1828). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark metallic blue, very shining and _ brilliant. 
Forewing with the outer margin very broadly black, varying in width in different 
specimens, deepest at the apical portion and narrowing along the costal margin 
to the base. Hindwing with the costal space pale, terminal line black, with a little 
black suffusion inwards, a white sub-terminal short line towards the anal angle, a 
black sub-terminal spot in interspace 1, a smaller one in interspace 2,and sometimes 
indications of small spots on the next two or three interspaces. Cilia blackish- 
brown above, brown beneath. Underside pale chocolate-brown, marking very slightly 
darker than the ground colour of the wings, formed by their whitish edgings. 
Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal band of short bars touching 
each other, the upper three outwardly curved, the fourth and fifth in a line, a little 
inwards. Hindwing with a sub-basal band consisting of a bar from the costa, another 
below it, somewhat inwards, a spot below and another near it on the abdominal 
margin; a bar at the end of the cell, an irregular discal band of bars joined 
together, the two upper bars much larger than the others, and in echelon with cach 
other ; both wings with a terminal black line, inwardly edged by a white line, sub- 
terminal double rows of brown spots capped by whitish lunules, a large black sub- 
terminal spot in interspace 2, a smaller spot in interspace 1, both with metallic 
blue-green scales, and capped with orange, tail black, tipped with white. Antenne 
black, speckled with white ; head and body black above, greyish beneath. 

Female. Upperside pale greyish-blue. Forewing with the black borders as in 
the male, but of a duller colour. Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish, blackish 
rather narrow, terminal band, containing a series of black sub-terminal spots ringed 
with pale greyish-blue, the second from the anal angle the largest, the others decreasing 
in size upwards. Terminal line black. Underside as in the male, ground colour 


slightly paler. 


I 2 


69 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Expanse of wings, 3 ? 13%5 inches. 

Larva, hardly distinguishable from that of Catochrysops pandava, Horsfield, it 
is, however, covered with minute hairs, and is generally of an olive-green colour, and 
without the reddish suffusion so generally noticed in C. pandava; feeds on Xylia 
dolabriformis and also on the flowers of Butea frondosa. 

Pura, indistinguishable from that of C. pandava (Davidson, Bell and Aitken). 

Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, the Malayan sub-region to Australia. 

DistriBuTion.—All peninsular India except the desert tracts; Elwes records it 
from the Naga and Karen Hills, Watson from Mysore, the Chin Hills, and Chin Lushai, 
Betham from the Central Provinces, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhe- 
Philipe from Lucknow, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Manders from the Shan States, 
Davidson, Bell and Aitken from Karwar; we have taken many examples in Bombay. 


JAMIDES NICOBARICUS. 
Plate 653, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. 


Lampides plato, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 234. 
Jamides bochus race nicobaricus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 158, pl. 27, fig. 186, g (1890). 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. i. p. 398 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male, very like the sex of J. bochus on both sides, but on the upper 
side the blue area of the forewing is more extensive, there being no costal black band ; 
on the hindwing the anal angle has some blackish on it, which in some examples is 
somewhat extended up the abdominal margin. 

Female, like the typical form of female. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1+/5 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Nicobar Islands. 


JAMIDES CORUSCANS. 
Plate 653, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 
Lampides coruscans, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 96, pl. 36, 
figs. 9, 9b, $, 9a, Q (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 163 (1890). Manders, Journ. 


Bo, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii, p. 400, and 
p. 398, woodeut, fig. C. (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining metallic cobalt-blue. orewing with the costal 
and terminal line black, the latter edged inwardly by a fine pale bluish line, followed 
by a little blackish suffusion containing some indistinct blackish suffused spots. 
Hindwing with the costal area greyish, terminal line black, edged inwardly by a distinct 
white line, followed by sub-terminal black spots, commencing with the largest in the 


LAMPIDINA, 61 


second interspace, the spots decreasing in size upwards, with a little blackish suffusion 
between them, the large spot with a lunular mark on its inner side, which is continued 
in duplicate somewhat indistinctly to the anal angle. Underside pale greyish-brown, 
markings white. Forewing with two straight lines closing the cell, the inner one 
continued hindwards to vein 1 ; followed by a discal line from near the costa, where it 
is duplicated in the shape of a cup, straight down to the hinder margin, the fourth line 
parallel with it from near the costa to vein 3. Hindwing with five transverse lines 
fairly close together, the first a little distance from the base, all the lines on both wings 
formed of more or less irregular-shaped lunules, some joined together and some 
disconnected ; both wings with terminal black line, sub-terminal brown spots each in a 
white angulated spot, followed by a series of brown lunules with white caps, a large 
sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing, capped with orange. Cilia 
above and below, brown at the tips, white at the base, interrupted opposite the vein 
ends with brown, tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, with white speckles ; 
head, thorax and abdomen blackish, with blue hairs above, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside dull blue-grey, costa narrowly and outer margin broadly 
blackish-brown, the blackish colour sometimes shortly running up the veins. Hindwing 
with the costa broadly blackish, terminal line black, sub-terminal black spots edged and 
capped with white, followed by another series of indistinct smaller blackish spots, 
capped also with indistinct whitish lunules. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, S ¢ 13°5 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Ceylon. 


JAMIDES LACTEATA. 
Plate 653, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, @. 


Lampides lacteata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 36, pl. 8, figs. 25, 26, g 9. 
Manders, id. 1904, p. 78. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. il. p. 401, and p. 398, 
woodcut, fig. b (1907). 

Lampides pseudelphis, Moore (nec Butler), Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 95 (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 165 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale shining azure-blue, varying in shades of colour in 
different examples, sometimes as pale as J. elpis, often darker. orewing with costal 
and terminal fine black line. Hindwing with the costa broadly pale, terminal line 
black, edged inwardly with a fine white line and some blackish sub-terminal spots, the 
abdominal marginal space also pale. Cilia of both wings black at the base and blackish 
at the tips, leaving a medial white band with black points at the vein ends; tail black, 
tipped with white. Underside‘dark brownish-grey, markings white. orewing with a 
medial line from the median vein, obliquely to the hinder margin, a line at the end of 
the cell, with a dot above it near the costa, followed by a line from near the costa to 


62 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


vein 4, where it is broken and continued to the hinder margin, beimg broken again at 
vein 2,a fourth line from near the costa to vein 3, broken at vein 4; a lunular 
complete, rather broader line, a band of brown lunules, outwardly edged by white 
lunules, then smaller and darker brown lunules, a terminal black line, and between 
them, edging both, a white line, all packed close together, forming the terminal band. 
Hindwing with a linear short mark near the middle of the base, and six transverse 
broken lines, the fourth terminating in an acute angle at the abdominal margin; the 
terminal band, composed as on the forewing, the inner line of it (being the sixth 
transverse line) broken and not thicker than the others; a large black sub-terminal 
spot in interspace 2, another smaller one near the anal angle, both with metallic scales, 
and capped with orange. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish, 
with some blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside much paler than the male. Forewing with a broad outer 
marginal black band, very broad at the apex, with some of the colour, in some examples, 
running shortly up the veins. /indwing with the costal space broadly blackish, a 
black terminal band, containing large white spots in the interspaces, with black lunular 
spots inside them ; a series of white lunules edging the inner side of the band ; terminal 
line black. Underside as in the male, the markings more pronounced. 

Expanse of wings, 135, $ 13% inches. 

Haprrat.—Ceylon. 

A not uncommon species in Kandy ; we have received several examples. 


JAMIDES CHRULEA. 
Plate 653, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b. 9. 


Cupido czrulea, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, pl. 32, fig. 6, g. 
Lampides cerulea, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1894, p. 9; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 582. 
Lampides bochides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 367, pl. F, fig. 15. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining azure-blue, darker and brighter than in 
J. lacteata, almost as dark as in J. coruscans. Forewing with a costal fine black line, a 
thicker terminal line, with inner black suffusion, forming almost a band at the apex 
and fining hindwards. Hindwing with the costal space pale, terminal line very finely 
black, edged inwardly with a pale, indistinct, whitish line, broken at the veins, and 
indications of sub-terminal blackish diffuse spots. Cilia blackish, tipped with grey ; 
tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale chocvlate-brown, markings white. 
Forewing with four transverse lines, the first from the median vein, just inside the end 
of the cell, to the hinder margin; the second of same length parallel to it, both very 
slightly sinuous and divided by the veins; the third from near the costa to vein 3, 
sometimes (but not always) dislocated at veins 4, 5, and 6, followed by a fourth similar 


LAMPIDIN. 63 


line which ends at vein 5; two sub-marginal lunular lines, broken by the veins, and 
sometimes indications of an anteciliary pale line. Hindwing with six transverse lines, 
all more or less dislocated by the veins, the third and fourth abruptly curved inwards 
towards the abdominal margin, the sub-terminal scries as on the forewing; a large 
black sub-terminal spot in interspace 2, a much smaller one in interspace 1, both with 
metallic blue scales, both capped with orange. Antenne black, ringed with white ; 
head and body blackish above, with blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside blue, not shining. orewing with black costal line, apex 
broadly black, rapidly fining hindwards on the outer margin. //indwing with the 
costal space blackish, terminal line black edged inwardly by a white line, attached 
to a series of black spots, capped with white lunules, which are also capped with 
blackish Junules. Underside as in the male, but the orange caps near the anal angle 
of the hindwing much more extensive. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,55 to 1;‘5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam, Borneo, Malacca. 

DIsTRIBUTION.—It is in the B. M. from the Khasia Hills, Malacca, Sarawak and 
Labuan ; we possess an example from the Khasia Hills, received from the Rev. Walter 
A. Hamilton, and we have it also from Perak and Penangah. 


JAMIDES CLEODUS. 
Plate 654, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 6. 
Lycena cleodus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. p. 272, pl. 34, figs. 20, 21, g, 22, 9 (1865). de Nicéville, 


Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 40. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 583. 
Lampides pura, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxi. p. 41 (1886). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-white, very much the same colour as J. celeno ; 
terminal line of both wings finely brown, the white lines of the underside showing 
through the wings. Cilia white. Underside chocolate-grey, markings white. Forewing 
with the hinder marginal space narrowly white, a line from the median vein, inside the 
cell, to the white hinder margin, a white dot above the line near the costa, a line across 
the end of the cell, with a dot above it, followed by a line from near the costa to the white 
hinder margin, then a line from near the costa to vein 3, all these lines nearly straight. 
Hindwing with six lines, the second, third and fourth abruptly angled and bent inwards 
towards the abdominal margin, the fourth line commences from the median vein at the 
end of the cell, the fifth from near the costa ends on vein 4, its lower portion close to 
the commencement of the fourth line, the sixth line is dislocated at vein 4 ; both wings 
with a brown terminal line edged inwardly by a white line, followed by two sub-terminal 
lines more or less lunular and divided by the veins ; a large black lunular sub-terminal 
spot in interspace 2, a small one in interspace 1, both with metallic scales and capped 


64 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with orange; tails brown, edged and tipped with white. Antenne brown, ringed 
with white ; head and body brown above, with grey pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside slightly paler than the male, but without the gloss, the 
underside markings showing through the wings. orewing with a narrow terminal 
brown band, with inner brown suffusion at the apex, a sub-terminal brown thin band, 
well separated from the terminal band, composed of more or less lunular marks divided 
by the veins. indwing with a terminal black line, inwardly edged by a white line, 
with a series of black lunules attached to it, and a sub-terminal band like that of the 
forewing, but more lunular. Underside as in the male, the lines broader, the orange 
near the anal angle of the hindwing more extensive. 

Hasitat.— Burma, Assam, Sumatra, Nias, Philippines. 

DiIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from the Philippines, Moore’s types from Mergui, 
now in the B. M.; de Nicéville records it from Assam, Burma and Sumatra; it is in 
our collection also from Nias. 

Nore.—de Nicéville misidentified J. pura, Moore, in Butt. of India, iu. p. 170 
(1890), and in his frontispiece figure No. 132 2, he described and figured Butler's 
species conferenda, and Bingham unfortunately followed his example in Fauna of Brit. 
Ind. Butt. ii. p. 143 (1907), but de Nicéville discovered his mistake, and recorded pura 
properly as a synonym to cleodus in Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 40, and 
records the proper localities in p. 38. 


JAMIDES SUBDITA. 
Plate 654, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 


Lampides subdita, Moore, Journ, Linn. Soc. Zool. xxi. p. 41 (1886). de Nicéville, Butt of India, 
iii. p. 166 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 402 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lavender-blue. orewing with a fine costal 
black line, and both wings with thicker terminal black lines, the white lines of the 
underside: showing through the wings. Tail black, tipped with white. Cilia grey. 
Underside pale lilac-brown, lines white. Forewing with a line closing the cell, and a 
similar parallel line just outside; a line from the middle of their lower ends to the 
hinder margin, which is narrowly white, an almost straight lime from near the costa 
(above its commencement two small linear marks) to the hinder margin, a parallel line 
from near the costa to vein 3, two sub-terminal lines, the space between them darker 
than the ground colour, an anteciliary white line. Hindwing with six lines, the 
fourth, fifth and sixth angled and bent inwards towards the abdominal margin, 
followed by a double row of lunules, the inner series angulated, between them the 
ground colour is nearly black, and beyond them a series of small blackish lunular marks 
which are enclosed between the band and the anteciliary white line, the band is 


LAMPIDINA. 65 


interrupted in interspace 2 by a large orange patch which caps a black sub-terminal 
spot, and a small black spot with a small orange cap near the anal angle. 

Female. Upperside of a duller blue colour. Forewing with a very broad blackish 
outer marginal band, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the costal portion 
broadly blackish, outer marginal band narrow and blackish, containing a series of 
white spots with black lunular spots inside them, the band having on its inner side a 
series of indistinct whitish Junules. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 14%, inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Tenasserim, Mergui. 


JAMIDES CONFERENDA. 
Plate 654, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b 2 (Wet-season Brood), 3c, ¢, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 
Lampides conferenda, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 185. 
Lampides pura, de Nicéville (nec Moore), Butt. of India, iii. p. 170, frontispiece, fig. 132, 9 (1890). 


Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 627. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 403, 
woodcut (1907). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-white, like cleodus; the underside markings 
showing through the wings. Fvrewing with costal and terminal lines black, a 
thin black terminal band, from the apex narrowing hindwards. Hindwing with black 
terminal line ; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings grey, with a basal 
white band. Underside. orewing with the lower portion whitish, the rest of the 
wing suffused with pale chocolate, two brown lines across the end of the cell, two 
(curving outwardly a little) from near the costa to vein 3, two from vein 8 to vein 1, 
closing together hindwards, all filled in with dark chocolate colour, forming three short 
bands into the shape of the figure Y; a paler chocolate terminal band, rather narrow 
and uniform in width, bordered on its inner side by a series of small lunular chocolate 
marks. Hindwing entirely suffused with chocolate colour, bands darker, a sub-basal 
rather straight narrow band, a medial broader band divided into four pieces ; the series 
with a slight inward curve the lowest piece angled, a still broader band from vein 8 
to vein 3, with its outer margin sinuous and curving outwards, all these bands lined 
on both sides with dark brown, an indistinct marginal band of disconnected rather 
large squares. 

Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but duller in colour. Forewing with a 

‘rather broad black marginal band, broadest at the apex, continued a little on the costa 
and down the outer margin, where it narrows hindwards, and has some short black 
streaks running in on the veins. Hindwing with terminal black line and a sub-terminal 


VOL. VIII. K 


66 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


series of thin grey connected lunules and a series of grey spots between them, the spot 
in interspace 2 being largest and blackest. Underside like the male. 
Expanse of wings, $ $ 13 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, ¢, 3d, ?). 


Male. Upperside coloured like the Wet-season form, the marginal band on the 
forewing absent; both wings with terminal brown fine line. Underside similar to 
the underside of the other form. 

Female. Like the female of the Wet-season form on both sides, but on the upper- 
side the marginal band on the forewing is much narrower and paler. 

Expanse of wings, 3 $ 13/5 inches. 

Haprrat.—India, Burma. 

DistRIBUTION.—We have it from Rangoon, Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Bombay, 
Mahableshwur, Poona and Karwar, and there is a drawer full of both forms of this 
species, including Butler’s types, in the B. M. from many parts of India. 

Norr.—This species has heretofore stood in collections as the Dry-season form of 
J. celeno, Cramer, and was described and figured by de Nicéville and Bingham as 


J. pura, Moore. 


JAMIDES CELENO. 


Plate 655, figs. 1g, la, 9, lb, g¢ (Wet-season Brood), lc, ¢, 1d, ¢, le, § (Dry-season Brood), 
1f (larva and pupa). 


Papilio celeno, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 31, figs. C, D (1775). 

Lampides celeno, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 625. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, 
p. 661. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 
ii. p. 404, and p. 398, woodcut, fig. a (1907). 

Lyczena alexis, Horsfield and Moore (nec Stoll), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 25, pl. i. fig. 1, larva, 
la, pupa (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 773. 

Lampides alexis, Moore (nec Stoll), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833. Swinhoe, id. 1885, p. 131. 
Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 298. 

Hesperia xlianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 280 (1793). 

Polyommatus zxlianus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 634 (1823). 

Lycena zxlianus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 73, pl. 4, fig. 1, larva, la, pupa (1828). 

Lampides zlianus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 166 (1869). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 94, pl. 38, 
fig. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, larva and pupa (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 228, pl. 21, 
fig. 18, g, and pl. 22, fig. 19, ¢, variety (1884). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 
p- 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 167 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1890, p. 35. Davidson and Aitken, id. p. 352. de Nicéville, id. p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, 
p- 46. Betham, id. p. 179. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, p. 488. Aitken and Comber, id. 
1903, p. 48. 

Lampides zethus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816). 

Cupido agnata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, pl. 16, figs. 2, 4, g, 3, Q. Butler, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547. 


LAMPIDIN. 67 


Lampides zxlianus, var. agnata. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 228 (1844). 
Plebeius malaccanus, Rober, Iris, i. p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 3, g (1886). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-white ; terminal line on both wings black, the 
white lines of the underside showing through the wings. Hindwing with a black sub- 
terminal spot in interspace 2, and a black line from this spot to the anal angle running 
a little way up the abdominal margin. Cilia white, grey at the tips. Underside 
chocolate-brown, lines white. orewing, with an oblique line from near the costa (with 
a dot above its commencement) to the white hinder marginal space, a line across the 
end of the cell with a dot above it, a line from near the costa (with a dot above it) to 
the hinder margin, almost meeting there, the inner of the two sub-terminal lines ; a 
line from near the costa to vein 3, with a slight outward curve, followed immediately 
by two parallel lines which follow the shape of the outer margin, and are composed of 
lunular marks joined together; the last of these lines is rather near the margin, and 
between it and the white anteciliary line is a series of blackish lunular spots. Hindwing 
with six lines, the second, third and fourth terminating hindwards in angles, these lines 
with the two sub-terminal lines cover the whole wing, and are for the most part at 
equal distances apart, and extend right across the wing, with the exception of lines 
4 and 5; the fourth commences on the median vein at the end of the cell, and the 

fifth commences at the costa and ends on vein 3; nearly all the lines are formed of 
broken parts; the two sub-terminal lines are composed of broken lunular marks, and 
are interrupted in interspace 2 by a large orange patch which caps a large black sub- 
terminal spot, and there is another very small black spot at the anal angle with some 
orange on it, the terminal lines of both wings are black, edged inwardly by a fine white 
line ; tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and 
body brown above, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside darker and duller than the male, especially on the inner 
portions. Forewing with a broad black outer marginal band, broadest at the apex, 
and extended a little on to the costa, the black running in a little on the veins, and 
sometimes there is some black suffusion on the outer portion of the hinder margin. 
Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, a marginal black even band, containing 
large white spots in the interspaces, with black, somewhat lunular spots inside them ; 
terminal line black. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 14 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, g, 1d, 9, le, ae! 


Male and female on the upperside similar to the Wet-season form, except that the 


marginal band on both wings in the female is paler and narrower. On the underside 
K 2 


68 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA 


the markings are similar, but thin and indistinct, and the ground colour of both wings 
is very much paler, some of the examples being very pale grey. 

Expanse of wings, $ 1335 inches. 

Larva, when full-fed just half an inch in length, of a dull reddish-green colour, 
thickly shagreened with minute white tubercles, scarcely, if at all, hairy ; the head pale 
ochreous, entirely hidden beneath the second segment, the segments increasing in width 
to about the fifth, the two anal segments slightly decreasing and above flattened, 
especially the thirteenth ; the erectile organs very small ; a dorsal pulsating line, some- 
what darker than the rest of the body; a sub-dorsal series of pale green oblique 
streaks, one on each segment on each side from the third to the eleventh segment 
inclusive ; no other conspicuous markings. Dr. Forel has identified the ant that attends 
the larva in Caleutta as Camponotus mitis, Smith (= bacchus, Smith = ventralis, Smith). 
Dr. G. King identifies the plant on which the larva feeds in Calcutta as Heynea trijuga, 
Roxburgh. 

Pupa, of the usual Lycenid shape, quite smooth, neither hairy nor pitted, pale 
ochreous-greenish, the upper portions of the abdominal segments darker, covered 
throughout with coarse, rounded, blackish spots placed irregularly ; a dorsal and a sub- 
dorsal series of similar but larger spots or blotches placed irregularly. Head bluntiy 
rounded, thorax slightly humped and constricted posteriorly, end of the abdomen 
rounded (de Nicéville). 

Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars and the Malayan regions 
extending to the Philippines. A very common species. 

Norr.—de Nicéville puts Papilio alezis, Stoll, as a synonym to zlianus, Fabricius, 
but Stoll records his type as from Surinam, he has only figured its upperside and it is 
impossible to make out what it is meant to represent. 


JAMIDES KINKURKA. 
Plate 655, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 2. 
Lycena kinkurka, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 481 (1862) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. 
p. 273, pl. 34, figs. 24, 25, 9 (1865). 
Lampides kinkurka, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 171 
(1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 404, and p. 409, woodcut, fig. a (1907). 


Lampides zlianus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Fabricius), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, 
p. 234. de Nicéville, id. 1882, p. 17. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale whitish opalescent blue. Forewing with a narrow 
whitish even band, containing a series of sub-terminal, pale blackish lunular marks, 
some little pale blackish suffusion at the apex, beyond these marks the narrow whitish 
band is complete and distinct in fresh specimens, and it is limited on its imner side by 


LAMPIDINZ. 69 


an indistinct grey thick line. Mindwing with a similar terminal band, but the sub- 
terminal lunular marks are black, the largest one in interspace 2 above the tail, which 
is brown with white edging ; terminal line on both wings black. Cilia white. Under- 
side nearly white, markings indistinct and white. Forewing with a line across the 
inner end of the cell, continued to the hinder margin, outwardly lined with brownish ; 
a short line across the outside of the cell, inwardly similarly edged; each with a 
white spot above them near the costa, two parallel lines from above vein 7 to vein 3, 
the inner one outwardly edged, the outer one inwardly, the inner line continued 
inwardly to the hinder margin, inwardly edged. Hindwing with six somewhat ir- 
regular lines in pairs, but nearly at equal distances apart, the first three acutely angled 
and bent towards the abdominal margin ; both wings with terminal black line, a double 
series of sub-terminal, brown marks on a white band; those on the hindwing dark 
brown, the outer series on the hindwing blackish, interrupted in interspace 2 by a 
large sub-terminal black spot with a black waved line to the anal angle, crowned with 
orange. Antenne black, with white specks; head and body grey above, with pale 
bluish-white pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside darker than the male. Furewing in some examples with a 
very broad blackish outer marginal band; this band varying much in different examples, 
the ordinary form has a broad blackish apical band, shaped somewhat squarely on its 
inner side, and narrow down the outer margin, generally with a pale centre. Hindwing 
with the outer marginal band shaped as in the male, but more pronounced and distinct, 
the sub-terminal spots black, the line or thin band limiting the narrow white band 
blackish. Underside as in the male, but the ground colour is dark grey and the lines 
white and distinct. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,3; inches. 

Hasrrat.—The Nicobar Islands. 

Disrripution.—The type came from Kar Nicobar, and is in the Vienna Museum ; 
we have many examples from Kamorta and Nancowry, and de Nicéville records it from 
Teressa, Trinkut, Katschall, and Great Nicobar. 


JAMIDES ELPIS. 
Plate 656, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), lc, g, 1d, 9, le, ? (Dry-season Brood). 


Polyommatus elpis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 654 (1823). 

Lycena elpis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 76, pl. i. fig. 4, g (1828), and pl. 4, figs. 1b to e, 
structure of imago (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 24 (1857). 
Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. xix. p. 152 (1876). 

Lampides elpis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833. de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, 
p. 52. de Nicéville, id. 1889, p. 11, pl. i. figs. 5a, g, 5b, larva. Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. 
p. 95, pl. 38, figs. 4, g, 4a, ? (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 226, pl. 21, figs. 25, g, 


70 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


26, (1884). Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 1884, p. 335. Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 161 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1890, p. 528. Elwes, id. 1892, p. 626. Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 297. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. . de Nicéville, id. p. 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 46. Betham, id. p. 179. 
Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 377. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. 
p. 407 (1907). 
Lampides pseudelphis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547, pl. 68, figs. 9, ¢, 8, 2. 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, g, 1a, 2, 1b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale azure-blue; the underside markings showing 
through the wings. Forewing with a black costal and terminal line, some narrow black 
suffusion inside the latter. Hindwing with sub-terminal rather large blackish spots 
outwardly edged with white and a terminal black line ; these spots vary much in size, 
and in some specimens there is a second row of smaller and paler spots on their inner 
side. Cilia blackish. | Underside greyish chocolate-brown. Furewing with two 
parallel oblique lines, the inner one commencing across the end of the cell to the hinder 
margin, the third line from near the costa to vein 3, the fourth from near the costa to 
vein 4, the first and last two disconnected in parts, two sub-terminal lines divided by 
the veins, followed by darkish lunular marks, a sub-terminal white line and a black 
terminal line. Hindwing with six transverse lines, which, with the two sub-terminal 
lines, cover the whole wing, and with the exception of the first two, which are rather 
close together, are at fairly equal distances apart; and all are more or less divided by 
the veins; the third, fourth and fifth are angulated at their lower ends, the fifth 
terminates at vein 8, the sixth at vein 4; the two sub-terminal lines are somewhat 
lunular, and have darker spaces between them and between the outer one and the 
anteciliary white line, the dividing veins make them look like dark spots, and they 
are interrupted in interspace 2 by a large orange patch inside of which is a large black 
sub-terminal spot, with metallic scales, and there is a smaller black spot at the anal 
angle with a small orange cap; tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, rmged 
with white ; head and body brown above, with blue pubescence, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside paler and duller in colour than the male. Fvrewing with a 
broad black marginal border, broadest at the apex, extending narrowly along the costa 
to its base and down the outer margin narrowing hindwards, with some black colour 
running in shortly on the veins. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the 
outer marginal band composed of a series of largish white spots containing black lunules, 
except in interspace 3, where there is a largish black spot ; on the inside of the series is 
a line of brownish lunular marks joined together, and on the outside a terminal black 
line. Underside paler than the male, markings similar. 

Expanse of wings,  $ 14% to 14% inches. 


LAMPIDINA. 71 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 1c, S, 1d, ?, le, 2). 


Male and female paler than the Wet-season form, otherwise very similar, but 
on the underside the colour is paler and greyer and the markings somewhat indistinct. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1435 inches. 

Larva.—Feeds on the flowers and seeds of the cultivated cardamom and also on 
those of Kempferia pandurata. It is very similar to that of L. celeno, Cramer, but is 
of a pink hue, with well-defined stripes of red dorsally and laterally. 

Pura.—Found inside the fruit, or in the cluster of dead flowers above the fruit ; 
is smooth and of a dull yellowish-brown, marked with interrupted bands of a darker 
brown ; in shape it is similar to L. celeno. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) 

Hasirat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars, extending through the 
Malayan sub-region to Java. A common species. 


JAMIDES KONDULANA. 
Plate 656, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 


- Lyczena kondulana, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 484 (1862); id. Reise, Nov. Lep. 
ii. p. 271, pl. 34, fig. 6, g¢ (1865). 
Lampides kondulana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 172 
(1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 409, woodcut, fig. b (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale azure-blue, much as in the Wet-season brood of elpis, 
but the colour more uniform; markings similar. Underside greyish chocolate-brown 
as in elpis, bands formed by white streaks not so sinuous as those in elpis. Forewing 
with a bar across the end of the cell, continued in an outwardly oblique way to the 
hinder margin, close to the sub-terminal series, the inner line of the upper part, 
commencing from the centre of the lower end of the discoidal bar ; a short band of 
three bars from near the costa (with a small upper, attached spot) to vein 4, a short 
line in the next interspace, from the centre of the band. Hindwing with an outwardly 
curved, indistinct antemedial band of conjoined bars, a medial band, commencing 
with a bar across the end of the cell (a streak above, in the two uppermost interspaces) 
where it is disjointed, and continued a little inwards, and curves round (not angled) at 
its lower end to the abdominal margin; a discal disjointed band from the costa to 
vein 4, with a streak below in the middle; both wings with terminal blackish line, 
sub-terminal white line, and a double row of white lunular marks, interrupted on the 
hindwing by a large black spot in interspace 2, with a black smaller spot on each side 
of it, all capped with orange. Cilia grey with a white medial line; tail black, tipped 
with white. Antenne black, speckled with white beneath ; head and body blackish 
above, with blue pubescence, whitish beneath. 


-1 
bo 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside coloured like the male. Forewing with broad, black, costal 
and outer marginal bands; broadest at the apex, narrowing towards the base and 
towards the hinder angle. Hindwing with terminal black line, a sub-terminal white 
band, inwardly edged with a pale blackish somewhat lunular thin band, and containing 
a series of black spots, one in each interspace, the largest in interspace 2. Underside 
as in the male. 

Expause of wings, ¢ $ 13 inches. 

Hasirat.—The Nicobar Islands. 


JAMIDES KANKENA. 
Plate 656, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. 
Lycena kankena, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 481 (1862); id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. 
p- 270, pl. 34, fig. 37, ¢ (1865). 
Lampides kankena, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 174 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, 
Butt. ii. p. 408, pl. 20, fig. 148 (1907). 
Lampides rogersi, Bingham, l.c. p. 409. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining silvery azure-blue, of a brighter and more 
beautiful tint than any Indian species of this genus; some of the white markings of 
the underside visible through the wings. orewing with the costal and terminal line 
finely black. Cilia black. Hindwing with the terminal line black, a sub-terminal 
broad whitish line, a sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2, a sinuous black line from 
it to the anal angle where there is a white dot; tails black, tipped with white. Cilia 
brown, with a middle white line. Underside, chocolate-brown, markings white. 
Forewing with a double line across the end of the cell, both continued to near the 
hinder margin, outwardly oblique and ending close to the sub-terminal series; two 
outwardly curved short lines from near the costa, the inner one to vein 3, the outer to 
vein 2.  Hindwing with two antemedial lines, a third line disconnected in inter- 
space 6, a series of two short lines in interspaces 7 and 6, a series of three lines in 
interspaces 7, 6, and 5, a sixth line complete across the wing, line. 2, angled, 3 and 6 
curved, all turning in on the abdominal margin ; both wings with black terminal line 
and black cilia; an anteciliary white line and a double series of short white lines or 
lunular marks interrupted in interspace 2 of the hindwing by a large sub-terminal black 
spot and a smaller one in interspace 1, both with some metallic blue scales and capped 
with orange. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body above blue like the 
colour of the wings, white below. 

Female, unknown. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 14/5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Nicobar Islands. 


LAMPIDIN. 73 


The type from Kar Nicobar is in the Vienna Museum, the figure and the above 
description are from a male from Naucowry, in the late Colonel Bingham’s collection 
now in the Druce Museum and kindly lent to us. We cannot agree with Bingham 
that it is nearly related to e/pis, his figure of both upper and underside is very bad, 
and does not at all represent the insect, which is unlike any other species we know of. 


INDO-MALAYAN AND CHINESE ALLIED SPECIES. 


Jamides aratus, Papilio aratus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 365, figs. A, B (1782). H.H. Druce, 
Proce. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 584. Habitat, Malayana, Borneo, Celebes. 

Jamides astraptes, Lycena astraptes, Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. cl. xl. p. 456 (1860). 
Habitat, Philippines, Amboina. 

Jamides suidas, Lycena suidas, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 373, pl. 34, figs. 18, 19. Synonym, 
Plebeius calliatus, Rober, Tris, 1886, p. 55, pl. 4, fig. 13. Habitat, Philippines. 

Jamides mindora, Lycena mindora, Felder, |.c. p. 277, pl. 34, figs. 9, 10. Habitat, Philippines. 

Jamides adana, Cupido adana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349. Habitat, Borneo. 

Jamides evanescens, Lampides evanescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 615. Habitat, Philippines, 
New Hebrides. 

Jamides latimargus, Cupido latimargus, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1878, p. 19, pl. i. fig. 4. Habitat, 

: Celebes. 

Jamides philatus, Cupido philatus, Snellen, l.c. p. 21, pl. 1, fig. 5. Habitat, Celebes. 

Jamides talinga, Plebeius talinga, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 29, pl. 5, fig. 32, ¢, 33, 9 (1884). Habitat, 
Nias. ; 

Jamides siraha, Plebeius siraha, Kheil, l.c. pl. 5, fig. 35 (1884). Habitat, Nias. 

Jamides abdul, Lampides abdul, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 456, pl. 44, fig. 22 (1886). Synonym, 
Lampides markata. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 174 (note) (1890). Habitat, Perak. 

Jamides snelleni, Plebeius snelleni, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 9. Habitat, Celebes. 

Jamides insularis, Plebeius insularis, Rober, Iris, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 14. Habitat, Java. 

Jamides osias, Plebeius osias, Rober, le. p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 17. Synonym, Lycena amphissima, 
Staudinger, Lep. Palawan, p. 100, pl. i. fig. 4, 2 (1889). Habitat, Philippines. 

Jamides optimus, Plebeius optimus, Rober, Iris, l.c. p. 56, pl. 4, fig. 16. Habitat, Malacca. 

Jamides obscurus, Plebeius optimus, var. obscurus, Rober, l.c. p. 56. Habitat, Celebes. 

Jamides festivus, Plebeius festivus, Rober, l.c. p. 58, pl. 4, fig. 17. Habitat, Celebes. 

Jamides orestes, Plebeius orestes, Rober, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 20. Habitat, South Celebes. 

Jamides griseus, Plebeius griseus, Rober, l.c. p. 60, pl. 4, fig. 18. Habitat, East Celebes. 

Jamides talanjang, Lampides subditus talanjang, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 28, 
Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1904, p. 204. Habitat, Engano, N. Philippines. 

Jamides elpidion, Lampides elpidion, Doherty, l.c. Fruhstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Engano. 

Jamides coalita, Lampides coalita, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 363, pl. F, 
figs. 12, ¢,18, 9. Habitat, Java. 

Jamides saturata, Lycena saturata, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1892, p. 37. Habitat, Java, Sumatra. 

Jamides cunilda, Lycena cunilda, Snellen, l.c. 1896, p. 91, pl. i. fig. 4. Habitat, W. Java. 

Jamides subperusa, Lycena superusa, Snellen, l.c. p. 93. Habitat, W. Java. 

Jamides lucida, Lampides lucida, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Scc. Bengal, 1894, p. 33, pl. 5, fig. 3, g. 
Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. 


VOL. VIII. Li 


74 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Jamides limes, Lampides limes, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 581, pl. 32, fig. 16, g. 
Habitat, Kina Balu, Borneo. 


Jamides virgulatus, Lampides virgulatus, H, H. Druce, le. fig. 17, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu, 
Labuan, Sarawak. 

Jamides lugine, Nacaduba lugine, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 577, pl. 32, fig. 15, g¢. Habitat, Labuan. 

Jamides zebra, Lampides zebra, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 583, pl. 32, fig. 18, ¢. Habitat, Borneo. 

Jamides lividus, Lampidus lividus, H. H. Druce, lc. p. 584, pl. 32, fig. 20, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu, 
Labuan. 

Jamides margarita, Plebeius margarita, Martin, Hinige, neue Tagschmett. von Nord. Sumatra, p. 9 
(1895). Habitat, Sumatra. 

Jamides daones, Lampides daones, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 656, pl. 29, fig. 5, ¢. 
Habitat, Penungah, Borneo. 

Jamides daonides, Plebeius (Lampides) daonides, Rober, Ent. Nachr. xxiii. p. 100 (1897). Habitat, 
W. Jaya. 

Jamides lunata, Lampides lunata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 1898, p. 145, pl. Z, 
figs. 21,6, 22, 9. Habitat, N. Celebes. 


Genus NACADUBA. 


Nacaduba, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 88 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 218 (1884). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iil. p. 141 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. 
p. 381 (1907). 


Eyes hairy. J orewing with vein 3 from before lower end of cell, 6 from upper 
end, 7 from a little before it, 8 absent, 9 from middle of 7, 10 from apical third of 
sub-costal, 11 close to it at its base, completely anastomoses with 12 for a short distance, 
then runs free to the costa, 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell. Costa arched, apex 
blunt, outer margin convex, hinder angle obtuse, hinder margin straight. //indwing 
with veins 3 and 4 from lower end of cell, or from a little before it, 8 well arched at 
base, ends on costa before the apex of the wing, wing sub-triangular, costa arched, 
apex blunt, outer margin convex, hinder angle well marked, abdominal margin convex. 
Clearly in almost all its characters a Lampididid, but has the Everid character of having 
in the forewing the sub-costal nervule completely anastomosed with the costal nervure 
for a short distance, then again becoming free. 


Type, Prominens, Moore = atrata, Horsfield. 


NACADUBA MACROPTHALMA. 
Plate 657, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, lb, ¢. 


Lycxena macropthalma, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 483 (1862) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. 
p- 275, pl. 34, fig. 35, g (1865). 
Lampides macropthalma, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 547. 


LAMPIDINZ. 75 


Nacaduba macropthalma, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 89, pl. 37, figs. 4, 4a, ¢ (1881). Butler, Ann, 
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1883, p. 417. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
p- 367, pl. 17, fig. 13, g. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 218, pl. 20, fig. 3, g (1884), and 
p. 454, pl. 44, fig. 8, 9 (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 143 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 296. Watson, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 382 (1907). 

Lampides confr. pactolus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (nec Felder), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, 
p. 230. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-brown; costal line of forewing and 
outer marginal line of both wings black, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia brown, 
with white tips. Underside pale greyish-brown, lines greyish-white. orewing with 
a line from the median vein a little before the end of the cell, to near the hinder 
margin a little beyond the middle, a similar line a little beyond the end of the cell, 
nearly touching the third line which commences near the costa and runs almost straight 
down to near the hinder margin rather close to the end of the inner sub-terminal line, 
a line from near the costa to vein 3; two subterminal lines, composed of somewhat 
lunular marks disjointed by the veins, and somewhat thicker than the other lines. 
Hindwing with seven disjointed transverse lines at about equal distances apart 
covering the whole surface of the wing; the fourth line having an additional mark 
above its middle, making the second piece from the costa into a V shape ; the fifth line 
runs into the sixth below the costa and is very irregular, and its lower portion is 
composed of very short streaks and spots, the sixth and seventh lines correspond to 
the two sub-terminal lines of the forewing, and are interrupted in interspace 2 by a 
largish ochreous spot containing a large black spot, and there are two minute black 
spots at the anal angle, all three spots with metallic blue-green scales. 

Female. Upperside paler than the male, in some examples almost greyish-white 
with a blue suffusion, and with all the veins prominent and black. Forewing with 
rather broad costal and outer marginal blackish bands inwardly suffused. Hindwing 
with a narrower and more even blackish band, containing a series of black spots capped 
with grey-blue, terminal line black. Underside as in the male, but all the lines much 
broader and whiter. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish- 
brown above, dull whitish beneath ; the palpi white beneath, with stiff black hairs. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1445 to 1435 inches. 

Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon, Andamans, Nicobars, and the Malayan sub- 
region as far as Australia. 

Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, Bhutan, Ceylon, Andamans, 
Nicobars, Bingham from Burma, Hampson from the Nilgiris, Watson from the Chin 
Hills; we have received many examples from the Khasia Hills. 


76 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


NACADUBA KERRIANA. 
Plate 657, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ?. 
Nacaduba kerriana, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 253; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 455, pl. 42, 


fig. 12, g (1886). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 146 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 384 (1907). . 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, pale violet-blue, costal line of forewing and terminal 
line of both wings black; a series of blackish sub terminal spots in the interspaces, 
more or less square on the forewing and lunular on the hindwing, followed by a series 
of indistinct short linear marks on the forewing and lunular marks on the hindwing. 
Underside white, slightly tinged with grey. Forewing with a pale chocolate-grey thin 
band before the middle, a line closing the cell, two bands from near the costa, the inner 
one thin, its lower end joined to the upper end of a thicker band which runs from 
vein 3 to vein 1, the outer one thicker, fining down to vein 3 just beyond the upper 
end of the lower band; all of the same colour. Hindwing with six transverse lines or 
thin bands of short linear dislocated pale chocolate-grey marks, at equal distances apart, 
covering the whole surface of the wing ; both wings with a double series of sub-terminal 
black disjointed marks, the inner series composed of short linear marks, the outer series 
of lunules ; the second from the upper end of the inner series being a large black spot ; 
a sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2, with metallic scales; terminal line on both 
wings black. Cilia grey; tail brown, tipped with white. Antenne black, speckled 
with white ; head and body brown above, white beneath ; palpi with black hairs. 

Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but somewhat paler. Forewing with 
the lower discal portion white, divided by the veins; outer margin with the black spots 
joined together forming a narrow even band, slightly thickened at the apex, and with 
the inner series of marks as in the male. Hindwing with the sub-marginal series of 
black spots, larger and darker than in the male, the inner line of lunules capped by a row 
of prominent white lunular-shaped spots, and a large white space in the upper disc, 
divided by the veins. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, 3 ? 14%5 to 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 


NACADUBA PAVANA. 
Plate 657, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9, 3c, g. 


Lyczna pavana, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 77 (1828). 

Nacaduba pavana, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 367. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 145, pl. 26, fig. 182, ¢ (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1893, p. 297. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 385, woodcut (1907). 

Lyczna hermus, Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Nath. el. xl. p. 457 (1860). 


LAMPIDINA. 17 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple with a silvery blue sheen, but varying somewhat 
in colour, in some specimens the purple prevails, in others the blue, probably due to 
climatic influences ; a slender black terminal line to both wings. Underside, ground 
colour as in macropthalma, markings on both wings very similarly disposed, but finer 
and more disjointed, the first line on the forewings runs across the cell before its end, 
and is disconnected hindwards, the continuation running from between the two lines 
across the end of the cell to the hinder margin ; the short line a little beyond the end 
of the cell is well separated from the third line, which is broken, the upper portion of 
this third line is-in an outward curve and stops at vein 3, being continued from that 
vein at a little distance on the outer side, the fourth line, which also stops at vein 3, is 
also outwardly curved ; on the hindwing the fourth line has no additional mark (as 
in macropthalma), and on both wings the inner sub-terminal line has the upper three 
marks of the forewing and all of the hindwing, formed of lunules; tails black, tipped 
with white. 

Female. Upperside very much as in the female of macropthalma, Underside as 
in its own male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 14%; inches. 

Hasirat.— India, Burma, Andamans, Java, Amboina. 

Distrizution.—Recorded from Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Cachar, Burma, and the 
Andamans ; the type came from Jaya; Felder’s type of hermus came from Amboina. 

Note.—We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, which cannot be 
separated from this species, but they are all of a more uniformly blue shade above, and 
every example on the underside has a dark blackish-brown patch on the centre of the 
hindwing obliterating the linear markings ; this is probably an extreme Wet form ; we 
figure the underside of one of them, fig. 3c, 3. 

Norz.—We have examined Felder’s type of Lycena hermus ; it is in all respects 
identical with typical pavana. 


NACADUBA BHUTEA. 
Plate 657, figs. 4, g¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g¢, 4c, 2. 


Nacaduba bhutea, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 72, pl. i. fig. 13, ¢. Elwes, 
Trans, Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 387. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 152 (1890). H. H. Druce, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 578. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 660. Bingham, 
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 387, pl. 20, fig. 147 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull purple-brown, both wings with terminal, very 
slender black line. Underside pale greyish-brown with a slight chocolate tint; 
markings slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their pale edgings. 
Forewing with a bar across the middle of the cell with a spot on the costa above it; a 


78 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


bar across the end of the cell, a discal band of four disjointed bars, with a spot on the 
costa close above the first bar, the fourth bar a little inwards in the second interspace. 
FTindwing with two transverse outwardly curved bands of disjointed bars, antemedial 
and postmedial, a bar also crossing the end of the cell ; both wings with a sub-marginal 
double series of indistinct, more or less lunular marks, interrupted in the second inter- 
space of the hindwing by a sub-terminal black spot crowned with pale dull orange- 
ochreous, two (geminate) black dots at the anal angle, all with metallic blue-green scales. 
Cilia grey, with a brown medial band ; tails black, tipped with white. Antenne black, 
ringed with white, and with some white on the club; head and body brown above and 
below, the underside of the abdomen pale at the sides. ° 

Female. Upperside paler than the male. orewing with the inner portion with 
blue scales ; costal and outer marginal border broad and brownish-black, the black 
colour running in also on the hinder margin, leaving but a small portion of the inner 
part of the wing blue. Hindwing suffused with brown, terminal line black, three 
straight rows of white dots near the anal angle, with indications of a fourth row, all 
packed closely together. Underside greyish-white, with a slight chocolate tint; 
markings more prominent, but similarly disposed, except that on the forewing the 
discal band is more complete and more evenly outwardly curved, and the outer of the 
two sub-terminal series of spots on both wings has some of the spots deep black, 
especially the three or four upper ones on the forewing and the first, second and last 
on the hindwing. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 inch. 

Hanirat.—Sikkim, Chin Hills, Borneo. 


NACADUBA DANA. 
Plate 658, figs. 1, g, la, 2, lb, ¢. 
Nacaduba dana, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 73, pl. i. fig. 15, ¢. Doherty, 
id. 1886, p. 133. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ili. p. 155 (1890). 
Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 46, and 1897, p. 660. Swinhoe, 


Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 386 (1907). 
Lyczna ardeola, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 97. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, terminal line black. Cilia grey, with 
2 brown medial band. Underside ochreous-brown, markings slightly darker than 
the wings, formed by their whitish edges. orewing with a bar across the middle 
of the cell and another across its end, each with a spot above on the costa ; a discal 
outwardly curved band, commencing with a costal spot, and composed of four bars, the 
fourth inwards in interspace 2; the hinder marginal space pale. Hindwing with a 
sub-basal band of four bars joined together, a whitish line across the cell, a discal 


LAMPIDINA. 79 


outwardly curved band of six bars joined together, a line of three lunular marks from 
vein 7 to vein 3; and both wings with sub-terminal double band, edged on both sides 
with whitish lunular lines, a black sub-terminal spot in the second interspace; the 
terminal line brown. Antennz black, ringed with white; head and body blackish 
above, whitish beneath. 

Female, with a very broad, costal and outer marginal blackish band; the space 
inside pale, with blue sealing. Hindwing suffused with blackish-brown ; terminal line 
on both wings black. Underside very much paler than in the male; markings similar, 
but very indistinct ; both sexes without tails. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1 inch. 

Hapirat.—India, Burma. 

Disrrisution.—Recorded by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Watson from the 
Chin Hills, Chin Lushai and Mysore, by de Nicéville from Kumaon, Bholahat, Malda, 
Bhutan, Chittagong and Pegu; we have received many examples from the Khasia 
Hills. Staudinger has recorded it from the Philippines; H. H. Druce, who has 
examined Staudinger’s type, says ardeola is identical with dana (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, 
p. 579, footnote). 


NACADUBA HAMPSONI. 
Plate 658, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ¢. 


Nacaduba hampsoni, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 118, pl. 2, fig. 13, ¢. Hampson, 
id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 155 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1890, p. 529. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 34, and 1891, p. 46. Mackinnon 
and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 380. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 387 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-purple, shining; terminal line black. Cilia 
black at the base, white at the tips; no tails. Underside pale lilac-brown; markings 
darker brown with whitish edges. /orewing with a bar across the middle of the cell 
and another just outside its end; a discal band of seven bars from near the costa to 
near the hinder margin, slightly outwardly curved, the lowest but one oblique and a 
little inwards, the last somewhat elongate. Hindwiny with three transverse bands of 
bars, the first sub-basal, composed of two bars; the second of four bars from the costa 
to the lower end of the cell, the third of six bars from vein 6 to the abdominal margin 
a little beyond its middle, all the bars joined together, forming more or less complete 
bands ; both wings with a sub-terminal, very indistinct, double row of lunular marks, 
and black terminal line. Antennz black, speckled with white; head and body 
blackish above, whitish beneath. 

Female, unknown. 

Expanse of wings, S 14)5 inches. 


80 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat,—India. 

DisrripuTion.—The type came from the Nilgiri Hills; it is recorded by de 
Nicéville from Dehra Dhun, by Watson from Chin Lushai and from Mysore, by 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, and by Manders from the Shan States. 


NACADUBA ATRATA. 


Plate 658, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 3c, ¢, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood), 
3e (larva and pupa). 


Lycena atrata, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 78 (1828). 

Nacaduba atrata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 89 (1881). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. 
Bengal, 1886, p. 366. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 148 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. 1890, p. 529, Swinhoe, id. 1893, p. 297. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 
1895, p. 35. Davidson, Bell and Aitken, id. 1896, p. 376, pl. 4, figs. 2, 2a, larva and pupa, 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 388, woodcut (1907). de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo, 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1908, p. 886. 

Lycena kurava, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.J.C. i. p. 22 (1857). 

Cupido akaba, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 350. 

Lampides prominens, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 341. 

Nacaduba prominens, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 88, pl. 37, fig. 3, g, 3a, 3b, 9, 3c, larva and pupa 
(1881). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 357. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
p. 149 (1890). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 3, 3a, $, 3b, ?). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull violet, with some dull blue scales at the base, 
terminal line black, costal space on the hindwing pale. Underside pale violet-brown, 
markings white. Forewing with the hinder margin narrowly whitish; two parallel 
lines across the middle of the cell, each with a spot above it near the costa, these lines 
continued to the white in the hinder margin; a line across the cell, just inside its end, 
followed by a parallel short line, each with a spot above it; a line commencing below 
the last short line runs down to the hinder margin and is rather sinuous, a line 
commencing with a small white sub-costal spot, across the wing to the hinder margin 
somewhat near the lower end of the sub-terminal series; another line from near the 
costa, a little outwardly oblique to vein 3, near the middle of the sub-terminal series ; 
this series is composed of two bands of lunular brown marks edged outwardly with 
white lunules, the inner series having the largest spots. indwing with six disjointed 
white lines at equal distances apart covering the wing, their lower ends curving evenly 
inwards towards the abdominal margin, the first close to the base, the sixth touching 
in parts the inner lunules of the sub-marginal series ; this series is disposed as on the 
forewing, but the brown spots are smaller and the white lunules more acute, and it 
is interrupted in interspace 2 by a black spot capped with orange, and two minute 


LAMPIDINA. 81 


black spots near the anal angle, all three spots with metallic blue-green scales, tail 
black, tipped with white. Cilia whitish, with a grey medial band. Antenne black, 
with white speckles at the sides ; head and body purplish-brown above, whitish beneath, 
the palpi with black hairs. 

Female. Upperside white, with glistening blue scaling in parts. Horewing with 
black marginal band, broadest at the apex, and extended along the costa, narrowing to 
the base of the wing; most of the wing with blue scales, except a small portion in the 
upper disc. LZindwing with the costa very broadly blackish, the outer margin with an 
even narrow band composed of a double row of lunular spots, the outer ones the largest 
and blackest, each capped with a white lunule, terminal line black, edged inwardly by 
a white line broken by the veins, the dise of the wing more or less white below the 
costal blackish space. Underside as in the male, but the markings are more prominent, 
and the brown colour between the lines darker than the ground colour of the wing. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 14%5 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, 3, 3d, ?). 


Male and Female coloured and marked on the upperside like the Wet-season form, 
but the female, in most examples, has the inner portion of the forewing nearly all 
white, the colour of the underside is much paler, and the markings more or less 
indistinct. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 145 inches. 

Larva.—Feeds on Erubelia robusta, the back elevated and the segments most 
distinctly defined ; the anal segment is flattened; the back forms a distinct ridge, the 
colour is green, but there is a purple line along the ridge of the back; the other 
seoments are also edged with the same colour. The head is small, amber-coloured, 
with a darker border. 

Pura.—Short and stout, constricted slightly between the thorax and the 
abdomen, and has slight traces of a ridge along the back. In colour it is a dingy 
greyish-brown, powdered with black. There is an interrupted dark band along the 
middle of the back, and also spots of blackish on the abdominal segments and just 
beyond the wing covers and the sides of the thorax. It is smooth and only fastened 
at the tail parallel with the leaf to which it is attached. (Davidson, Bell and Aitken.) 

Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma, Ceylon, Southern India, Nicobars, and the 
Malay Peninsula; the type came from Java. 

Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Malda, Cachar, Bingham from the 
Shevaroy Hills, Tenasserim and the Nicobars, Hampson from the Nilgiris, de Rhe- 
Philipe from the Konkan, Manders from the Shan States; we have it in our collection 
also from the Khasia Hills, Kanara, Koorg, Ceylon, Andamans, Mahableshwar, Madras, 
Borneo, Celebes, N. Guinea and the Philippines. 

VOL. VIII. M 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


co 
bo 


NACADUBA PLUMBEOMICANS. 
Plate 658, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. 


Lampides plumbeomicans, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, p. 231. 

Nacaduba plumbeomicans, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 40. de Nicéville, Butt. -of 
India, iii. p. 150 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 389 (1907). 

Lampides plumbeomicans, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1881, p. 234. 

Nacaduba nicobarica, Bingham, l.c. p. 390. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull purplish-blue, glistening in certain lights; 
terminal line black. Cilia grey, with a brown medial band; tail black, tipped with 
white. Underside pale greyish-brown with a slight purplish-chocolate tint ; lines thin 
and whitish. orewing with three pairs: the first from near the costa, across the 
middle of the cell, to the hinder margin; the second across the end of the cell, 
where it is broken, and continued a little outwardly to the hinder margin; 
the third from near the costa to vein 8, the inner line there touching the lower 
commencement of the outer line of the second pair. Hindwing with six transverse 
disjointed lines at equal distances apart, covering the whole wing ; the fourth and fifth 
nearly meeting together on vein 4, where the fifth terminates, the sixth terminating 
on vein 3, its last portion a little on the inside; a double row of sub-terminal marks 
on both wings capped with whitish lunules, those on the hindwing interrupted in 
interspace 2 by a deep black spot, capped with orange, two minute spots near the 
anal angle, all three with metallic blue-green scales ; terminal line on both wings black, 
inwardly edged by a white line interrupted by the veins. Antenne black, speckled 
with white; head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath ; palpi white below 
with long black stiff hairs. 

Female. Upperside brownish, of a dull pale purplish-brown colour ; sometimes 
uniform in colour, sometimes with a whitish space in the middle of the forewing with 
some blue scaling ; both wings with a double series of sub-terminal brown markings 
capped with whitish lunules, very indistinct, and nearly obsolete on the forewing, the 
spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing the largest and round ; terminal line brown, with 
inner white edging on the hindwing. Underside much paler than the male, markings 
similar. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1 to 1,5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Tenasserim, Mergui, Chittagong Hills, Andamans and Nicobars. 


NACADUBA NORA. 
Plate 659, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, 6. 


Lycxna nora, Felder, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. cl. xl. p. 458 (1860); id. Reise, Nov. 
Lep. ii. p. 275, pl. 34, fig. 34, ¢ (1865). Herrick-Schiiffer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxx. p. 72 (1869). 


LAMPIDINZ. 83 


Lampides nora, Semper, Journ. des Mus. Godef. xiv. p. 175 (1879). 

Nacaduba nora, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 73, pl. i. fig. 14, 9; id. Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 147 (1890). 

Lyczna felderi, Murray, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 527, pl. 10, figs. 4, ¢, 6, 9. 

Lycxna ardates, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 574, pl. 67, fig. 1. 

Nacaduba ardates, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 90, pl. 38, figs. 2, 2a, ¢ (1881), and iii. p. 530 (1887). 
de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 3. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1885, p. 335. 
Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 133. Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. Manders, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 529. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 153 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 45. Betham, id. p. 178. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 380. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1902, 
p. 488. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 391 (1907). 

Lyczna dubiosa, Semper, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, xiv. p. 159 (1879). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brownish-purple, terminal line on both wings 
black ; indications of a sub-terminal blackish spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing ; tail 
black, tipped with white. Cilia dark grey with an inner darker band. Underside dark 
brownish-grey with a slight ochreous tint ; markings a little darker than the ground 
colour, edged with brown, and whitish. Forewing, a bar from near the costa, across 
the middle of the cell, to vein 1, a bar across the end of the cell, a discal band of 
conjoined bars, from the costa to vein 8, continued hindwards from its inner side to 
near the hinder margin. //indwing with an antemedial band of bars ending in a spot 
near the abdominal margin, a bar across the end of the cell, a discal outwardly curved 
band of bars, the third from the abdominal margin a little inwards ; both wings with 
terminal blackish-brown line, a series of sub-terminal brown lunules, and between 
them a series of brown marks; a large sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 
crowned with orange, and two pairs of small blackish spots before the anal 
angle, all with metallic blue-green scales. Antenne black, ringed with white, 
the club tipped with white; head and body blackish-brown, abdomen whitish 
beneath. 

Female. Upperside darker than the male. Forewing with the costal and 
outer spaces blackish, some blue scaling on the inner portion. Hindwing suffused with 
blackish, -with a terminal row of black angular spots, capped with grey and outwardly 
edged with white ; terminal line of both wings black. Underside darker than in the 
male, the bands not darker than the ground colour, markings similar to those of the 
male, but the white edgings to the bands whiter. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 to 1+/5 inches. 

Some of the females vary much in the coloration of the underside, some examples 
from the Andamans and from Amboina are yellowish. 

Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Andamans, Nikobars, Malay sub-region 


extending to the Philippines and Amboina. A common species. 
M 2 


84 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Nore.—We have carefully examined Felder’s type of nora, and find it to be 
identical with the tailed form of ardates, as Bingham (who had not seen the type) 
suggested ; there are three males, all from Amboina, in the Felderian collection at 
Tring, and a female with yellowish underside, and all are true ardates. 


NACADUBA NOREIA. 
Plate 659, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 


Lyczna noreia, Felder, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 282 (1868). 

Nacaduba noreia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 148 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 
Soe. 1897, vol. x. p. 660. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 393 (1907). 

Nacaduba ardates, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 154, pl. 27, fig. 185, ¢ (1890). 


Imaco.—Male and Female very similar to nora above and below, but without 
tails. Genitalia also conspecific. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 385 to 1 inch. 

Hasrrat.—India, Burma, Ceylon and nearly (if not quite) all the islands of the 
Malay Archipelago. 

DisTRIBUTION.—Felder’s type came from Ceylon, it is not now in the Felderian 
collection at Tring; it is undoubtedly the insect that has heretofore been called the 
tailless form of ardates, which is very common in Ceylon; it is found in most of the 
localities in which nora = ardates is found, but in certain localities where nora is 
plentiful this tailless form does not seem to exist. In all the years we collected in 
Bombay, where nora is very common, we never took a single specimen ; and de Nicéyille 
says (p. 154), in the Bombay Presidency, Burma and the Andamans, only the tailed 
form is to be found; de Nicéville says they occur together in Masuri, Sikkim, Malda, 
Shillong; Orissa, the Nilghiri and Shevaroy Hills and Ceylon ; but that does not prove 
they are one and the same species ; Green, who is a careful observer, says, “‘ The tailless 
form of ardates differs distinctly in its habits from the tailed form, sporting about in 
large clouds round the Madras thorn-trees in Colombo ; the specimens of ardates that I 
catch up-country are never seen but singly or in pairs, and have a more hesitating 
flight.” de Nicéville says W. C. Taylor at Orissa, G. F. Hampson at Ootacamund, as 
well as E. E. Green at Colombo, all consider these forms to represent distinct species. 
We have the tailless form from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills, Chota Nagpore, Orissa, from 
Flores, and many of the islands of the Malay Archipelago; and we have always 
believed it to be distinct from the tailed form. Watson also says, “ Noreia = ardates is 
either very variable or more than one species is included under the name ; the tailless 
form appears to be much rarer in this district. I only obtained four specimens, three 
from the Upper Chindwin in February and March, and one from 3,500 feet in June.” 


~m 
or 


LAMPIDINA. 


NACADUBA CQ@LESTIS. 
Plate 659, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 


Nacaduba celestis, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 366, pl. 17, fig. 11, g. Doherty, 
id. p. 133. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 151, pl. 27, fig. 184, ¢ (1890). Watson, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 45, and 1897, p. 660. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 393, and p. 385, woodcut (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining blue tinged with purple, costal line of forewing 
and terminal line of both wings black, with a sub-terminal series of indistinct brown 
marks. Cilia grey, brown at the base ; tails black, tipped with white. Underside pale 
purplish-brown, with a chocolate tint; markings dark brown, with pure white 
edges. orewing with three transverse bands, the first antemedial, across 
the middle of the cell down to the hinder margin; the second across the end 
of the cell, with a short square mark above it, also to the hinder margin, slightly 
disjointed at the lower end of the cell; the third commences below the costa, 
where there is a short square, is dislocated at vein 7, where it recommences a little 
outwards, runs down the two next interspaces, is dislocated on vein 4, and has there 
an inside square filling the next interspace, touching the outer side of the second band. 
Hindwing with a square bar near the base, another at the end of the cell, a complete 
transverse band between them, with an inward curve in its centre, an outwardly curved 
discal band, broader and darker than the others, which narrows hindwards, touching the 
outer lower edge of the band at the end of the cell, and then breaks up into double 
lunules in the lower interspaces ; both wings with a double series of dark brown, rather 
large, sub-terminal lunular marks, capped with white lunules, a large deep black sub- 
terminal spot in interspace 2, capped with orange, and two at the anal angle, all with 
metallic blue-green scales. Antenne black, speckled with white ; head and body 
blackish, with blue pubescence, white beneath ; palpi with a black fringe. 

Female. Upperside. vrewing with very broad outer marginal blackish border, 
broadest at the hinder angle, extends also down the costa, narrowing towards the base 
of the wing; the inner portion of the wing whitish with shining blue scaling. 
Hindwing nearly all blackish-brown, with some shining blue scaling on the inner 
portion below the median vein ; a sub-terminal, very indistinct series of double brown 
marks. Underside paler than the male, markings similar. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 inch. 

Hapirat.—Himalayas, Sikkim, Burma, Andamans. 

DisTRIBUTION.—We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, it has 
been recorded by Watson from the Chin Hills and Chin Lushai, and by de Nicéville 
from Kumaon, Cachar, Sibsaghar, and South Andamans. 


86 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


NACADUBA ANCYRA. 
Plate 659, figs. 4, $, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. 


Lyczna ancyra, Felder, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 458 (1860) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 276, 
pl. 34, fig. 5, g (1865). 

Nacaduba ancyra, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool.iSoc. 1895, p. 579. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, 
Butt. ii. p. 395 (1907). 

Cupido almora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, pl. 22, fig. 7. 

Nacaduba pseustis, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 182. 

Nacaduba amaura, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 361, pl. 31, fig. 10. 

Nacaduba maniana, H. H. Druce, le. fig. 9. 

Nacaduba aberrans, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 626, pl. 44, fig. 6, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside plumbeous-blue, terminal line on both wings black ; a 
sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 of the hindwing, and two smaller spots in 
interspace 1, outwardly edged by a white line; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia 
brown basally, white outwardly. Underside grey, with a slight pinkish tinge, bands 
darker than the ground colour, edged with white. Forewing with a band across the 
middle of the cell, continued from its inner side downwards to vein 1, a band across 
the end of the cell, a discal outwardly curved band of five conjoined spots from the 
costa to vein 3, continued from the middle of the fifth spot, hindwards in an almost 
straight line to vein 1, rather close to the sub-terminal series. Hindwing with an ante- 
medial band, slightly outwardly curved, a bar across the end of the cell, and an 
outwardly curved discal band broken in three pieces, touching each other; the first 
from the costa to the upper end of the cell, touching the outer edge of the discoidal 
bar ; the second outwards, its upper end touching the outer edge of the upper piece ; 
the third touching the outer lower edge of the discoidal bar, passing and touching 
the lower edge of the second piece, and continuing in a rounded curve to the abdominal 
margin; both wings with terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of brown lunules, 
and between them a series of small brown spots on a white ground, the spot in 
interspace 2 black and larger than the others, the spots in interspaces 1 and 2 capped 
with orange. Antennze black, ringed with white; head and body blackish, suffused 
with blue. 

Female. Upperside varying much in colour, but always paler than the male; in 
most examples the /vrewing has a broad blackish costal and outer marginal band, 
broadest at the apex, narrowing somewhat towards the base on the costal portion, and 
broadening on the outer margin at the hinder angle, the inner portion of the wing often 
suffused with glistening blue scales, a black lunular mark at the end of the cell. 
Hindwing blue-grey, a terminal rather broad and even band, containing a series of sub- 
terminal angular black spots outlined by white, and capped with white, the spot in 


LAMPIDIN. 87 


interspace 2, the largest and capped with orange, this series is followed by a blackish 
angular band (touching it) capped with indistinct whitish lunules, both wings with 
black terminal line. Underside as in the male, the outer markings large and very 
prominent. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 17/5 to 1,3; inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma, Nicobars, Borneo, Amboina, Alu. 

DistriBuTIoNn.—Felder’s type, which we have examined, came from Amboina, 
Druce’s type from Borneo, H. H. Druce’s types from Alu Island, Rubiana Island, 
Malaita Island, and Uluana Island; Elwes records it from Eastern Pegu, and Bingham 
from Burma, Tenasserim and the Nicobars ; we have several examples from Alu Island 
and Tenom, British N. Borneo; they vary much in size from the different localities, 
but cannot be specifically separated. 


NACADUBA VIOLA. 
Plate 659, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, 9, 5b, ¢. 


Lampides viola, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 340. 

Nacaduba viola, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 89, pl. 38, figs. 1, lb, ¢, 1a, 9 (1881); id. Journ. Linn. 
Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 40. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 219 (woodcut), pl. 20, fig. 24, ¢ 
(1884). Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 367, pl. 17, fig. 12, ¢. 
Hampson, id. 1888, p. 358. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 146, pl. 27, fig. 183, g (1890). 
Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 297. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1895, p. 35. 

Nacaduba prox. viola, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 3. 

Lyceenesthes merguiana, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 23. 

Nacaduba hermus, Bingham (nec Felder), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 394 (1907). 


ImMaco.—Male. orewing triangular, costa long, quite a fifth longer than the 
hinder margin, apex produced and somewhat acute; outer margin nearly straight. 
Hindwing with the apex well defined, outer margin nearly straight to vein 3, the anal 
angle rounded. Upperside dark brownish lilac-purple, terminal line on both wings 
black. Hindwing with a sub-terminal series of indistinct blackish spots, the spot in 
interspace 2 large and more distinct and edged outwardly by a pale line; tail black, 
tipped with white. Cilia grey, darker inwardly. Underside brownish-grey, with a 
slight pinkish tinge, bands not darker than the ground colour, indicated by their white 
edgings. Forewing with a bar across the middle of the cell, extends hindwards to 
vein 1, a bar across the end of the cell, a discal band of four conjoined bars from near 
the costa to vein 8, extended hindwards from its inner side to vein 1; the bar above 
vein 3 a little disjointed inwards. Mindwing with a sub-basal band, a bar across the 
end of the cell, and a discal outwardly curved band of bars, the fifth from the costa a 
little inwards, touching the lower end of the discoidal bar ; both wings with terminal 
brown line, and a double series of sub-terminal white lunules filled in with pale brown, 
a large sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2, with some metallic blue-green scales and 


88 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


capped with pale orange. Antennee black, ringed with white ; head and body brown, 
the palpi fringed with black hairs. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing dull greyish-blue, costal and outer marginal borders 
broadly black, broadest at the apex, gradually narrowing on the costa towards the base. 
ITindwing darker greyish-blue, veins prominent, a sub-terminal series of black angular 
spots, small and geminate in interspace 1, large in interspace 2, decreasing in size 
upwards, all capped with pale lunules and outwardly edged with white, terminal line 
on both wings black ; indications of a series of sub-terminal, blackish, angular spots on 
the forewing. Forewings with the outer margin slightly convex; the apex less 
produced. Hindwing with the outer margin rounded. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 14); inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, South India, Ceylon, Burma, the Andamans and 
Malay sub-region. 

Distripution.—Hampson recorded it from the Nilgiri Hills, de Nicéville from 
Sikkim, Cachar, Mergui, and the Andamans; we have received many examples from 
the Khasia Hills, and have it in our collection also from Perak and Sarawak (Borneo). 


ALLIED INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES. 


Nacaduba pactolus, Lycena pactolus, Felder, Sitzb. Ak, Wiss. Wien, Math.-Nat. cl. xl. p. 456 
(1860) ; id. Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 274, pl. 34, figs. 1 to 3 (1865). Habitat, Philippines, 
Amboina. 

Nacaduba beroé, Lyczna beroé, Felder, l.c. p. 275, pl. 34, fig. 36 (1865). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, 
p- 219, pl. 20, figs. 17, g, 16, 9 (1885). Habitat, Malacca, Luzon. 

Nacaduba sericina, Lycena sericina, Felder, l.c. p. 277, pl. 34, figs. 30, 31 (1865). Habitat, 
Philippines, 

Nacaduba angusta, Cupido angusta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 349, pl. 32, fig. 9, Habitat, 
Borneo. 

Nacaduba aluta, Cupido aluta, Druce, l.c. pl. 32, fig. 8. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 220, pl. 20, 
figs. 14, 6, 138, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malacca. 

Nacaduba ardeola, Lycena ardeola, Staudinger, Iris, 1880, p. 97. Habitat, Palawan. 

Nacaduba cupa, Plebeius cupa, Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 29, pl. 5, fig. 34 (1884). Habitat, Nias. 

Nacaduba tombugensis, Plebeius tombugensis, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 63, pl. 5, fig. 18 (tailless). 
Habitat, Celebes. 

Nacaduba azureus, Plebeius azureus, Rober, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 19. Habitat, Celebes. 

Nacaduba subfestivus, Plebeius subfestivus, Rober, l.c. p. 64, pl. 4, fig. 33. Habitat, Sumatra. 

Nacaduba unicolor, Plebeius unicolor, Rober, l.c. p. 66, pl. 5, fig. 4, Habitat, Sumatra. 

Nacaduba glauca, Lycrena glauca, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent. 1892, p. 142. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, vol. xiv. p. 248, pl. FF, fig. 10, ¢. Habitat, Java. 

Nacaduba datarica, Lycena datarica, Snellen, l.c. p. 140. de Nicéville, lc. p. 247, pl. FF, fig. 9. 
Habitat, Java. 

Nacaduba pamela, Grose-Smith, Noy. Zool. ii. p, 508 (1895). Habitat, S. Celebes. 


LAMPIDINZ. 89 


Nacaduba nanda, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 1895, p. 34, pl. 8, fig. 23, ¢. Hahitat, 
N.E. Sumatra. 

Nacaduba nelides, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 280, pl. O, fig. 24, §. Habitat, Java, N.E. Sumatra. 

Nacaduba lutea, Lycena lutea, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmett. von Nord-Oste Sumatra, p. 1 (1889). 
Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. 

Nacaduba ni, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, vol. xii. p. 247, pl. AA, fig. 8, ¢. 
Habitat, Java, N.E. Sumatra. 

Nacaduba atromarginata, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, p. 113, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. Habitat, 
S. Celebes. 


Norge.—We have received two specimens of a Plebeius from Colonel Jermyn, new 
to the Indian Fauna; under ordinary circumstances their record should be made in the 
Addenda at the conclusion of this volume, but as it may be many months before this 
can be done, we think it advisable to figure and describe this species here, before 
commencing the groups of the larger Lyceenide. 


-PLEBEIUS JERMYNI, nov. 
Plate 660, figs. 2, 6, 2a, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark violet-brown, nearly black, with a violet 
tinge. Fvrewing with an indistinct black spot at the end of the cell, costal line white, 
a terminal row of indistinct lunular spots. Zindwing with very indistinct terminal 
black spots. Cilia of both wings white with some brown at its base. Underside dark 
violet-grey. Forewing with some blue scales at the base, a black lunule, ringed with 
white at the end of the cell, an almost straight row of four or five very indistinct 
small blackish spots ringed with whitish, followed by a little more distinct parallel row 
of larger brown somewhat lunular spots, terminal line black, with somewhat large 
white, more or less square anteciliary spots. Hindwing with blue scales at the base 
and abdominal marginal space, a black lunule at the end of the cell, with a white 
streak of even breadth from it to the middle of the discal series of black spots, which 
are rather near the outer margin and are outwardly and evenly curved like the margin, 
are composed of black lunules, capped with white lunules, the terminal line is black, 
with white anteciliary spots as in the forewing, but the space between the white spots 
and the curved row of black lunules is filled im by largish orange spots. Antennas 
black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, grey beneath. 

Expanse of wings, f 1445 inch. 

Female unknown. 

Hasrrat.—Babusar Pass, Raghan Valley, Gilget road, 10,400 and 12,000 feet 
elevation. 

Two examples taken by Colonel Jermyn, August, 1902. It is a local form of 
Plebeius eumedon, Esper, nearest to P. antigua, Staudinger, Iris, xii. p. 334. 


VOL. VIII. N 


90 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Sub-Family CHRYSOPHANINZA. 


Eyes naked. Close to Plebeius in neuration, vein 5 of the forewing is emitted at 
lower end of the middle discocellular; in Plebeius it is emitted a little higher up, 
otherwise the neuration is similar. 

GeEniTALIA.—The male abdominal appendages with the lateral flaps of the upper 
organ forming bent and equal cylinders; the proximal halves parallel and enclosing 
between them a deep and equal mesial cleft, the distal halves bent downwards, lateral 
arms strongly arcuate, but not bent, clasps coarse, stout, bullate, several times larger 
than broad, well rounded (Tutt, Brit. Butt. i. p. 328 (1906). 


Genus CHRYSOPHANUS. 


Chrysophanus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 72 (1816). Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep ii. p. 497 
(1852). Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 258 (1862-66) ; id. South-Afr. Butt. ii. p. 90 (1887). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 313 (1890). 
Lycena sect. 3 (part), Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807). Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 340 
(1871). 
Cupido sect. A. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i.) pp. 153, 206 (1801). 
Polyommatus (part), Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. xiv. p. 116 (1805); id. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 11 
(1819). Boisduval and Leconte, Lep. Amer. Sept. p. 122 (1833). Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. 
Méth. p. 9 (1840). Lang, Butt. of Eur. p. 86 (1884). 
Heodes, Dalman, Kongl. Vet. Acad. Handl. xxxvii. pp. 63, 91 (1816). 
Rumicia, Tutt, Ent. Record, xviii. p. 131 (1906). 
Eyes naked. vrewing, vein 12 euds on costa opposite upper end of cell, 
1] emitted at one-third before the upper end, well separated from 12; 10 from a little 
before the end ; 9 long, from 7 about half way between the apex of the cell and apex 
of the wing where 7 terminates; 6 from the upper end; 7 from near the upper end; 
5 from the lower end of the middle discocellular; middle and lower discocellulars 
straight and nearly upright, the lower rather the longer, vein 4 from lower end of 
cell, 3 from a short distance before the end. //indwing ovate, with the hinder angle 
somewhat prominent, the extremity of vein 2 is often produced into a slight angle and 
in some species into a filamentous tail. Head small, hairy, palpi obliquely porrect, the 
basal and middle joints thick with bristly hairs, terminal joint long, nearly naked. 
Antennze moderately long, slender, middle joints long, ringed with white; club 
clongate-ovate ; legs with the tibize with short acute spines, the tip not produced into 
a hook, tarsi with still more numerous spines, those of the male exarticulate, ending in 
an obliquely curved horny point, those of the female articulated, middle and hind legs 


CHRYSOPHANIN A. 91 


rather short, tarsi with the basal joint long, claws and their appendages as in the 
forelegs ; generally of a brilliant copper colour on the upperside of the forewings. 

Type, phlzas, Linneeus. 

Both Chrysophanus and Heodes were erected in the same year; it is impossible to 
say which has precedence ; but the former has been the recognised genus of these species 
for so many years that it is only right under the circumstances to give it preference. 

Nore.—Tutt says (Brit. Butt. i. p. 314) that the type of the genus Chrysophanus, 
Hiibner, was fixed by Scudder in 1875 as hippothoé, and consequently he erects the 
genus Lumicia for Linnzeus’s species phleas ; but how can Scudder or any one else but 
the author of the genus fix the type of the genus? The first species named by the 
author after describing a genus must stand as the type of the genus, if it corresponds 
with the description of the genus; any other system for recognising types of genera 
upsets the rule of priority. 


CHRYSOPHANUS PHLAAS. 
Plate 660, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. 

Papilio phlzas, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1761); id. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. (2), p. 793 (1767). Esper 
Schmett. i. (1) pl. 22, fig. 1 (1777). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 362, 363 (1805-1824). 

Polyommatus phlzas, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 670 (1823). Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), 
p. 417 (1848). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887. Leech, id. 1887, p. 414. Pryer, Rhop. 
Niphonica, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 21, 9 (1888). 

Chrysophanus phlzas, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 498 (1852). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. 
Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 27 (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271, and 1882, p. 247. 
Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 340. de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 315 (1890). 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 


1903, p. 674. 
Papilio virgawrezx, Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 180 (1763). Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, ii. p. 246 (1785). 
Chrysophanus baralacha, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 25. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Furewing dark shining copper colour, the base 
thickly irrorated with blackish scales, a few black scales also on the rest of the wing ; a 
narrow brown band on the costa, and a much broader blackish even band on the outer 
margin; spots black; one in the middle of the cell, another at the end ; a discal band 
of three short rows of black spots in echelon with each other ; the upper one containing 
four spots more or less divided by the veins, the middle band two, and the lower band 
two joined together. /dindwing dark blackish-brown, with a shining copper-coloured, 
outer marginal band from the anal angle to vein 6; containing five black spots on 
each side in the interspaces; terminal line of both wings black. Cilia whitish, the 
outer edge of the hindwing slightly sinuous, deeply scalloped near the anal angle. 
Underside. J orewing paler copper colour, spots disposed as above, all small and ringed 
with whitish, all round and well separated ; an additional spot in the cell near the 

N 2 


92 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


base, no costal band, outer marginal band grey with some black spots on its mner 
margin, which become obsolescent towards the apex. //imdwing brownish-grey, the 
outer marginal band as above, but paler and more red, the sub-terminal spots pale 
ochreous-brown ; a number of minute black spots edged with whitish, three in a line 
basal, three sub-basal, one at the lower end of the cell, and nine in an outwardly curved, 
somewhat irregular discal row, terminal line dark grey. Cilia grey. Antenne black, 
ringed with white; head and body dark brown above, whitish beneath; eyes ringed 
with white. 

Female like the male, generally darker, the blackish scales irrorating the hase 
of forewing, usually more extensive ; on the hindwing above there is often an indistinct 
black discoidal line, and a discal series of black spots ; on the underside the black spots 
are more distinct, especially on the hindwing. 

Expanse of wings, 3 $-15%, to 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—Western Himalayas, Biluchistan, North-Western Europe. 

Disrripution.—Kollar recorded it from Kashmir, Lang from Kasaoli to Upper 
Kunawar and Naini Tal at 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Doherty from Kumaon, Mackinnon and 
de Nicéville from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral ; we took many examples 
at Kandahar, Quetta and Hassan Abdul, and we have it in our collection from Simla 
and Thundiani in the Punjab. 

Nors.—The above descriptions are from Kulu and Thundiani examples; the 
range of Chrysophanus phlzas is so extensive, extending over a great part of the 
Palearctic and Nearctic regions, it naturally has many local forms and races and many 
varieties, most of them having been named by different authors; in so far as our 
limits of locality are concerned there are two local forms, de Nicéville put them with 
phleas, but as these forms, though often flying together with phleas, vary much, 
and more or less constantly, we think it is advisable to give descriptions and figures 
of them. 


CHRYSOPHANUS TIMEUS. 
Plate 660, figs. 4, g, 4a, 2. 


Papilio timeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. p. 137, pl. 186, figs. E, F, 9 (1772). 

Chrysophanus timeus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 506. Butler, id. 1886, p. 368. 
Chrysophanus timzeus, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 

Chrysophanus phleas, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 315, pl. 27, fig. 205, g (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings almost entirely suffused with brown, in 
some examples entirely suffused, in others a little of the copper colour is visible in the 
cell and upper disc of the forewing. 

Female with some copper colour always visible on the forewing, the hindwing 


CHRYSOPHANIN 4. 93 


entirely suffused; on the underside both wings in both sexes are coloured and 
marked as in C. phleas. 

Expanse of wings, ? ? 154 to 143; inches. 

Hapirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Beluchistan, Afghanistan. 

Disrrisution.—Lang records it from Kasaoli to Upper Kunawar, he says it however 
disappears in certain gaps, as it were, which are occupied by C. pavana, Kollar ; common 
also at Naini Tal, at 5,500 to 7,000 feet, and Doherty remarks on. Kumaon specimens, 
“Comparing the prehensores of many specimens with those figured by Dr. White, | 
should suppose the species distinct from the European C. phlzas, Linneus ;” he says 
he met with it at Naini Tal, 6,000 to 7,000 feet above Garbyan, and at Kalapani, N.E. 
Kumaon, 11,000 to 15,000 feet (de Nicéville, p. 316); we have many examples in our 
collection from Kulu, Thundiani, Simla, Murree, Kandahar and Quetta. 


CHRYSOPHANUS STYGIANUS. 
Plate 660, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, ?. 


Chrysophanus stygianus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 408, pl. 39, fig. 5, g. 
Chrysophanus phleas, var. stygianus, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 208. 
Chrysophanus phleas, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 315 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside. Forewing dark dull orange, not bright 
coppery as in phlzas; a dull brown costal band, somewhat suffused and four times 
as broad as the costal band of pleas, a still broader, dull brown outer marginal band, 
the interior of the wing smeared in parts with pale brown. Hindwing entirely suffused 
with dull brown, the outer marginal band as in pleas, but of a dull orange colour. 
Underside, both wings as in that species. 

Expanse of wings, S 1445, 2? 14°5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Beluchistan, Afghanistan. 

Disrripution.—The types in the B.M. were taken by us at Kandahar ; we have a 
fine series of both sexes, taken at Kandahar and Quetta. 


CHRYSOPHANUS PAVANA. 
Plate 661, figs. 1, ¢, la, ?, 1b, 9. 


Polyommatus pavana, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 416, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6, g (1848). 

Chrysophanus pavana, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 28 (1857). Moore, Proce. 
Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 506, and 1874, p. 271, and 1882, p. 247. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. 
p. 317 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. 

Thecla panava, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 487 (1852). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing rich copper colour, darker than in 
phlzas, and slightly orange-tinged, costal line and outer marginal even band black, 


94 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


broader than in that species, the base with blackish suffusion, spots black, two inside 
the cell, and one at the end at even distances apart, increasing in size outwards; a 
discal band of spots in three pieces, in echelon with each other, the upper piece of four 
spots, the others of two each, in rows, the lower parts inclining outwards. TTindwing 
suffused with brownish, with a pale space of copper colour in the upper disc, with very 
slight suffusion, two spots at the end of the cell, one above the other, and two similar 
spots a little beyond ; costa broadly blackish, a black outer marginal band containing an 
orange band of connected, thick lunules, from the anal angle to vein 6. Cilia brown at 
the base, whitish at the tips. Underside. Jorewing bright orange, spots as above, 
but finely ringed with whitish, terminal line black, a sub-terminal series of thick linear 
black spots, the lowest geminate, and between them a series of minute black dots or 
points. J7indwing dark grey, spots black, ringed with white, three sub-basal in a 
transverse row at equal distances apart, the middle one inside the cell, followed by three 
similar spots, the middle one inside the cell, near its end, the upper one near the costa, 
2 smaller spot just outside the middle spot, a lunular black mark at the end of the cell 
just below it, a series of nine discal spots in an irregular row, a white band outside 
them, followed by a series of black lunular marks, then an orange band divided by the 
veins, containing a series of sub-terminal black spots outwardly edged by a white 
anteciliary line divided by the veins and a black terminal line. Antenne black, rmged 
with white ; head and body black above, whitish beneath ; eyes ringed with white. 

Female like the male above and below, but the colour is generally duller, the band 
on the forewing a little broader, the spots usually larger, and the hindwing above is 
eutirely suffused with blackish-brown, the outer marginal orange lunules larger, the 
sub-terminal black spots in the lunules darker. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Western Himalayas. 

Disrripution.—Doherty recorded it from Kumaon, 4,500 to 13,000 feet, Lang 
from Naini Tal and Almorah, 6,000 to 7,000 feet; we have it from Simla, Kulu and 
Cashmir; and itis in the B. M. also from Dalhousie, Kali Valley, Lahoul, Kasaohi, 
Ranikhet, and Narkundah. 


CHRYSOPHANUS ADITYA. 
Plate 661, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 
Chrysophanus aditya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 571, pl. 66, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 318 (1890). Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 674. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings brilliant metallic brassy, copper colour, 
slightly red-tinged, Cilia white, with its basal half black. orewing with the costal 
line black, outer marginal band narrowly black, thickest at the apex. Hindwing with 
the outer marginal band separated into distinct largish black spots by the veins. 


CHRYSOPHANIN.E. 95 


Underside. Forewing pale whitish-yellow, with an orange tint, the orange colour 
darkest in the disc, the spots black, with whitish, narrow rings, two inside the cell and 
two joined together at the end, the innermost spot very small, a discal series of six 
spots, four in a gentle curve from the costa to interspace 4, two inwards in interspaces 
2 and 3, and a small dot a little inwards in interspace 1. Hindwing greyish-white, 
three sub-basal spots as in pavana, three larger spots in a row, the middle spot inside 
the cell, two similar spots at the end of the cell, a discal series of nine spots, the first 
near the costa, the second immediately below it, the third and fourth (one above the 
other) a little outwards, the fifth and sixth a little inwards, the seventh more inwards, 
the eighth outwards, the ninth inwards almost in a line with the second row of three 
spots, the fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth spots somewhat elongated ; both wings with 
terminal black line, a sub-terminal series of black lunules, and between them a series of 
small black lunules, the series more separated on the hind than on the fore wing, and on 
the hindwing the inner series of black lunules is edged outwardly with orange marks. 
Cilia whitish, tipped with brown, and brown at its base. Antenne black, ringed with 
white ; head and body blackish above, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing duller in colour than the male, some slight 
brownish suffusion at the base, spots large and black, a spot inside the cell, a large one 
at the end, a discal series of seven spots, in three pieces, three in a slight outward 
curve below the costa, two a little inwards, and inwardly oblique, and two still a little 
inwards, one above the other, a sub-marginal series of spots, the lowest the largest and 
geminate, the others decreasing in size upwards, a marginal band of angular spots joimed 
together and somewhat thickened at the apex of the wing. MHindwing suffused with 
greenish-brown, but not deeply suffused, the orange colour showing well through 
the suffusion, a spot at the end of the cell, two pairs of spots in the disc, the 
upper two, one above the other, the lower two inwardly oblique, a broad marginal 
orange band almost filled up with large black sub-terminal spots and edged inwardly by 
a series of smaller angular black spots, terminal line black. Underside. Pvrewing 
pale orange. findwing whitish, nearly white, markings as in the male, the spots larger. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 13 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Dras Valley, Ladak, Baltistan, Chitral. 

DisrriBuTION.—The type came from the Dras Valley ; it is in our collection from 
N.W. Chitral, 11,000 to 14,000 feet, and in the B. M. also from Braldo and Gurais 
Valley, 7,000 feet. 

CHRYSOPHANUS KASYAPA. 
Plate 661, figs 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 3c, g, 3d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 
Chrysophanus kasyapa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 506, pl. 31, fig. 10, g. Staudinger, Ex. 
Schmett. p. 270, pl. 94, ¢ (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 319 (1890). Mackinnon 


and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. 
Chrysophanus zariaspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 271. 


96 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 
Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 3). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark copper-red, sparsely irrorated with minute black 
atoms, markings black. orewing with a spot inside the cell, a larger one at the end, 
the discal series formed of three slightly elongated spots in an outward curve from near 
the costa to the fourth interspace, followed by four longitudinal bars, varying in length, 
one in each of interspaces 3 and 2 and two in interspace 1, costal line blackish, a 
blackish outer marginal band, and some blackish suffusion on the hinder margin and at 
the base of the wing. Hindwing with a suffused blackish costal and outer marginal 
band, the abdominal area being also broadly suffused with blackish-brown, a lunular 
mark at the end of the cell and a discal series of five spots, two in interspaces 5 and 4, 
and three a little inwards, in the three lower interspaces ; the base of the wing also 
suffused with blackish atoms. Underside bluish-green. orewing with the lower part 
of the wing suffused with orange, a black dot in the cell,a lunule at the end, and a 
discal series of six small black spots, varying in size in different examples, also some 
black linear sub-terminal marks divided by the veins on the lower half of the wing. 
ITindwing with greenish reflections at the base, the wing generally without any 
markings, sometimes with a discal series of minute black spots, the wing evenly 
rounded. Cilia greyish-white, blackish at the base. Antennze black, ringed with white ; 
top of head with a small white space, between the bases of the antenne ; palpi black 
above, white beneath, with black, stiff hairs, eyes ringed with white, body blackish 
above with grey hairs, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside. orewing darker and duller in colour, the basal third 
thickly suffused with brown, the terminal band deeper and darker, the spots as in the 
male, but the lower discal spots only slightly elongated. Hindwing entirely suffused 
with blackish-brown, obscuring the marginal band, the discoidal and discal spots only 
faintly visible. Underside. Forewing bright orange, marginal band blue-green, the 
base suffused with the same colour, markings as in the male, but larger, an additional 
black small spot inside the cell near the base. Hindwing bluish-green as in the male, 
the discal dot usually visible. 

Expanse of wings, ? ? 153, to 153; inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3c, ¢, 3d, 9). 


Both sexes marked above and below like the Wet-season brood, but the ground 
colour on the upperside is much paler, and in the male is of a much brighter coppery- 
red, and the discal bars of the forewing are reduced to two pairs of small spots. 

Expanse of wings, # ? 153; to 14% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Western Himalayas. 

Disrripution.——Recorded by Mackinnon and de Niceville from Mussuri, by Leslie 


CHRYSOPHANINZ. 97 


and Evans from Chitral ; it is in our collection from Rala, Kosker, Kashmir and Murree, 
and in the B. M. also from Goolmurg, Lahoul, 10,000 feet, Gundarbul, Goorais Valley, 
Kangra and Kulu, 12,000 feet. 


CHRYSOPHANUS SUSANUS. 
Plate 662, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Chrysophanus susanus, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 397. 
Chrysophanus caspius, var. transiens, de Nicéville (nec Staudinger), Butt. of India, iii. p. 320, pl. 27, 
fig. 206, g (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a purplish tint, outer marginal line on both 
wings finely black. Forewing with a dull purplish gloss on the basal portion, the spots 
of the underside showing more or less through the wing. //indwing glossed with dull 
purple in the middle portion of the wing, a black line closing the cell, a sub-marginal 
series of black spots beyond which is a narrow white line towards the anal angle, a 
filamentous tail, black with white tips. Underside whitish, marginal line to both wings 
black, spots black. Forewing with three cell spots, a large quadrate spot at the end of 
the cell, an oval spot across the middle, and a smaller round spot towards the base, a 
similar spot immediately below it, a rownd spot below the middle spot, and three 
unequal-sized spots, divided by the veins, below the discoidal spot, the middle one the 
largest, an S-shaped sub-apical series of four conjoined spots, the upper two small, a sub- 
marginal macular band followed by an orange band and a marginal series of small spots. 
ITindwing with a sub-basal series of four spots in a line, the lowest but one the 
smallest, a similar discal series of larger spots, an oblong spot at the end of the cell, 
and an outer discal series of six spots in pairs, the marginal series as in the forewing, 
but the orange band is narrower. 

Female. Upperside suffused with brown. orewing paler, with some copper 
colour showing through the suffusion, three black cell spots at one-third, two-thirds and 
at the end, the first sometimes obsolete. //indwing with indications of an orange 
marginal band, clearer towards the anal angle, containing an anteciliary row of blackish 
spots. Underside. Morewing with all but the basal third suffused with coppery-orange, 
the three cell spots as above, but larger, a smaller spot below the middle cell spot, a 
discal row of eight small spots, the two lowest close together, terminal line black, a 
sub-terminal series of larger blackish spots, the space beyond whitish and containing a 
series of pale blackish linear marks close to the terminal line. S/indwing suffused 
with grey, a sub-basal spot near the costa, a small one below it, in the cell, a sub- 
costal spot with a larger spot below it also in the cell, and another spot below 
this, all three in a line, two small spots at the end of the cell, all the spots ringed 
with white; a discal series of eight spots, the marginal series as in the forewing, the 
space between the two series white, the space between the outer and inner row of spots 

VOL. VIII. ) 


98 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


of the marginal series more or less orange-tinted, leaving an anteciliary white line. 
Antennze black, ringed with white ; head and body brown above, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings,  $ 14/5 to 14% inches. 

Hanrrat.—Beloochistan. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type (a female) was taken by us at Gunduk, Watson found it 
there in great plenty in June and took it also at Quetta: it is a good local form of 
C. caspius, Lederer. 

CHRYSOPHANUS EVANSI. 
Plate 662, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 
Chrysophanus evansi, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, p. 249, pl. F, F, fig. 11, g. 
Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brown, darker than C. susanus. SL orewing with 
the inner area paler and tinged with dark bronzy-red, leaving the apical and outer 
marginal areas broadly brown; three spots in the cell as in the female of C. susanus ; 
the spots of the underside hardly ever visible through the wing. L/indwing entirely 
suffused with dark brown, the veins blackish, terminal line of both wings black, tail 
black, tipped with white. Cilia whitish, black at the base and at the tips. Underside. 
Forewing entirely suffused with bright bronzy-orange, markings as in C. susanus, but 
the spots are much smaller, and the discal series is obsolete except for a few indistinct 
dots at its upper end. Hindwing marked as in C. susanus, but the ground colour 
of the wing is clearer and whiter, and the sub-marginal series and orange band more 
pronounced and prominent. 

Female, above and below, is very similar to that sex of susanus, but the colouring 
above is paler. 

Expanse of wings, f 2 145 to 153; inches. 

This is also a local form of C. caspius, it varies but little from C. susanus, and 
they are both somewhat similar to the Samarkand form of caspius, named transiens by 
Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1886, p. 201, but are quite distinguishable from each 
other. 

Hapirat.— Western Himalayas. 

Distripution.—The type came from Drosh, it is in our collection, and in the B. M. 
from Chitral. 

CHRYSOPHANUS TSENG. 
Plate 662, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. 
Chrysophanus tseng, Oberthiir, Bull. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xiii. ; id. Ktud. V@Entom. xi. p- 19, pl. 5, 
tig. 35 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 403, pl. 30, fig. 17, 2 (1893). 

Chrysophanus mandersi, Elwes, in Manders’ Memoir, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. 

Imaco.— Male. “ Curieux Polyommate intermédiaire entre pang et li; violet en 
dessus comme ces deux especes, différent & peine de 2 en dessus, sauf par ce que 


CHRYSOPHANIN ZL. 99 


Pappendice caudal est obtus, mais en dessous tout & fait distinct. Les ailes sont, en 
dessous, d’un fauve doré un peu rougdtre, traversées par trois bandes maculaires 
communes, extra-cellulaires, descendant du bord antérieur des supérieures au bord anal 
des inférieures; les deux. premiéres sont formées de points noir assez gros aux 
supérieures, nettement séparés, éclairés intérieurement d’un trait bleu violet brillant, 
plus fins aux inférieures, presque joints, intérieurement ornés d’un croissant blanc. La 
3°, marginale, et plus accentuée aux inférieures et & peine sensible aux supérieures. 
Il y a, en outre, aux supérieures deux points nots, intracellulaires, entourés de violet 
brillant, et, aux inférieures, trois points alignés dans l’espace basilaire, du bord antérieur 
au bord anal. De plus, la cellule est close par un trait noir fin, en forme d’accolade 
lisérée de blane. L’abdomen est gris blanchatre en dessous.” (Oberthiir.) 

“Like C. pang, Obthiir., but the band of black spots hardly showing through the 
forewing. Below the difference is well marked on the forewing. The outer row of 
spots which, like those of C. pang, are black edged with blue inside, except the discal 
ones, which are ringed with blue, does not extend to the costa; the next row is parallel 
to the outer one, not directed inwards, as in pang, the third and narrowest discal spot 
is absent ; on the hindwing, the transverse white band is only represented by a faint 
trace of spots. The interspaces are not red, and the black spots near the base not 
ringed with white. Nearly allied to C. pang, of which I have two specimens from 
M. Oberthiir, taken at or near Tatsieulo in East Thibet, many hundreds of miles to 
the northward. My specimen was taken at Banzan, 3,400 feet, in February, and is a 
male.” (Elwes.) 

Female differs from the male in having a fulvous patch beyond the cell of 
primaries; the spots of undersurface are reproduced on these wings and edged 
internally with brilliant purple: there is a sub-marginal bard of lunular fulvous spots 
edged internally with brilliant purple on the secondaries, and some dots of the latter 
colour on the disc. Although widely: distributed, this does not seem common 
anywhere. (Leech.) 

Expanse of wings, S ? 1545 inches. 

Haspirar.—China, Shan States. 

DisrripuTion.—Oberthiir’s type came from Kouy-Tchéon, Elwes’ type from Banzan, 
Shan States, 3,400 feet elevation, Leech records it from Ta-chien-lu, Pu-tsu-fong, Ni- 
Tou and Chow-pin-sa. We have carefully examined Elwes’ type in the B. M. with 
Leech’s Chinese examples of tseng, they undoubtedly represent one and the same 


species. 
ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. 
Chrysophanus chinensis, Chrysophanus phlieas, var. Chinensis, Felder, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. 


p. 488 (1862). Habitat, Shanghai, Ningpo, Kiukiang. 
0 2 


100 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Chrysophanus pang, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xii. ; id. Ktud. d’Ent. xi. p. 19, pl. 5, 
fig. 36 (1886). Habitat, W. China. 

Chrysophanus li, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xxii. ; id. Etud. d’Ent. xi. pe UE ob a 
figs. 34, ¢, 38, 9 (1886). Habitat, W. China. 

Chrysophanus auratus, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 414, pl. 35, fig. 3, § 2. Habitat, Corea. 

Chrysophanus ouang, Oberthir, Etud. d’Ent. xv. p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 19 (1891). Habitat, Tse-kow, 
China. 

Chrysophanus standfussi, Polyommatus standfussi, Grum-Grshimailo, Hore Ross. 1891, p. 450. 
Leech, Butt. of China, ete. i. p. 404, pl. 30, fig. 19, g (1893). Habitat, W. China. 


Genus HELIOPHORUS. 


Heliophorus, Geyer, in Hitbner’s Zutrage, iv. p. 40 (1832). 
Tlerda, Doubleday, List, Lep. B. M. ii. p. 25 (1847). Hewitson, Tl. Diurn. Lep. p. 57 (1863). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 322 (1890). 


Eyes naked, venation as in Chrysophanus, Doherty says,* the prehensores being 
generically the same, though each species has its characteristic form ; the species of the 
genus are distinguished in the males by a richness of colouring as various as it is 
beautiful, purple, brilliant metallic blue, and rich metallic green, with the exception of 
IH. sena, Kollar, which has some copper colour and is, as de Nicéville says, a distinet 
connecting link between the two genera. orewing triangular, costa slightly curved, 
apex acute in the male, except in FT, sena, which has the apex much rounded; outer 
margin nearly straight (much rounded in sena), hinder margin straight ; in the female 
the apex is more rounded than in the male, and the outer margin is very convex. 
Hindwing somewhat lengthened, usually with a moderate-sized tail at the end of 
vein 2; reduced to a mere tooth in some species ; outer margin in some species evenly 
rounded, in others irregular. 

Type, belenus, Hubner, = epieles, Godart, 


HELIOPHORUS SENA. 
Plate 662, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. 


Polyommatus sena, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 415, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4, g (1884). 
Tlerda sena, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 28 (1857). de Nicéyille, Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 323 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. 
Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. 
Tlerda cadmus, Doubleday, List, Lep. B. M. ii. p. 25 (1847). 
TIaraco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-brown, shining. orewing with an even, 
rather broad, darker brown margin. Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal 


* Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 


CHRYSOPHANIN 4. 101 


portions darker, a sub-marginal series of large conjoined orange lunules, their points 
touching the margin and enclosing round blackish spots; these lunules do not, however, 
generally extend higher up than the fifth or sixth interspaces, and have sometimes 
one or two small orange sub-marginal spots in continuation ; and there is also a fine, 
more or less disconnected, pale blue line inside the black terminal line ; tail black, 
tipped with white. Cilia white, with blackish patches. Underside dark ochreous-grey. 
Forewing with an orange sub-marginal band, narrowing somewhat upwards, edged 
inwardly by a white, thin, lunular band which is edged on both sides with black, and 
outwardly by a series of black angulated spots outwardly edged by a white line 
adjoining the terminal black line; the lower part of the orange band has also some 
black suffusion. Hindwing with a large black spot ringed with white below the costa 
one-third from the base, and a similar smaller spot below it, in the second interspace ; 
a broad sub-marginal band, twice as broad as that in the forewing without any black 
suffusion at its lower end, inwardly edged by a thin white band, which has a black line 
on its inner side and black long pointed angles on its outer side, running across the 
orange band to the outer series of black spots, the white line and terminal black line as 
on the forewing. 

Female. Upperside coloured like the male, but not shining, the orange sub- 
marginal lunular band of the hindwing with the lunules more acute and extended up 
to the apex of the hindwing and continued up the forewing in the form of short thick 
lunular orange marks to the third or fourth interspace. Underside as in the male. 
Antennz black, ringed with white; head and body brown above, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 143, to 14% inches. 

Larva.—When about half-crown pale yellowish-ereen, the whole surface thickly 
shagreened and covered with rather long brownish bristly hairs, which are longer on 
the anterior and posterior segments and along the sides than elsewhere ; there is a 
narrow dark dorsal line, but no other markings. In shape the larva is about as high 
as broad, of very nearly equal breadth throughout, hardly tapering at either end, the 
fourth segment rather wider than the rest, the constrictions between the segments 
sight. The full-fed larva is just half an inch in length when walking, of the usual 
lyceenid shape, flattened, broader than high, both ends rounded ; the segments (except 
the second and last) of almost equal breadth, the constrictions between the segments 
shallow, the whole larva pale dirty greenish mottled with dirty dull crimson, the narrow 
dull dorsal line also dull crimson, that being the only conspicuous marking possessed 
by the animal; the whole surface is covered with minute whitish dots, also with short 
fine brownish hairs, which are placed more thickly at the sides and on the posterior 
seoment of the larva; head entirely hidden as usual under the second segment, pale 
greenish, anteriorly becoming rather dark; all the legs also pale greenish. Feeds ona 
species of sorrel. 


102 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Pupa.—Exactly 0°4 of an inch in length, of the usual lyceenid shape, bluntly 
rounded at both ends, the thorax slightly humped, a little constricted where it joins 
the first abdominal segment; coloration pale greenish, profusely sprinkled with 
blackish, entirely without markings, the whole surface roughened, being covered with 
minute points, but not hairy. I am indebted to Mr. P. W. Mackinnon for the two 
larvee and a pupa described above. He observed a female J. sena ovipositing on sorrel 
leaves, and on searching found three larvee, one of which turned to a pupa on the long 
journey to me by post of 1,000 miles, occupying three days in transit. These specimens 
were obtained at Masuri, in the Western Himalayas, at 6,000 feet elevation, early in 
March. Mr. Mackinnon assures me that ants do not attend this larva, and I was unable 
to find any extensile tubercles on the twelfth segment or a mouth-like opening on the 
eleventh. Dr. G. King has kindly identified the food plant for me as Aumex hastatus. 
(de Nicéville. ) 

Hasirar.— Western Himalayas, a common insect there up to 3,000-9,000 feet. 


HELIOPHORUS BRAHMA. 
Plate 663, figs. 1, g, la, 9, Ib, g, le, 2. 

Tlerda brahma, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 29, pl. la, fig. 4, g (1857). Staudinger, Ex. 
Schmett. p. 274, pl. 95, g¢ (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 330 (1290). Manders, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 636. Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete. ii. p. 405 (1893). 

Iaco.—Male. Upperside glittering coppery gold colour. orewing with a 
narrow costal black band, a very broad black outer marginal band, very broad at the 
apex, occupying a third of the wing, narrows gradually to the first interspace where its 
inner edge curves round on to the hinder margin. J/indwing with a broad black 
marginal band, which runs along the costa and widens at the apex in an even curve 
down to the outer margin, where it runs into a broad orange band with lunular edges of 
black, all the black on both wings shot with a coppery gold sheen; tails black, tipped 
with white. Cilia white, with brown patches. Underside dull dark ochreous. /urewing 
with a thin grey discal band or thick line in an even outer curve from the costa to 
vein 2, a whitish patch at the hinder angle containing a black bar-shaped spot, with 
indications of a grey thin sub-marginal band upwards, a series of very indistinct 
angulated golden marginal spots, only visible in certain lights, and a golden grey 
terminal line. /Zindwing with a thin discal line, slightly outwardly curved, indistinct, 
and its lower portion more or less obsolescent, a narrow marginal orange band, the 
upper half separated somewhat from the margin, inwardly edged with white thin 
lunules capped with grey, a coppery golden terminal line, inwardly edged by a white 
line with a series of angulated black spots. Cilia of both wings down to the tail 
whitish, with a golden red base, below the tail with a black base. 


CHRYSOPHANIN 4. 103 


Female. Upperside blackish-brown, with a brown pink tint. orewing with a 
discal, oblique orange band, fairly uniform in width, varying somewhat in its width in 
different examples. Hindwing with an acutely lunular orange marginal thin band, 
the spaces between the acute outward points filled in with black. Cilia brown and 
white. Underside like the male. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 143; inches. 

Hasirat.— Sikkim, Assam, Kumaun, Burman Hills. 

Disrripution.—Lang took it at Naini Tal, de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, 
4,000 feet, and Kumaon, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, Elwes from the Naga Hills, Manders 
from the Shan States, and it is in the B. M. also from Thibet and Western China. 


HELIOPHORUS EPICLES. 
Plate 663, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢ (Wet-season Brood), 2c, g, 2d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 
Polyommatus epicles, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 646 (1823). 
Thecla epicles, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 92, pl. i. fig. 8, 9 (1829). 
Tlerda epicles, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 58 (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 325 
(1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 
p- 386. Watson, id. 1891, p. 49, and 1897, p. 665. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. 


Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 408, pl. 30, fig. 6, ¢ 
(1893). 


Heliophorus belenus, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. figs. 785, 786, 9 (1832). 
Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, 3, 2a, 2, 2b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside blackish-brown, with a strong violet tinge, veins in 
some specimens more or less prominent. /rewing with an obscure blackish spot at the 
end of the cell. /indwing with a marginal band of acutely angled orange-red lunules 
from the anal angle to vein 4, followed by two or three obscure spots of the same 
. colour; there are as a rule only two complete lunules, and half of another, with the 
space inside the points filled in with black ; on the outside of these lunules is a white line 
which stops at the upper end of the fourth interspace, terminal line black, tail black, tipped 
with white.. Cilia of both wings white, tipped with brown, with brown patches at the 
vein ends. Underside dark, bright chrome-yellow. orewing with a narrow scarlet-red 
outer marginal band which is contracted upwards to the apex, has at the hinder angle a 
white patch with a thick black streak in it, the white running up finely on the inner 
side of the red band in the two next interspaces edged inwardly by a very fine black 
line. HHindwing with a broad outer marginal band lined on the inner side by white 
angulated lunules, edged finely on both sides with black, terminal line black, with an 
inner white line, both interrupted by the very acute outer angles of the orange-red 
band, the inner portion of these angles being filled in with black. 


104 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside dark brown without the violet tinge. Forewing with a large 
orange-red, outwardly oblique fascia in the upper disc. indwing with a marginal 
band of fine rather broad lunules from the anal angle decreasing in size upwards, the 
space inside the outer points black, two fine white and black marginal lies as in the 
male interrupted by the red lunule points. Underside as in the male. Antenne black, 
ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, 2 153,, 2 174 mehes. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2c, 3, 2d, $). 


Male. Upperside. orewing more glossed with the violet tint, leaving the costal 
and outer marginal spaces as if with broad bands, an orange-red small patch in the 
upper disc varying in size in different examples. Hindwing as in the other form. 
Underside also very similar, but there are indications of a discal black disjointed line on 
the forewing which in most examples is only apparent in the first two or three lower 
interspaces ; and there are often some white more or less lunular discal marks on the 
hindwing. 

Female, like the same sex of the Wet-season brood, but the orange-red band in 
the upper disc of the forewing above is broader. 

Expanse of wings, ? 153, $ 135 inches. 

Hasrrat.—The Himalayas, Sikkim, Assam, Bhutan, Upper Burma, China, and 
Java. 

A common species, with a wide northern range in India. 


HELIOPHORUS VIRIDIPUNCTATA. 
Plate 663, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. 


Tlerda viridipunctata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 329, pl. 28, fig. 207, g (1890). Elwes, Proce. 
Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 405, pl. 30, fig. 3, g (1898). 

Tlerda tamu, Hewitson (nec Kollar), Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 57 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865; 
p- 773, and 1882, p. 248. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish-brown, nearly pure black. Forewing 
with the centre portion from the base to two-thirds its length covered with metallic 
green scales, not extending below the sub-median vein. Hindwing with the inner 
portion very sparsely covered with similar scaling, two thin ochreous-red lunules on the 
outer margin from the anal angle; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish at base, 
white at the tips, a very fine anteciliary blue line outside the red lunules. Underside 
dull chrome-yellow, colour and markings as in J/. moore’, except that the discal line of 
the hindwing is curved inwards in the third interspace and runs obscurely towards the 
abdominal margin. 


CHRYSOPHANIN:. 105 


Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with an oblique slightly curved orange-red 
band in the upper disc. indwing with a marginal band of thin orange-red lunules. 
Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 15%, inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim, Kumaon, Naga Hills, Western China. 

DistRiBuTIoN.—It is in our collection from Sikkim and in the B. M. from all the 
other localities mentioned, also from Bhutan. It is a good species, perfectly distinct 
from androcles, moorei, or tamu; Doherty says it can easily be distinguished by the 
prehensores, the clasp seen from the side is very broad and rounded at the end, with a 
line of strong, bent hooks ; the uncus from the side is shorter than in coruscans and its 


branches are more bent. 


HELIOPHORUS TAMU. 
Plate 664, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g (Wet-season Brood), le, ¢, 1d, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 


Polyommatus tamu, Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), i. p. 417, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8, g (1844). 

Tlerda tamu, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 28 (1857). Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1886, p. 368. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 326 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, 
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 385. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. 

Tlerda oda, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 58, pl. 24, figs. 9, 10, g (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1865, p. 508, pl. 31, fig. 12, 9, and 1882, p. 249. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 274, pl. 95, g 
(1888) (I. androcles on plate). 


Wet-season Brood (Figs. 1, 3, la, 2, 1b, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue, violet-blue in some lights, not metallic. 
Forewing with a black costal line, and black outer marginal band, deepest on the costa 
at the apex, its inner edge irregular, its width gradually narrowing hindwards. 
Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish, outer marginal band, corresponding to the 
marginal band of the forewing, broadest at the apex, its inner edge moré or less 
dentated, a large orange-red lunule at the anal angle, with an orange-red spot in 
continuation. Underside of a sordid chrome-yellow colour, markings pale brown, very 
obscure. Forewing with a spot in the cell, a line closing it, very faint indications of a 
discal line, a white patch containing a black spot at the hinder angle, a row of obscure 
brownish sub-terminal spots, the marginal space above the white patch pale scarlet-red. 
Hindwing with indications only of the cell markings and discal line; a broad outer 
marginal scarlet-red band, lined inwardly by white lunules, edged on both sides with 
fine black lines, and outwardly by long black lunules on the margin. Cilia black, with 
white edges. Antenne black, ringed with white ; head and body black above, white 
beneath ; palpi black above, with white hairs beneath tipped with black ; frons with a 
white line on each side. 

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a rather irregular, orange-red, 


VOL. VIII. P 


106 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


outwardly oblique band in the upper dise. Hindwing with a marginal orange-red band 
of lunules from the anal angle to vein 6. Underside as in the male, with the lines and 
marks a little more distinct. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2 13 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. le, $, 1d, ?). 


Male. Upperside of a duller blue colour, the outer marginal band of both wings 
very much broader than in the other form, the orange-red lunules near the anal angle 
of the hindwing thinner and more extended, in some examples there are two and in 
others three. Underside very similar to the other form, but there are sometimes two 
black spots in the white (more extended) patch at the hinder angle of forewing, one 
above the other, the red marginal band is generally nearly obsolete, in many examples 
no trace of it is visible, the hindwing is as in the other form. 

Female, similar to the Wet-season brood. 

Expanse of wings, S$ ? 145 inches. 

Hasirat.— Western Himalayas, Kashmir. 

DistRiBuTION.—Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie 
and Evans from Chitral; we have it from Chitral and from Murree, and it is in the 
B. M. also from Rala, Gurais Valley, Thundiani, and Dalhousie. 


HELIOPHORUS MOOREI. 
Plate 664, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 2d, g, 2e, 9 (Dry-season Brood). 
Ilerda moorei, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 58 (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 327 
(1890). 
Wet-season Brood (Figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ?, 2b, ¢, 2c, ¢). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue-green. orewing with a black narrow 
costal band, a broad outer marginal band, with an even inner edge, broadest at the 
apex and gradually narrowing hindwards. SHindwing with a broad costal and outer 
marginal band, with its inner edging evenly rounded; this band gradually broadens 
from the base to the apex, and then gradually narrows hindwards, and at the anal 
angle it contains two orange-red thick lunules, the abdominal area broadly blackish ; 
tails black, tipped with white. Cilia blackish-brown at the base, white outwardly. 
Underside dull chrome-yellow, with a slight greenish-grey tinge. orewiny, lines brown, 
a thin line closing the cell, a discal line, nearly straight from the costa to vein 2, made 
of slightly curving thin lines joined together, indications of a thin greyish sub-marginal 
band, a white patch containing a black streak at the hinder angle, terminal line faintly _ 
orange-red. Cilia white. //imdwing with an indistinct blackish spot in the cell, a thin 


CHRYSOPHANINZL. 107 


line closing it and a discal line from costa to vein 2, similar to that on the forewing, a 
marginal scarlet-red band inwardly limited bya series of white lunules which are black- 
edged on both sides, terminal line finely black, with white lunular marks which are 
also inwardly finely edged with black. Cilia white, scarlet-red basally. Antenne 
black, ringed with white; palpi black, white beneath, with white hairs tipped with 
black ; head and body black above, white beneath ; eyes ringed with white. 

Female. Upperside brown. forewing with a rather narrow, dull orange-red, 
outwardly oblique fascia in the upper dise. Hindwing with a marginal band of rather 
thin, orange-red lunules, from the anal angle to near the apex, decreasing in size 
upwards. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, 3 ? 14 inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 2d, 3, 2e, 9). 


Both sexes are coloured and marked like the Wet-season brood, but are somewhat 
brighter in colour, and very much smaller. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 7% to 14% inches. 

Hapirat.—Native Sikkim. 

The above descriptions and figures are taken from specimens in our collection from 
Native Sikkim, they were named for us by de Nicéville, and the males correspond with 
Hewitson’s type; we are very doubtful as to there being any real difference between 
them and H. androcles of Doubleday and Hewitson from the Western Himalayas and 
Assam of which we have many examples. JAvorei is said to be metallic-blue and 
androcles metallic-green, but it appears to us that both are metallic-blue and metallic- 
green according to the reflected light in which they are seen, there being no pigment 
colour, and in all other respects, though they vary somewhat, especially in the females, 
they appear to us to be conspecific. 


HELIOPHORUS ANDROCLES. 
Plate 664, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, 3c, 9. 


Tlerda androcles, Doubleday and Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. ii. pl. 75, fig. 2, g (1852). Horsfield 
and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 29 (1857). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 328 (1890). 
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Watson, 
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 665. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 385. 

Thecla androcles, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 487 (1852). 

Tlerda coruscans, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 248. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
p. 130. : 

Tlerda langii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. forewing green (turning to a rich metallic-blue in 
some lights) with the costa narrowly and increasingly, the apex very widely, and the 
1D, 


108 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


outer margin decreasingly black. Hindwing with the dise and base green (of the 
same metallic shade and turning to blue in some lights as in the forewing), the costa 
and outer margin broadly black, bearing at the anal angle two orange lunules. 

The above description is taken from de Nicéville, it corresponds with the type in 
the Hewitson collection, and de Nicéville adds there is little to distinguish androcles 
on the underside from its allies. 

The measurements correspond to those of moore?, the figures are of specimens from 
the Western Himalayas and the Khasia Hills. 

Hasirat.—Kashmir to Kumaon, Khasia Hills, Assam, the Chin Hills and Naga 
Hills. 

Disrripution.—-We have received many examples from the Khasia Hills, it 
has been recorded by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by Watson from the Chin Hills, by 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, and it is in the B. M. from Rala, Sultanpore, 
Kulu, Jibi, Kali Valley and Kangra. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND MALAYAN SPECIES. 
Heliophorus saphir, Thecla saphir, Blanchard, Compt. Rend. Ixxxii. p. 811, note (1871). Tlerda 


saphir, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 406, pl. 30, figs. 2, ¢, 5, 2 (1893). Habitat, Central 
China. 

Heliophorus marica, Ilerda saphir, var. marica, Leech, lc. p. 407, pl. 30, figs. 1, g, 4, ? (1893). 
Habitat, Central China. 

Heliophorus ila, Terda ila, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1896, p. 472. Habitat, Sinabong, 


Sumatra. 
Heliophorus kiana, Sithon kiana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 317. Whitehead, Kina 
Balu, p. 118, pl. 20, figs. 7, 8 (1893). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 595. Habitat, 


Kina Balu. 


Sub-Family PORITIINZA. 


Eyes naked. Forewing with veins 5, 6, and 7 approximate at base, 11 anastomosed 
with 12; three sub-costal nervules in Poritia and Simiskina, four in Zarona and two 
in Cyaniriodes; coloration above bright blue, often brilliant, no secondary sexual 
characters in Zarona; sexual tufts of hairs on the wings in the males of Poritia and 
Simiskina, sexes alike in the former, very dissimilar in the latter, both in colour and 
shape, the hindwing of Simiskina being conspicuously angled ; Cyaniriodes is a some- 
what aberrant form, veins 11 and 12 touch each other, but do not anastomose, in all 
other respects it belongs to this group, and has secondary sexual characters on the 
hindwing. Though widely distributed through Assam, Burma and the Malay Archi- 
pelago, all the species of this group seem to be very rare. 


PORITIIN. 109 


Genus CYANIRIODES. 
Cyaniriodes, de Nicéville, Butt of India, iii. p. 33 (1890). 


Two sub-costal nervules in the forewing ; vein 11 just after its origin touches 12, 
but does not anastomose, there are no tails, there are however secondary sexual 
characters ; the hindwing of the male having an oval shining patch below and 
adjoining the sub-costal nervure just before the middle, on which lies a short tuft of 
hairs, which appears to be attached to the membrane of the wing close to the sub- 
costal nervure ; there is also a small tuft of hairs placed close to the base, which are 
directed upwards, and are partially covered by the forewing. 

Type, andersoni, Moore. 


CYANIRIODES LIBNA. 
Plate 665, figs. 1, 9, la, 9. Plate 668, figs. 2, g, 2a, ¢. 


Hypolyczna libna, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 15, pl. 5, Suppl. figs. 30, 40, 9 (1869). 
Cyaniriodes libna, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 565, and 1896, p. 653, pl. 29, fig. 3, g. 
" Logania andersoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 2; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 
p. 39, pl. 3, fig. 6, 9. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 32 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark shining emerald-green. orewing, costal margin 
rather narrowly, outer margin broadly, black; a black quadrate spot at the end of the 
cell confluent with the black costal margin. J/indwing, apex narrowly, outer margin 
and anal fold broadly black. (H. H. Druce.) 

Female. Upperside, both wings pale violet-brown. Cilia alternated with 
white. orewing with a broad longitudinal medial lilacine-grey band, of a some- 
what triangular form, disposed below the cell, the exterior border of the band 
being scalloped. Hindwing with a narrow medial discal similar-coloured band. 
Underside, both wings purplish lilacine-white, with a blackish zigzag cell-streak, a 
transverse zigzag duplex line, and two narrow similar sub-marginal lines, a slender 
marginal line, and a waved anteciliary line. (Moore.) 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 175 to 13; inches. 

Hasirat.—Mergui, Borneo. 

We have seen only Hewitson’s type; Moore’s type is in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta ; the figures here given are copies of Druce’s and Moore’s figures. de Nicéville 
says andersoni only differs from Hewitson’s type in the pale blue band on the upper 
side of the hindwing, which is larger in libna than in andersoni. Hewitson’s type in 
the B. M. is in poor condition, and has lost its abdomen; the male (also a unique 
example) is in coll. Cator. The females of all this group vary somewhat ; undoubtedly 


110 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


andersont from Kisseraing Island, Mereui Archipelago, and /ibna from Borneo represent 
one and the same species. 


Genus PORITIA. 


Poritia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775. | Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 213 (1878). Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 197 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 37 (1890). Bingham, Fauna 
of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 457 (1907). 


Eyes naked. Morewing, vein 12 long, ending on costa considerably beyond end of 
cell, 11 emitted at one-third before upper end of cell, and at once runs into 12, with 
which it entirely anastomoses to its end, 10 from near end of cell, just beyond the 
origin of 11, 9 very short, from 7 about two-thirds beyond the cell, 8 absent; 5, 6 and 
7 closely approximate at base; upper discocellular short, one-third the length of the 
lower, straight; vein 3 emitted some distance before lower end of cell ; wings short 
and broad, costa concave at its middle, outer margin straight, slightly oblique (convex 
in the female), hinder margin nearly as long as the costa; the male has a large, 
somewhat quadrate shining patch of differently formed and large scales on the 
underside, from the hinder margin to the median nervure near the base of the wing. 
Hindwing with a patch of scales of the same shape on the upperside, from the sub- 
costal nervure to the costa; the basal area of the abdominal margin from the sub- 
median nervure to the margin is also furnished with a patch of similar scales ; there is 
also a tuft or pencil of long hairs from near the base of the sub-median nervure lying 
along the abdominal margin ; wing convex near the base, concave in the middle, outer 
margin and anal angle rounded and scalloped; vein 8 strongly arched near its base 
and very short; upper discocellular straight, outwardly oblique and much shorter 
than the lower; vein 3 from just before lower end of cell. Antenne slender at the 
hase, club moderate ; palpi long, third joint slender, one-third as long as the second ; 
thorax stout, abdomen extending to two-thirds the leneth of the hindwing. 

Type, P. hewitsoni, Moore. 


PORITIA HEWITSONI. 
Plate 665, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, g. ° 

Poritia hewitsoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775, pl. 41, fig. 10, ¢. Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. 
Lep. p. 214, pl. 88, fig. 1, g (1878). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. 
Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 275, pl. 95, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. p. 39 
(1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 43, and 1897, p. 658. Swinhoe, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 292. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 460, pl. 19, figs. 144, ¢, 
145, 2 (1907). 

Poritia hewitsoni, var. tavoyana, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 429. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, very deep in colour, and almost emerald- 
green in some lights. orewing with a black costal border which widens outwardly, 


PORITIINE. 111 


and fills up the cell, all except a small portion at its base, extends beyond the cell, its 
lower portion sometimes, but not always, touching the broad outer marginal black 
band, leaving a thin blue space between them; the marginal band varies much in 
depth in different examples, is very deeply excavated just above the hinder angle, and 
sometimes contains some small blue sub-marginal spots; there is also a small black 
spot in the middle of the interno-medial interspace, which in some examples is 
elongated into a longitudinal bar. //indwing with a very broad, black, costal band, 
covering nearly the upper third of the wing, a series of black sub-marginal spots, 
sometimes joined together, some smaller black spots close to the outer margin. Cilia 
of both wings black, with white tips. Underside grey, markings pale chocolate-brown. 
Forewing with bands across the cell, composed of conjoined spots, a discal band 
running across the outer end of the cell, followed by a similar transverse band, the 
outer portion of the wing with a number of triangular-shaped, irregular marks in 
irregular order very difficult to describe, a black spot capped with pale orange near the 
hinder margin at the lower end of the outer band. /indwing crossed by eight 
similar bands at equal distances apart, covering the whole surface of the wing, all the 
bands on both wings composed of irregular lunular marks, with slightly darker edgings, 
some conjoined and some free ; four sub-terminal black spots, the smallest at the anal 
angle, the others in the first three interspaces, the second spot the largest and capped 
with orange ; terminal line of both wings brown. Cilia grey. 

Female. Upperside paler blue. orewing with blackish suffusion at the base, 
often running into the black spot or bar in the interno-median interspace, leaving the 
blue space much restricted, but the blue band dividing the costal black band from the 
marginal band generally clear and well pronounced, and sometimes with some orange 
suffusion in the upper disc. Hindwing with all but a small bluish space in the disc 
suffused with blackish-brown, terminal line black edged inwardly by a fine white line. 
Underside as in the male, but generally paler. Antenne black, rmged with white and 
with some dull orange at the tips of the clubs; head and body black above, grey 
beneath. 

Expanse of wings, # $ 144 to 14% inches. 

Eec.—According to Doherty the egg is a truncate pyramid, half again as long as 
wide, with two vertical, two sloping, and two horizontal faces, reticulate above as is 
usual in the Lycenide. It is the most remarkable egg known to me among butterflies. 
(Doherty’s notes, de Nicéville.) 

Hasirat.—Himalayas at low elevations, Sikkim, Burma. 

DistrisutTion.—de Nicéville records it from Garjighat, Kumaun, Sikkim, Chitta- 
gong Hills, and Burma; Watson from the Chin Hills; we have received it from the 
Khasia Hills and from Silhet, and it is in the B. M. from the Karen Hills, Chindwin, 
Pegu and the Shan States. 


112 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


PORITIA ERYCINOIDES. 
Plate 665, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Pseudodipsas erycinoides, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 259, pl. 30, figs. 23, 24, g (1865). Frih- 
storfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 303. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 461 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blue, of a very clear and brilliant colour. Fore- 
wing with the costal line thickly black, a black spot in the cell near its base, a black 
patch at its end, its upper portion nearly square and touching the costal line, its 
lower portion extending outwards, and also running inwards along the median vein 
to the middle of the cell, a black costal spot near the apex of the wing, two somewhat 
diffuse black conjoined spots in the middle of the disc, a narrow marginal black band 
narrowing somewhat hindwards, with black streaks running in on the veins, a short, 
thin, black streak on the sub-median vein, from its middle to its base, disconnected in 
its centre. HHindwing with its upper half black, the lower edge of the black portion 
nearly straight across the wing, abdominal margin broadly black, the limited blue 
space with a small spot inside it and two more near the outer margin, terminal line 
black, some sub-terminal black spots. Cilia of both wings black. Underside grey, 
markings pale chocolate-brown, with darker edges. Forewing with four bars across 
the cell, the basal one narrow, the others with their middles constricted, a discal band 
running just outside the cell, with its outer edge angled, followed by an irregular 
band of somewhat lunular marks, mostly disconnected, the marginal portion of the 
wing filled in by two rows of somewhat lunular marks, the margin tinted with pale 
pink, edged inwardly by a brown line of conjoined curves, a black spot capped with 
orange-pink near the hinder angle. Hindwing with eight transverse bands of mostly 
disconnected, somewhat lunular marks covering the whole surface of the wing, except 
a narrow space from the end of the cell to the costa, the fifth band being incomplete, 
a small black anal spot, a larger black sub-terminal spot capped with orange in 
interspace 1, anda smaller black spot in each of the two followimg interspaces, an 
orange-pink terminal line edged inwardly by a dark brown line. Cilia of both wings 
black, tipped with white. 

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with a pale pinkish-orange, rather broad 
streak along the middle of the wing, broadening a little outwards, and extending 
from near the base to near the outer margin. Sindwing with a similarly coloured, 
waved, narrower streak from near the outer margin above its middle, across the wing 
towards the middle of the abdominal margin ; a sub-terminal row of blackish spots, 
an orange-pink terminal line, edged on both sides by a dark brown line. Cilia brown, 
tipped with white. Underside as in the male, but paler. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 14%; to 1545 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Burma, Shan States, Singapore, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 


PORITIINAL. 113 


DistrisutTion.—The type came from Java. Bingham records it from Burma and 
the Shan States, but he has evidently described a wrong female. We have it also 
from Mergui, and Druce has two males from Sikkim. We have been able to carefully 
examine the type-specimen kindly lent us from the Tring Museum; it being somewhat 
faded, we have figured a fresh example identical with the type, and a female received 
along with it, taken by the same collector. There is a female in the B M. coloured 


and marked above like the male. 


PORITIA SUMATRA. 
Plate 665, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. 


Pseudodipsas sumatre, Felder, Reise, Noy. Lep. ii. p. 259, pl. 36, figs. 24, 25, $, 26, @ (1865). 
Poritia sumatre, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lycenide, p. 218 (1878). Butler, Trans. Linn. Scc. 
Zool. 1877, p. 546. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 198, pl. 22, figs. 2, ¢, 3, 9 (1884). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 42, footnote. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 654. 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 462 (1907). ° 
Poritia sumatre, var., Distant, l.c. p. 198, pl. 20, fig. 12, ?. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brilliant blue, rich metallic-green in certain 
lights. Jorewing with the upper portion deep black, limited by the median vein 
and vein 2, a little of the black colour covering below that vein, runs down the outer 
margin and along the hinder margin for a very short distance, the remainder of the 
wing blue without markings. Hindwing with the costal portion down to the sub- 
costal vein blackish, the rest of the wing blue, abdominal fold blackish, terminal line 
black. Cilia black, tipped with white. Underside dark grey, markings pale reddish- 
chocolate colour, edged with brown. vrewing with the cell crossed by five bars, the 
basal one narrow, the others of the usual shape, the third bar with two spots below its 
outer side, the fourth and fifth bars, with a nearly straight bar below, running from 
between them into the first interspace, two discal bands of somewhat lunular-shaped 
bars from the costa to the sub-median vein, the inner one stopping short of it, the 
space below the lower ends of these bars whitish and slightly glazed, outer marginal 
space with a double series of lunular marks ; a narrow terminal band of pale reddish- 
chocolate edged inwardly by a dark brown line of conjoined curves edged inwardly 
with white, a small indistinct black spot near the anal angle capped with dull orange. 
Hindwing with six bands of somewhat lunular conjoined bars, the marginal space 
much as in the forewing, four sub-terminal black spots on a whitish ground from the 
anal angle in the interspaces ; the whitish inner edging of the dark brown sub-terminal 
line more conspicuous than it is in the forewing ; all the bands in both wings at equal 
distances apart covering the entire surface of both wings. 

Female. Upperside pale dull lilac-purple. orewing with a brown bar across the 
end of the cell, a discal brown band from the costa to vein 2, a narrow, brown, 


VOL. VIII. Q 


114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


terminal band, joined to the discal band by brown streaks along the veins, with 
ochreous streaks between them in some examples. Hindwing with the costa rather 
broadly brown, a sub-terminal double row of blackish spots with whitish lunular marks 
between them. Underside as in the male, but paler. Antennze, head and body above 
and below as in the foregoing species. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1745 to 14% inches. 

Hasitat.—Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. 

DistriButTion.—Felder’s types, which we have examined, came from Sumatra, 
being faded, we have figured fresh, identical examples. Druce records it from Borneo, 
Distant from the Malay Peninsula, Penang and Malacca, and Bingham from the 
extreme south of Tenasserim. 


PORITIA GETA. 
Plate 666, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g, Ic, @. 


Poritia geta, Fawcett, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1897, p. 112. 
Poritia pleurata, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Butt. of India, iii. p. 40, pl. 26, fig. 160, 2 (1890). 
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 620. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 464 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, emerald-green in certain lights. re- 
wing with a black, narrow costal band from the base to the end of the cell, where it 
becomes deeper, with some of the black colour in some specimens running down the 
median vein for a short distance, its lower edge running out evenly below vein 4 and 
then sharply down to vein 2 which limits the broad black band, the apical third of the 
wing thus being black, the black then runs narrowly down the outer margin to the 
hinder angle, and for a short distance along the hinder margin; in this black apical 
band are three blue spots joined together, outwardly oblique from below the costa one- 
fifth from the apex of the wing, and there are also within the band two or three small 
blue, sub-marginal spots. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the colour 
paling towards the actual costa, a series of sub-marginal black spots rather blurred, 
in some examples a double series ; terminal line black. Cilia black, with some white at 
the tips. Underside dull grey, markings very slightly darker than the ground colour, 
indicated by their orange-brown edgings. Forewing with four bars across the cell of 
the usual shape, a discal band, dislocated in its middle, extending to the sub-median 
vein, followed by another band dislocated in three places extending beyond the sub- 
median vein, a double sub-terminal series of indistinct marks, a terminal orange-brown 
line. Zindwing with three indistinct irregular bands of bars on the basal half, a discal 
lunular band, dislocated at vein 4, a brown anal spot and a similar sub-terminal spot in 
each of the three following interspaces, all the markings more or less indistinct. 

Female. Pale bluish. orewing. Upperside with the colour inclined to 
whitish in the upper disc, where there is some orange suffusion ; costal band black, 


PORITIINA. 115 


separated from the outer marginal black band by three subapical, elongated, blue, con- 
joined spots, outwardly oblique, and the outer marginal black band has in it three sub- 
marginal blue spots and is very deeply excavated, as usual, above the hinder angle. 
Hindwing with the costal space pale, a broad, blackish streak through and beyond the 
cell, sub-terminal space, containing a series of black spots rather large and somewhat 
triangular ; terminal line black, edged inwardly by a fine white line, and between them 
a series of black spots capped with pale blue. Underside as in the male, but there is a 
small black spot near the hinder angle on the forewing, and four small black sub-terminal 
spots on the hindwing commencing from the anal angle, where the spot is capped with 
orange. 

Expanse of wings, S 1335, 2 1455 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Shan States, Sikkim. 

Norr.—de Nicéville and Bingham were mistaken in their identification of this 
very distinct species, they could never have seen Hewitson’s type of pleurata ; it is no 
doubt somewhat similar to it on the upperside, but the underside is quite different ; 
de Nicéville states that he is somewhat doubtful of his identification; we have male 
examples from the Karen Hills and from Kyan Keyat, marked by de Nicéville as 
pleurata, which are identical with Faweett’s type. In coll. Druce there is a male from 
Sikkim which differs somewhat from the type in the upperside of the forewings, 
the male has the costal black band complete and fairly even in width, with two 
conjoined outwardly oblique blue spots in it at one-third from the base, and a female 
from the Karen Hills in the B. M. which is much paler than our type, with only 
indications of the cell stripe on the hindwings and the marginal bands on both wings 
narrower, but the undersides are identical with Fawcett’s type. 


PORITIA PHRAATICA. 
Plate 666, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 


Poritia phraatica, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 214, pl. 88, fig. 2, 9 (1878). Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 199, pl. 21, fig. 21, g, and pl. 24, fig. 8, 9 (1884). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. 
Zool. 1886, p. 38. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 429. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 41 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 527. Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1895, 
p. 303. Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 465 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Allied to the male of P. sumatre, Felder, but larger and with the 
black area of the forewing on the upperside smaller, its inner margin somewhat con- 
cavely occupying the end of the cell, after which it is more or less convexly continued 
to the first medial nervule, and is then marginaliy continued to the angle, where there 
is a short black streak along the sub-median nervure. Underside, both wings with the 
markings closely resembling those of P. sumatre, but much paler in line. (Distant. ) 


Q 2 


116 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside brown. orewing with an oval orange-yellow longitudinal 
band, from near the base, where it is narrow, widening outwards right across the 
middle of the wing, its end, which is rounded, not reaching the outer margin. Cilia 
brown. /indwing with a narrow band of the same orange-yellow colour across the 
lower middle of the wing, from vein 1 to vein 6, somewhat sinuous, widening outwards, 
turning upwards at its outer end, and sometimes broken ; an indistinct sub-terminal 
black thin band, more or less angulated, marked with orange-yellow, with a slender 
white edging. Cilia brown, tipped with white. Underside white, markings much as in 
hewitsoni, but pale brown, not chocolate-brown, as in that species, the markings finer. 

Eixpanse of wings, # $ 1,4, to 1,5, inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui, Malay Peninsula. 

Disrripution.—The type female came from Singapore. Distant records it from 
Province Wellesley, Friihstorfer from Java, Manders from the Shan States, de Nicéville 
from Tenasserim and Tavoy. 

Notr.—We have not seena male. Distant seems to have figured the correct 
male, therefore we give copies of his figure. The males referred to by de Nicéville 
are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; both sexes appear to differ somewhat in character 
of the markings of the upperside, if they have been properly identified. On the under- 
side they seem to be identical with Hewitson’s type. Doherty says the male is very 
variable ; he had no specimen so green, or with so large and solid coloured area as in 
Distant’s figure, and that all his specimens have a triangular dark patch below the cell 
and a macular blue band across the apex. 


INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Poritia pheretia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 346; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 217, pl. 89, 
figs. 17, 18, g, 16, ? (1878). Habitat, Singapore. 

Poritia philota, Hewitson, l.c. p. 346 ; id. lic. fig. 20 (1878). Habitat, Sumatra, Borneo. 

Poritia pleurata, Hewitson, lc. p. 346; id. lc. p. 215, pl. 88, figs. 3, 4, g, 5, 2 (1878). Habitat, 
Singapore. 

Poritia promula, Hewitson, l.c. p. 347 ; id. Lc. p. 216, pl. 88, figs. 12, 13, 9. Habitat, Java. 

Poritia pellonia, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 265. Habitat, Sandakan, 
Borneo. 

Poritia plateni, Staudinger, Tris, 1889, p. 104, pl. i, fig. 8. Habitat, Palawan, Philippines ;Kina 
Balu, Borneo. 

Poritia phormedon, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 566, pl. 31, figs. 16, g, 17, 9. Habitat, 
Kina Balu. 

Poritia phaluke, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 567, fig. 15, g. Habitat, Kina Balu. 

Poritia phare, H. H. Druce, Le. pl. 34, fig. 14, ¢. Habitat, Mindanao, Davao, Philippines. 

Poritia phama, H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 568, pl. 31, fig. 18, ¢. Habitat, Kina Balu. 

Poritia silva, Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 303. Habitat, Java. 


PORITIIN 2. 117 


Deramas livens, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1886, p. 252; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 451, pl. 42, 
fig. 15, § (1886). Habitat, Singapore. 
Deramas livescens, Frihstorfer, l.c. Habitat, Java. 
Poriskina phakos, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 570, pl. 34, fig. 15, g. Habitat, 
Philippines. 
Genus SIMISKINA. 

Simiskina, Distant, Entom. xix. p. 12 (1886); id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 450 (1886). 

Massaga, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 429. 

Poritia, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 37 (1890). Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, 

Butt. ii. p. 457 (1907). 

Eyes naked. Jvrewing with four sub-costal nervules, vein 11 completely 
anastomoses with 12 from near its origin, 11 emitted from the sub-costal nervure at 
three-fifths, 10 from near its end, 9 from 7 from near its end, 8 absent, middle disco- 
cellular rather stout and oblique, lower distinct and sinuous, apex of wing more 
pointed in both sexes than in Porttia, and is usually slightly falcate, the upper part 
of the outer margin being slightly excised, sexual tuft of the male less conspicuous. 
Hindwing, discoidal cell longer than in Poritia, upper discocellular nervule short, very 
oblique, the lower much longer, vein 3 from before lower end of cell, a tuft of long 
hairs on the upper side of the wing, the hindwing of the female is conspicuously 
angled, the sexes are very unlike, the females having a peculiar shape much resembling 
that of the genus Abisara of the family Nemeobiinee. Antenne and palpi as in Poritia. 

Doherty says that the egg of Simiskina potina differs from that of Poritia in 
having the hexagonal reticulations very regular and delicate; it has the same 
extraordinary shape; the habits of the female, he says, are also different; it sits on a 
leaf with half-open wings, and might easily be taken for a small Cirrhochroa or some- 
times for a Lozura, and in colour it is entirely different from the usual colours of 
species of Poritia. 

Type, fulgens, Distant = potina, Hewitson. 


SIMISKINA PEDIADA. 
; Plate 666, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g, de, 9. 
Poritia pediada, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. xiii. p. 223 (1877); id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 218, pl. 89, 
figs. 21, 22, 9 (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 200, pl. 22, fig. 16, 2 (1884). 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 46 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. i. p. 469 
(1907). 
Massaga pediada, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 430, pl. 23, fig. 15, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Above, velvety black. Forewing with the following markings 
bluish-green, varying according to the light, namely, one below the cell, one basal 
below the internal vein, its terminal part crossing the vein, one a little beyond the 


118 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


cell, oblique, consisting of three quadrate spots, a sub-marginal row of six spots, the 
last larger, sub-cordate. [indwing with a longitudinal mark in the interno-median 
space from the base, united terminally with the inner of a row of three triangular 
spots crossing the disc; three sub-marginal spots in the same spaces as the discal 
ones, the middle small, lunular, the outer two semicircular, enclosing black spots, 
the sub-anal one largest. Below dull rufous-brown, with a pale violet gloss. /orewing 
with a broken macular line of minute whitish spots across the disc, an outer discal 
line of small and very obscure pale lunules, beyond which hes a pale band, the margin 
brighter rufous. [7 indwing, base and costa dull rufous-brown, most of the rest irrorated 
with whitish scales, an obscure darker transverse line with two sagittate marks on the 
median spaces, a sub-marginal dark zigzag line bordered inwardly by a pale line, a 
marginal bright reddish line bordered inwardly by slender black and white lines 
which do not extend to the apex. (Doherty.) 

Female. Upperside dark plum-brown, almost black, without markings except 
for a very fine white sub-terminal line on the hindwing from near the anal angle to 
vein 4. Underside rufous-brown, paler and more rufous than in the male. vrewing 
with darker brown, transverse-discal and post-discal slender, sinuate whitish bands, 
the former single, the latter double, the outer line very faint, the space between them 
darker than the ground colour, outer margin brighter. Mindwing with the medial 
and lower spaces pale, the discal band broken and lunular, a post-discal, sinuous 
whitish line, edged outwardly by a fine dark line, a sub-terminal silvery white line. 
Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, whitish- 
ochreous beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 14%; to 13’5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Tenasserim, Mergui, Singapore. 

We have not seen a male of this species; it is not in the B. M. Our figures are 
copies of Doherty’s figure. The type female from Singapore is unique in the B. M. 


SIMISKINA PHALENA. 
Plate 667, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g, le, 9. 


Poritia phalena, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 544; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 216, pl. 89, 
figs. 14, 15, g (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 200, pl. 22, fig. 8, g (1884). Hartert, 
Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1890, p. 204. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 44, footnote (1890). 
H. H. Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 568. 

Simiskina phalena, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 210; pl Os fie: 13, “9. 
Friihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 303. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 654. 

Massaga harterti, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 128, pl. 10, fig. 1, ¢. 

Poritia harterti, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 43 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. 
ii. p. 466 (1907). 


PORITIINA. 119 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining purplish-black, markings bright blue-green. 
Forewing with a streak immediately below the median vein, from the base, to the end 
of the cell, where it is slightly thickened upwards; three small spots in an outwardly 
oblique row, below the costa a fourth from the apex, six outer discal spots in an 
outwardly curved row, increasing in size hindwards, the lowest spot continued in a 
streak on the hinder margin. //indwing with the costal space broadly ochreous-white, 
a streak down the inner side of the abdominal fold, from the base for about three- 
fourths, with two spots near its lower end placed longitudinally in the middle of the 
wing, four sub-terminal, lunular spots, the first small at the anal angle, the others in 
the following interspaces, the spot next to the-anal spot the largest. Cilia black. 
Underside. Forewing dark chocolate-brown, an erect white band across the middle of 
the wing, widening hindwards, continued on its outer side to near the hinder angle, 
and on its inner side extending over the whole hindward space below the median vein ; 
a post-discal line of minute white lunules. //indwing with the basal third chocolate- 
brown, its inner edge sharply defined, followed by a very broad white band which 
has on its lower side a row of small brown spots, then a large blackish patch or medial 
band of irregular spots close together, the middle ones the largest, and all edged with 
white, the outer portion of the wing is suffused with paler chocolate-brown of variegated 
shade, an outwardly curved, somewhat sinuous dark brown post-discal line, edged on 
both sides with white, this line is almost sub-terminal, and between it and the 
terminal brown line, which is inwardly edged by a fine white line, is a series of sub- 
terminal dark brown spots on a whitish ground, one in each interspace. Cilia brown, 
with white tips. Antenne black, ringed with white, and with some orange-ochreous 
colour at the tips of the clubs ; palpi, head and body black above, whitish beneath. 

Female, as described by de Nicéville. Upperside, both wings shining purplish- 
fuscous. orewing with an oval discal pure white spot beyond the discoidal cell, 
anteriorly bounded by the third median nervule, posteriorly extended slightly beyond 
the first median nervule. Hindwing much broader than in the male, the outer margin 
between the terminations of the second and third median nervules produced into a 
blunt tail-like projection bearing a black spot on the underside ; with faint traces of a 
series of sub-marginal bluish-white lunules and a marginal very fine white line. 
Underside both wings as in the male, except that the discal white band on the 
forewing is posteriorly much wider. . Cilia white, here and there touched with fuscous, 
almost entirely fuscous on the anal half of the hindwing. 

The female is here described for the first time. Its nearest ally is probably my 
S. solyma from Perak, which, however, has the white spot on the upperside of the 
forewing bordered with rich iridescent emerald-green, and in some lights is suffused 
throughout with this beautiful colour, thereby greatly differing from the present 
species. The markings of the underside are, however, entirely different. I am 


120 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


indebted to Lieutenant James M. Burn, R.E., for the gift of specimens of both sexes 
taken in the Katha district of Upper Burma, at 800 feet elevation above the sea, in 
March and November. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, f 14% to 144, 2 14% to 14% inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper Burma, Upper Assam, Singapore, Sumatra. 

DisrripuTion.—The type, a male in the B. M., came from Singapore ; Doherty’s type 
from Patkoi Hills, Upper Assam ; Hartert records it from the Baltac Hills, N.E. Sumatra, 
and de Nicéville from the Katha district, Upper Burma. It is in the B. M. also from Java. 

Norre.—Doherty’s type was taken by Hartert, he subsequently secured another 
specimen in the Baltac Hills, which he says is undoubtedly identical ; where Doherty's 
type now is, is not known; de Nicéville’s type of the female is in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta, we have not been able to examine it; we give a copy of de Nicéville’s figure. 
Doherty gives the following description of the egg and pupa. 

Eee, a truncate pyramid nearly twice as long as wide, with two vertical and 
two sloping sides, the former trapezoidal, reticulate near their upper edges; the 
latter and the apex nearly square, delicately reticulate. In the ovarian tubes of the 
female, these eggs are found in pairs, attached by their bases. Along with Liphyra 
brassolis, Westwood, they are the most remarkable eggs in the family. 

Pupa, somewhat resembles those of the Hrycinide and strikingly illustrates the 
singularity of the group. It is suspended, not girt, but rigidly inclined towards the 
surface of the leaf. It is less compact in form than that of other Lycaenidae, and is 
studded with bristles. Of these a number on the side of the head are white, with two 
black ones on each side of the top of the head, and one black one on each side of the 
thorax above the thoracic angle. The second, third, and fourth abdominal segments 
have each a lower white and an upper black bristle approximate laterally ; while the 
last segments have a number of white lateral and of black sub-dorsal ones. The ground 
colour is ochreous, much marked with dark, especially on the upper surface of the 
abdomen, each segment having a black line near its hind margin, except the first, which 
has two distinct black spots dorsally. The wing-covers are veined and bordered with 


brown. (Doherty.) 
Larya, unknown. 
SIMISKINA PHALIA. 
Plate 667, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, 2. 


Poritia phalia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 345; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 216, p. 88, 
figs. 10, 11, g (1878). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 569. Bingham (part), Fauna of 
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 467 (1907), 


fuaco.—Male. Upperside purple-black, markings bright dark blue. Forewing 
with a broad streak immediately below the median vein, from the base to the end of 


PORITIINE. 121 


the cell, broader than in phalena, thickened at the end, divided by the veins into three 
pieces, the second piece the longest outwardly, two rather large, somewhat elongated 
spots below the costa, a fifth from the apex, an outwardly, well curved series of six 
sub-marginal spots, the lowest three lunular, the lowest the largest, a spot immediately 
above the middle of the sub-median vein, with a short streak a little inwards, just below 
it on the hinder margin. Hindwing with two elongated spots in the middle of the 
disc, a broad streak from the base, along the inner edge of the abdominal fold, down to 
the lowest of the three sub-marginal spots, which it does not quite touch ; these three 
spots are rather large and more or less lunular, the one nearest the anal angle the 
largest ; costal space of the wing broadly pale whitish-brown. Cilia black, tipped with 
whitish. Underside chocolate-brown. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale, 
the basal two-thirds of the wing dark chocolate-brown, with a slaty tinge in parts, 
limited by a broad straight discal fascia of a still darker shade ; a brown, thin lunular 
line at the end of the cell, followed by a short medial transverse line composed of 
three thin lunules, the upper one a little more inside than the other two, which are in 
a line, a narrow, indistinct orange-red marginal band, and a pale space below the 
apex. indwing with the basal fourth dark chocolate-brown, the rest of the wing 
uniformly much paler, a medial, outwardly curved, zigzag, irregular orange-red 
line, a discal somewhat similar series, and an orange-red, narrow marginal band, 
inwardly edged by a fine white line. Antenne black, ringed with white, with some 
orange-ochreous at the tips of the clubs; palpi, head and body black above, whitish 
beneath. 

Female. Upperside dull purple-brown, the discs of both wings paler than the rest 
of the wings, leaving broad diffuse outer marginal bands, no markings. Underside 
pale chocolate-brown, fairly uniform in shade of colour, some faint blue-grey gloss on 
forewing, slightly paler than the rest of the wing at the apex, the transverse lines and 
markings exactly as in the male, but on the hindwing there are traces of a sub-terminal 
series of brown spots. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, $ 13% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type, a male, in the B. M., came from Borneo ; the female, 
which is now described for the first time, is in coll. Druce from Labuan, there is a 
male from Tavoy Valley, Burma, taken by Bingham, in the B. M. (which we figure), 
identical with Hewitson’s type. 

Nore.—Bingham made potina, Hewitson, and fulgens, Distant, synonyms to this 
species, never having seen a female of phalia. The female of potina is an entirely 
differently coloured and marked insect, and the male as described and figured 
by Doherty, though somewhat similar to the male of phalia, has distinctive 
differences. 

VOL. VII. R 


122 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


SIMISKINA POTINA. 
Plate 667, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, $, 3c, 9. 

Poritia potina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 347, 9? ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 215, pl. 88 
figs. 6,7, 9. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 201, pl. 22. fig. 7, 9 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 44 (1890). 

Simiskina potina, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 275, pl. 95, female, nec male (1888). 

Massaga potina, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 431, pl. 23, fig. 3, ¢. 

Simiskina fulgens, Distant, Entom. xix. p. 12 (1886) ; id. Rhop. Malayana, p. 450, pl. 42, fig. 3, 9 
(1886). 

Poritia phalia, Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 467 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Above velvety black, with the following rich blue markings 
varying according to the lght:—/orewing, one below the cell, clavate, extending 
widely into the median spaces, one below the internal vein, with a spot above the end 
of it, a series of three spots a little beyond the end of the cell, the upper obscure, the 
lower quadrate; a submarginal series of six spots, the lower one large and cordate. 
Hindwing with a longitudinal mark in the interno-median space, from the base two- 
thirds to the outer margin, two discal spots in the next two spaces, three marginal 
crescents in these three spaces, the sub-anal one large, with a streak outside of it beyond 
the median vein. Below rufous-brown, brighter than in pediata. Forewing with an 
obscure darker rufous streak across the end of the cell, a darker rufous line across the 
disc as far as the lower median, bordered outwardly by a darker bluish-tinged space, an 
outer discal, obscure, lunular line, bordered inwardly by a paler bluish one, and 
outwardly by a broad pale space, which is conspicuous and somewhat ochreous near the 
apex. Hind margin and interno-median space chiefly dull ochreous, shining ; a bright 
reddish marginal line. Cilia blackish. Hindwing, base and costa dark rufous-brown, 
the rest paler rufous, a brighter rufous streak closing the cell, a similar discal series of 
lunules irregularly placed, an obscure dark outer discal lunular line obsolete sub- 
apically, bordered both inwardly and outwardly by a paler bluish space, and then by 
a brighter rufous one ; a bright rufous marginal line bordered usually by slender black 
and white ones. Cilia dark. (Doherty.) 

Female. Upperside orange. orewing with the outer and hinder margins broadly 
dark brown, the former broadest at the apex, a thin, brown, lunular mark at the end 
of the cell. /Zindwing somewhat suffused with brown, with three large brown sub- 
marginal spots. Underside pale dull orange-yellow. Forewing with a thin linear 
mark at the end of the cell and two or three indistinct transverse bands, the first 
medial, the other two discal and somewhat close together. Hindwing with similar 
indistinct bands, sometimes broken into spots and outwardly well curved; the colour 
and markings vary much in different examples, the underside having the transverse 
markings sometimes very indistinct. 


PORITIIN. 123 


GeNITALIA, seen from the side, uncus quadrate, the upper angle projecting, rather 
acute, the lower rounded, retreating; branches long, slender, tapering, not hooked. 
Clasps with a basal tubercle on the upper edge, the end enlarged and _ bilobed, 
resembling a pair of pincers, the upper thickened beyond the base, bent down to meet 
the other, but with the tip recurved upwards, the lower lobe regularly curved, 
tapering, acute. (Doherty MS., de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 45, footnote.) 

Expanse of wings, 1435, 2 14% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula. 

DisrripuTion.—The type female, which is in the B. M., came from Singapore. 
Doherty records it from Myitta, Tavoy District; de Nicéville from the hills north of 
Papun, Thoungyin Valley, and the Donat Range, all in Burma. We have not seen a 
male, and therefore give a copy of Doherty’s figure. 


INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. 


Simiskina pharyge, Poritia pharyge, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 345; id. Il. Diurn. Lep. 
p- 215, pl. 88, figs. 8, 9, ¢ (1878). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 450, pl. 41, fig. 8, g (1886). 
de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 36, pl. F, fig. 11, 9. Habitat, Borneo, Perak, 
Siam. 

Stmiskina pavonica, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, vol. x. p. 28, pl. S, fig. 18, ¢. 
Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. 

Simiskina solyma, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1899, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 10, 9. Habitat, 
Perak. ; 

Stmiskina proxima, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 29, figs. 19, ¢, 20, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. 

Simiskina procotes, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 32, fig. 21, 9. Habitat, N.E. Sumatra. 

Simiskina philura, Poritia philura, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 569, pl. 32, fig. 1, ¢. 
Habitat, Kina Balu. 


Simiskina niasana, Simiskina phalena niasana, Friihstorfer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1898, p. 226. Habitat, 
Nias. 


Genus ZARONA. 


Zarona, de Nicéville, Journ. As Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 280; id. Butt. of India, iii. p. 34 (1890). 
Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 470 (1907). 


Eyes naked. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa well beyond upper end of cell ; 
11 emitted at one-third before end and at once anastomoses with 12; 10 from apical 
fourth of subcostal ; 9 from basal half of 7; 8 from apical third of 7; 5, 6 and 7 from 
upper end of cell, so close together as to practically obliterate the upper and middle 
discocellulars ; 3 and 4 from the lower end of cell ; costa of wing slightly arched, apex 
rather acute, outer margin nearly straight in the male, convex in the female, hinder 
margin straight. Hindwing with vein 7 emitted rather near to the upper end of the 
cell; 8 strongly arched at base, terminates at apex of wing; 5 closer to 6 at its base 

R 2 


124 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


than to 4; 3 and 4 from lower end of cell; wing elongated in the male, the outer 
margin very straight, giving the wing a truncated appearance, costa strongly arched at 
base, then nearly straight to apex, which is rounded, outer margin very slightly 
rounded, nearly straight, slightly and bluntly dentate at the ends of the lower veins: 
no secondary sectional characters ; body moderately robust. Antenne short, witha long, 
gradually formed club, flattened beneath ; palpi stout, porrect ; third jomt short; legs 
short and stout. 


Type, Z. jasoda, de Nicéville. 


ZARONA JASODA. 
Plate 668, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢, le, 2. 


Zarona jasoda, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 280, pl. 14, fig. 5, g ; id. Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 34, pl. 25, fig. 144, g (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 620. H. H. Druce, 
id. 1896, p. 654. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1899, p. 334. Bingham, Fauna of 
Brit. India, ii. p. 471, pl. 20, fig. 153 (1907). 

Zarona zanella, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 35, frontispiece, fig. 159, 9 (1890). Bingham, l.c. 
p. 471. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing black, the inner portion almost down to 
the hinder margin rich dark blue, and up to the median vein, the blue colour entering 
a little into the cell, a black band across the middle of the blue space; the veins black ; 
this stripe or band runs from the base narrowly above the sub-median vein, crosses the 
interspace in the middle of the wing rather broadly to vein 2, then runs down below 
vein 2 a short space and joins the black margin, thus forming two rather broad blue 
longitudinal bands across the black wing, each divided by the black veins into three 
parts of unequal length, the inner part of the lower blue band is longer than the 
others, and extends below the sub-median vein nearly to the base ; three blue sub-apical 
spots in an oblique row, outside and above the outer end of the upper blue band, 
Hindwing with the costal space down to the median vein black, the abdominal space 
also broadly black, the rest of the wing blue, with a marginal black thin band with 
sub-marginal black lunular marks more or less attached to it, and black, bottle-shaped 
marks running shortly up the veins. Cilia black, tipped with white on the hindwing. 
Underside varying from rufous-grey to purplish-brown. orewing with a discal, very 
sinuous brown line outwardly edged with white and indications of a double series of 
sub-terminal lunules. Hindwing with a similarly coloured discal line, with a more or 
less toothed outward projection below its middle, the sub-terminal series as in the 
forewing, ending in a black spot capped with orange near the anal angle. Antennz 
black, ringed with white ; tip of club orange-ochreous ; head and body black above, with 
some blue hairs on the thorax, grey beneath. 

Female. Upperside, both wings fuscous. Jvrewing with the costa, the upper 


PORITIINA. 125 


half of discoidal cell, giving off a wedge-shaped process covering the discocellular 
nervules, the apex widely, the outer margin widely but decreasingly, and all the veins 
fuscous, the rest of the wing purple, the portion of that colour occupying the 
lower half of the cell with its anterior margin waved. /Hindwing with a patch of 
purple in the middle divided by the fuscous veins. Underside, both wings dull, 
reddish-purplish. /orewing with a discal macular narrow line formed of linear spots 
rather darker than the ground, from the upper discoidal nervule to the sub-median 
nervure, two extremely indistinct marginal fascize. /indzwing with a discal fascia as in 
the forewing, but highly irregular, the marginal fascize as in the forewing, a small round 
black spota little removed from the margin in the sub-median interspace. Cilia reddish- 
ochreous throughout. 

I can compare this plainly coloured, simply marked butterfly with no other ; as far 
as I know it is quite unique, though it is possible that hereafter it may be proved to 
be the opposite sex of Z. jasoda, mihi, from which it differs in the much paler eolour of 
the ground on the underside, in the discal band on the hindwing not being slightly 
outwardly marked with grey, and the grey irroration at the anal angle absent. The 
type and only known specimen was taken in the Meplay Valley, Upper Tenasserim, 
Burma, on the 8th of January, 1882, by Major C. T. Bingham. The figure shows both 
sides of the type-specimen in my collection. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, S ? 1345 to 14°5 ches. 

Hasitat.—Burma, Borneo. 

We have not seen the female; the type, a unique specimen, is in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta; the figure we give is a copy of de Nicéville’s figure ; our description 
and figures of the male are from an example taken in the Donat Range, kindly lent us 
from the Druce Collection; there can be no doubt that zonella is the true female of 
jasoda ; it differs from de Nicéville’s type of jasoda chiefly in the ground colour of the 
underside, but this is evidently an unstable character, the shade of the coloration on 
the underside of the males varying much in the only three examples yet described, viz. 
de Nicéville’s type “deep glossy purplish-brown ;” Bingham’s “silky golden brown ;” 
and ours “rufous-grey ;” the uppersides of all three being identical. 


INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. 


Zarona pharygoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 208, pl. E, fig. 3. Habitat, 
Malay Peninsula. 

Zarona bradamante, Doherty MS., de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 36, footnote (1890). Habitat, 
Lower Siam. 


Nors.—de Nicéville put Pseudodipsas cephenes, Hewitson, at the end of the 
Poritias; the unique type, a female, is in the B. M., it has on it an attached minute 


126 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


label marked “India Atk,” but it cannot be an Indian insect; it is the female of 
Pseudodipsas fumidus, Miskin, from Australia, and therefore we omit it from the 
Indian fauna. 

Cephenes undoubtedly belongs to the genus Pseudodipsas, Felder, the type of 
which is cone, from the Aru Islands. We have examined Felder’s types of cone, kindly 
lent us from the Tring Museum; they are both females, but there is a male in the 
B. M. and another in the Druce collection. It does not belong to the Poritia group. 


Sub-Family AMBLYPODIIN~A. 


Forewing, veins 5, 6 and 7 approximate at base, 7 usually ends on outer margin 
below the apex, 7, 10 and 11 sometimes almost parallel to each other and somewhat 
close together, 9 out of 7 from beyond its middle, 8 absent, except in the males of 
Amblypodia and Jraota, when it is very short, being emitted out of 7 near its 
termination, 11 always quite free from 12; upper discocellular generally very short, 
absent in Lraota and Amblypodia. Eyes naked, palpi long, mostly naked, body stout, 
legs short; no secondary sexual characters except for a small tuft of hairs on the mner 
margin of the forewing in Jraota ; an anal lobe to the hindwing, all with tails, except 
in the genus Arhopala, where some have rudimentary tails and some absolutely tail- 
less, a character in the Lyceenide apparently of only specific importance ; of large size, 
wings squarely built, colour above blue (in a few species of Arhopala green), markings 
on the underside mostly variegated, with spots and transverse fasciz. 

All the descriptions and expositions of the genitalia are taken by permission from 
Bethune-Baker’s excellent monograph of the family in Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903. 


Genus SURENDRA. 

Surendra, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 635; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 112 (1881). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 218 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 3, Pl. 4, fig. 1 
(genitalia). 

Eyes naked. Forewing with three sub-costal nervules, 12 ends on costa 
opposite end of cell, 9 out of 7 from near its end, 8 absent, 11 from middle 
of cell; discocellulars upright, concave, the middle a little shorter than the 
lower, sub-median vein straight. Costa regularly arched, more so in the female 
than in the male, apex acute, outer margin slightly concave below the 
apex, then strongly convex, especially so in the female, hinder margin slightly 
sinuous. Lindwing, vein 7 from near upper end of cell, discocellulars straight, of 
equal length and slightly outwardly oblique, vein 3 from lower end of cell, 
sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure at first straight then strongly 


AMBLYPODIIN. 127 


outwardly curved ; costa much arched at base, then nearly straight to the apex in 
the male, slightly arched in the female, outer margin convex to the tail, deeply 
excavated from the tail to the anal lobe in the male, a somewhat short tail at the 
end of vein 2; in the female there is a second tail of equal 
length at the end of vein 3; both sexes with a large anal 
lobe, abdominal margin excavated above the anal lobe, then 
convex to the base of the wing. Palpi long and slender, 
legs short. Antennz uniformly thickened, no secondary sexual 
characters. 

GeniraLiA, of the usual Lyceena shape, the tegumen being 
less ample, the hooks, however, are short and stout, whilst the 
clasps are not so reduced as in the genus Arhopala; the penis 


1 F i i i Genitalia of Swrendra 
is long and slender, with the extremity slightly extended. Genial jo aia 


Type, quercetorum, Moore. 


SURENDRA QUERCETORUM. 
Plate 668, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢, 3c, 9. 


Amblypodia quercetorum, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 42, pl. la, fig. 7, ¢ (1857). Hewitson, 
Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14 (1862). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96, g, 9 (1888). 

Surendra quercetorum, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
p. 130. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 220, pl. 27, figs. 194, ¢, 195, 9 (1890). Elwes, 
Proce. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Watson, Journ. Bo. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 381. 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 4. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, 
p. 366. 

Surendra (Amblypodia) quercetorum, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. 

Amblypodia vivarna, Hewitson (nec Horsfield), Cat. Lye. B. M. pl. 7, fig. 76, 2 (1862). 

Surendra latimargo, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 142. de Nicéville, Le. 

Surendra quercetorum, var. latimargo, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, 
p. 235. 

Surendra biplagiata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 147, pl. 24, fig. 12, g. de Nicéville, l.c. p. 121. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing dark dull violet-purple, with broad black, 
inconspicuous costal and outer-marginal borders broadest at the apex. Hindwing 
similarly coloured, but the wing is mostly black, the dull violet-purple colour 
mostly confined to the lower disc. Underside, both wings dark greyish-brown, with a 
purplish tint, markings darker brown and obscure. Forewing with a small dot in the cell, 
a small ringlet at the end, sometimes round, sometimes elongated, two dots near the 
costa above it, a sinuous, recurved, thin discal line, and a sub-marginal series of dots. 
Hindwing with three very sinuous transverse lines, the first a little distance from the 
base, outwardly curved, the second across the middle, very slightly curved, with brown 


128 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


suffusion on its inner side, the third post-medial, but nearer to the outer margin than 
to the middle, not irregular like the other two, and much angulated and with some 
brown suffusion inwards; the two inner lines with some white marks at their upper 
ends, indications also of a sub-marginal line, and a little whitish, indistinct suffusion 
often at the anal angle, tail at the end of vein 2, concolorous with the wing, tipped 
with white, anal lobe produced. Cilia black, tipped with white. 

Female. Upperside violet-brown. orewing with the inconspicuous blackish 
borders generally broader than in the male, and with the upper disc usually paler 
than the rest of the wing. J/indwing uniformly violet-brown, sometimes with some 
blackish suffusion on the costal and outer marginal spaces, and an additional tail at 
end of vein 3, also tipped with white, anal lobe usually larger than in the male. 
Underside as in the male, but the ground colour is usually paler, the markings more 
pronounced, and on the hindwing the middle line is more or less squarely curved 
inwards to the middle of the abdominal margin. Antenne black, with an orange-red 
tip ; palpi, head and body black above, brown beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 13, ? 14% imches. 

Hapirat.—India, Burma, Andamans. 

DistriputTion.—Recorded by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by Watson from Chin 
Lushai, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Manders from the Shan 
States, by Hampson from the Nilgiris, by Moore from the Kangra Valley, by Hewitson 
from Silhet, by Doherty from the Gori and Kali Valleys (2,000 to 4,000 feet elevation), 
by Hannyngton from Kumaon, and we have many examples in our collection from 


Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills. 


SURENDRA DISCALIS. 
Plate 668, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, 6, 4c, 2. 
Surendra discalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 142; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 113, pl. 44, figs. 1, ¢, 


la, @ (1881). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 222 (1890). 
Surendra quercetorum, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 4. 


Imaco.—Male. Much smaller than quercetorum, the anal lobe considerably 
smaller, the upperside darker and brighter, the underside very much paler, quite violet- 
grey in many examples, the hindwing with the central transverse line not nearly so 
irregular, and almost uniformly, outwardly well curved, and outwardly edged throughout 
with rather prominent white marks, the suffusion inside it, and imside the outer curved 
line orange-brown. 

Female. Upperside uniformly darker than in that sex of quercetorum, with a 
large pinkish-ochreous patch in the upper disc, varying somewhat in its shade of 
colour in some examples, but nearly always more or less well indicated. Underside 


AMBLYPODIIN. 129 


coloured and marked like its male, with the lower half of the wing more or less 
suffused with whitish. 

Expanse of wings, f 1,25, ? 1,3, inches. 

Hasirat.—Ceylon. 

We have many examples of both sexes in our collection; it cannot be an 
aberration of quercetorum, as Bethune-Baker suggests, because that form does not 
occur in Ceylon, and from the uniform smallness of its size and peculiar features it 
must be considered a good local form, apparently not occurring anywhere out of 


Ceylon. 


SURENDRA AMISENA. 
Plate 669, figs. 1, $, la, 9, lb, g, le, 9. 

Amblypodia amisena, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 74, 78, 9 (1862). Kheil, Rhop. 
Nias, p. 33 (1884). 

Rapala amisena, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 277, pl. 23, fig. 13, g¢ (1885). 

Surendra amisena, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 424. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
ies 222 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 6, pl. i. fig. 3, $, 4 and 5, 9, pl. 4, 
figs. 1, la (genitalia). 

| Amblypodia palowna, Staudinger, Tris, 1889, p. 131, pl. 2, fig. 3. 
Surendra palowna, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 588. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue. Forewing with the costa and outer 
margin broadly blackish, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with costa very broadly 
blackish, the outer margin with a narrow blackish band, the abdominal margin pale. 
Underside dark rufous-brown, markings darker brown, an outwardly deeply curved 
series of thin lunules, outwardly edged with dull whitish, a sub-marginal series of spots, 
also with pale outer edges, hinder marginal space pale. Hindwing with a discal 
outwardly curved band of conjoined lunular marks, outwardly edged with white, 
a post-discal series of spots, some of which are more or less lunular, all inwardly 
pale-edged, a large black sub-terminal spot in each of the first three anal interspaces, 
more or less covered with blue metallic scaling, which varies much in quantity in 
different examples, and is sometimes wanting. Cilia brown, with some whitish edging 
on the underside. 

Female. Upperside much as in the male, but the colour has a tint of lilac-blue 
and is more or less glossed. Underside as in the male, but the discal series on the 
forewing is generally more separated from the sub-marginal series than it is in the 
male. Antenne black; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, 
outer margin of the hindwing with very short projections of hairs at the ends of 
veins 2, 3 and 4, sometimes a filamentous tail varying in length in different specimens 
at the end of vein 2, sometimes without any tail at all. 

VOL. VIII. S 


130 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Expanse of wings, S 142; to 1y%s, $ 1y’o to 14% inches. 

Hasrrar—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias. 

DistRrBuTion.—The type came from Singapore ; Distant records it from the Malay 
Peninsula ; Kheil from Nias ; Druce from Kina Balu, Borneo ; Doherty from Mergui and 
Tenasserim, and we have several examples of both sexes from Deli, Sumatra. 


SURENDRA FLORIMEL. 
Plate 669, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 6, 2c, 9. 


Surendra florimel, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 424, pl. 23, figs. 17, g, 4, 9. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 223 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 7. 
Surendra stimula, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix. 1895, p. 279, pl. O, fig. 23. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich purple-blue, so dark as to obscure the black 
borders and make them invisible except in certain lights. orewing with the costa 
and outer margin broadly black, the band decreasing in width hindwards on the outer 
margin until it reaches the hinder angle, where it broadens somewhat ; the blue area 
angled at the upper median vein, and occupying about half the wing. Hindwing with 
the costal and abdominal portions broadly blackish-brown, the latter the paler, the 
blue area extending from just below the sub-costal to the median vein, leaving the 
upper part of the cell blackish, a narrow black marginal line, the outer margin with a 
projection at the end of vein 3 and then straight to the anal angle, but in one example 
there are very slight projections at the ends of veins 2 and 4; no tails. Underside 
rufous-brown with a purplish tint, varying somewhat in shade of colour in different 
examples, markings darker brown and somewhat indistinct. orewing with a dark 
shade across the middle of the wing, leaving the costal and apical portions pale, the 
hinder margin broadly paler still; a fine line across the middle of the cell, another 
across the end; a discal outwardly curved series of conjoined, somewhat lunular and 
irregularly shaped marks, projecting a little, outwardly in the middle, indications of a 
series of sub-marginal marks. /Zindwing darker and more evenly coloured, with a 
brown-edged white dot in the cell, often absent, a medial dark fascia across the wing, 
outwardly edged by an outwardly curved series of disconnected, white marks, an 
indistinct discal series of conjoined lunular marks, outwardly marked by a suffused 
brownish shade, a sub-terminal metallic blue patch in interspace 2, sometimes with a 
black spot in it, indications of a terminal series of brown marks. 

Female. Upperside dull brown, palest in the middle of the disc. Underside. 
Forewing with the dark area confined to the neighbourhood of the median spaces on 
the dise. Hindwing with a dark band across the wing from the apex to the hind 
margin, crossing the end of the cell ; a distinct whitish spot basally between the costal 
and sub-costal veins, the inner transverse line united, crossing the dark area sub- 


AMBLYPODIIN. 131 


apically ; the outer one consisting of pale lunules, bordered especially outwardly by a 
dark band, in which there are two dark sub-apical spots, the second larger. Cilia black. 
Antenne black ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings; the egg 
and venation are as in amisena and quercetorum. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1345 to 14% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Java, Sumatra. 

DistrisuTion.—Doherty’s types came from Wagung, Tavoy district (1,500 feet) ; 
we have not been able to discover where they now are; de Nicéville’s type came from 
Java, and it is in the Druce collection, also from Sumatra, all males ; we have not seen 
a female, therefore give Doherty’s description and figure. 


INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. 


Surendra vivarna, Amblypodia vivarna, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 99 (1829). Hewitson, Cat. 
Lye. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 73, 77, 8, 75, 2 (1862). Habitat, Java, Sumatra. 


Genus IRAOTA. 


Traota, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 101 (1881). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 258 (1885). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, ii. p. 213 (1890). 


Eyes naked. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, 
11 emitted from beyond the middle of cell, 10 at one-third from before end, bent 
upwards near its base, towards 12, which it does not touch ; 9 long, from 7 beyond its 
middle, which is emitted at one-fifth before end of cell, 8 present in the male only, 
short, from 7, from close to the apex of the wing, 7 terminates on the outer margin 
below the apex in the male, at the apex in the female ; 
upper discocellular obsolete. Costa arched at the base, 
then nearly straight to the apex; apex sub-acute, outer 
margin convex in its upper half, then concave, hinder angle 


{, 
Z 
YT. 


rounded, but angular and distinct, hinder margin more or 
less concave in the basal half, then straight. MHindwing, 
vein 8 highly arched at the base, 7 from the middle of ef 
the cell, 6 from the end, in a line with the sub-costal, 
5 from the middle of discocellulars, which are concave and ee ae 
acutely angled in the middle, 4 from lower end of cell, 
bowed at its base, 3 from immediately before the end, 
2 from a little beyond the middle; wing narrow, but produced hindwards, costa and 
apex evenly rounded, outer margin nearly straight, scalloped between the vein 
ends, slightly convex above the tail, which is at the end of the internal nervure 
in the male just above the anal lobe, the female also with a second tail at the end 
8 2 


Genitalia of Iraota timoleon. 


132 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


of vein 2; male with a slightly indicated glandular space between the bases of the 
costal and sub-costal nervures, on the upperside of the wing there is a tuft of 
long hairs from the base of the cell, and the abdominal space covered with very long 
hairs. Antenne gradually thickened to the tip. 

GENITALIA, specialized, the tegumen being of a very simple hood-like shape (like a 
sun-bonnet) with long slender hooks attached very simply to its lower extremity; the 
lateral supports are slender and the clasps well developed. 

Type, timoleon, Stoll. 


IRAOTA TIMOLEON. 


Plate 669, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢, 3c, 9 (Wet-season Brood), 3d, ¢ (Dry-season Brood), 3e (larva 
and pupa). 


Papilio timoleon, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, Pap. Exot. v. pl. 32, figs. 4, 4d, 9 (1790). 

Amblypodia timoleon, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 44, pl. 12, figs. 3, larva ; 3a, pupa 
(1857). Marshall and de Nicéville, Butt. of India, i. pl. 2, larva and pupa (1882). Wood-Mason 
and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1886, p. 368. 

Deudorix timoleon, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. pl. 8, fig. 21, 9 (1863). 

Traota timoleon, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, g 
(1888). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 359. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. 
p- 215, pl. 27, figs. 192, g, 193, 9 (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Elwes, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Davidson and Aitken, 
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 352. Watson, id. 1891, p.47. Mackinnon and de Nicéyille, 
id. 1898, p. 381. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. 
Soe. 1903, p. 9. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. 

Hesperia mzcenas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 271 (1793). Donovan, Ins. China, pl. 39, fig. 2, g 
(1798). 

Deudorix mzcenas, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 25 (1863). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180 
(1869). 

Traota mzcenas, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 102, pl. 40, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, larva and pupa (1881). 
de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 48. Doherty, id. 1886, p. 126. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 216 (1890). Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 180. Aitken 
and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. de Rhé-Philipe, id. 1905, p. 720. Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 11. 


Thecla nila, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 413, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6, ¢ (1844). 
Wet-season Brood (Figs. 3, 3, 3a, , 3b, 3, 3c, 2). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing black, the basal two-thirds of the lower 
area of the wing deep metallic blue, varying in extent in different specimens. 
Hindwing also black, the dise deep metallic blue which also varies in extent, abdominal 
marginal space pale, a glandular basal patch between veins 7 and 8 ; tail black, tipped 
with white. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white. Underside dark chocolate- 
brown variegated, being paler in parts. Forewing a gradually formed club-shaped 


AMBLYPODIIN&. 133 


silvery streak in the cell, touching the sub-costal nervure, reaching a little beyond the 
middle of the cell, a round silvery spot at the end of the cell, a discal series of four 
spots in a straight line, in pairs, the upper two below the costa, the other two in the 
middle of the disc, the upper and lower portions of the wing paler than the centre 
portion. Hindwing with a very prominent, curiously-shaped silvery band, which 
extends from the base where it is narrow, suddenly broadens, has a point upwards 
and a lobe downwards, then narrows somewhat and turns upwards and expands into a 
large lobe near the middle of the costa; a small silvery spot below the band, two 
angulated, outwardly curved pale whitish indistinct lines, from the abdominal margin 
across the wing, ante and post medial, also terminal and sub-terminal indistinct 
whitish lines, anal lobe black, with a long somewhat spatulate tail, black tipped with 
white at the end of the internal vein. Antenne black, the tips pale orange-red ; head 
and body black above, brown beneath ; palpi white beneath, eyes ringed with white. 

Female. Upperside varying in colour from purplish-brown to bright shining 
blue, with black borders, varying very much in width in different specimens. Under- 
side like the male, but all the markings larger and more prominent, a medium-sized 
filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, in addition to the tail at the anal lobe. 

Expanse of wings,  ? 1;°; to 14% inches. 


Dry-season Brood (Figs. 3d, 2). 


Both sexes on the upper and under side like those of the Wet-season brood, but 
on the underside the prominent silvery band on the hindwings beneath is entirely 
absent, or only very faintly indicated. 

Expanse of wings, # ? 1345 to 148; inches. 

This is the form known as mecenas, Fabricius ; there can be no possible doubt that 
it is but a seasonal form of timoleon, Stoll, because as in all such cases many intergrades 
occur. 

LarVA, onisciform, *9 of an inch in length; head very small; second segment 
rather large, third and fourth progressively larger, then gradually decreasing in width 
to the anal segment ; constrictions between the segments very shallow; head pinkish ; 
- dorsal area pale pink, shading off laterally into pale greenish, the anal segment entirely 
pale greenish ; three series of annular dots on each side, no prominent markings what- 
ever, but gradually becomes dark green before pupating. Feeds on the leaves of the 
banian tree, Licus bengalensis. 

Pupa, very short and thick, dark brown, streaked with darker brown ; head case 
well marked; the abdomen very slightly constricted behind the thorax, posteriorly 
much rounded. 

We figure both Horsfield’s and Grote’s figures: the latter from Grote’s notes of 
the larva and pupa reared by him in Caleutta. 


134 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—India, Ceylon. 

Distripution.—Elwes records it from E. Pegu, Watson from Chin Lushai, 
Manders from the Shan States, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, de Rhé- 
Philipe from Lucknow, Betham from the Central Provinces, Davidson and Aitken 
from Karwar, Aitken and Comber from the Konkan, Hampson from the Nilgiris, 
Doherty from Kumaon, Aitken from Thana and the Thul Ghat, de Nicéville from 
Bhutan, Sikkim, Mandi, Dinapore, Bholahat, Calcutta, Orissa and Bangalore, and we 
have taken it at Poona, Khandala, and Bombay. 


IRAOTA ROCHANA. 
Plate 670, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9,.1b, ¢. 

Amblypodia rochana, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C, p. 108 (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. 
E.I.C. i. p. 44, pl. la, fig. 10, ¢ (1857). 

Traota rochana, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, p. 43. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 217 
(1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 587. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. 
Bengal, 1895, p. 463. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 12. 

Thecla timoleon, Boisduval (nec Stoll), Sp. Gen. i. pl. 22, fig. 4, 9 (1836). 

Deudorix timoleon, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 352. 

Traota boswelliana, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 258, pl. 22, fig. 36, 9 (1885). Staudinger, Ex. 
Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, 9 (1888). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside azure-blue, shining. Forewing with costal and outer 
marginal bands broadly black, broadest at the apex, the blue colour diftermg much 
from that colour in ¢¢moleon, but somewhat similar in extent, the black marginal band 
extends somewhat more inwards on the hinder margin. Hindwing with the black 
bands and extent of blue as in timoleon, but with two black tails tipped with white, 
narrower, the outer tail at the end of vein 2 the longer; the anal lobe smaller, the wing 
more rounded, the anal angle being not nearly so much produced. Underside with 
the coloration and markings much as in the Wet-season form of timoleon, but on the 
hindwing there is a short narrow white streak on the costa at the base, the lower 
portion of the wing is paler, the silvery spot below the white band is generally replaced 
by a white thin streak downwards from its middle, the two angulated outwardly curved 
whitish lines are more in the middle of the wing, and more complete and distinct, the 
outer margin is scalloped above vein 3, where it is somewhat produced and contains 
a large black spot. 

Female. Upperside dark golden brown, darkest on the margins, without any 
blue coloration, the end of vein 3 with a short tail-like projection in addition to the 
two tails of the male. Underside paler than in the male, all the white markings 
broader and more prominent. Antenne, head and body as in ¢imoleon. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 1,5; to 14%) inches. 


AMBLYPODIINA. 135 


Hasrrat.—Mergui, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines, Malay Peninsula. 

DistrIBuTION.—The type came from Java, Distant’s type from the Malay 
Peninsula, Druce records it from Borneo, Bethune-Baker from Sumatra and the 
Philippines, and de Nicéville from Elphinstone Island, in the Mergui Archipelago. 


INDO-MALAYAN ALLIED SPECIES. 


Traota lazarena, Myrina lazarena, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. vi. p. 293 (1862). Semper, Schmett. 
Philip. Ins. v. p. 195. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 13, pl. i. fig. 2, 9. Habitat, 
Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. 

Traota nila, Distant (nec Kollar), Rhop. Malayana, p. 462, pl. 44, fig. 24, 9 (1886), H.H. Druce, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 588, pl. 33, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1895, p. 463. Habitat, Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Perak. 


Genus AMBLYPODIA. 
Amblypodia, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 98 (1829). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 113 (1881). 
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 275 (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 208 (1890). 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool, Soc. 1903, p. 15. 


Eyes naked. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa, a little beyond end of cell, 11 and 
10 emitted close together from the sub-costal nervure before the upper end of cell, 
8 and 9 out of 7; 9 from one-third, 8 from two-thirds between end of cell and apex of 
wing, 7 terminates on outer margin somewhat below the apex (8 absent in the female), 
6 emitted from before upper end of cell, 5 from a little below it; 3 from a little 
distance before lower end, 2 from a little beyond the middle; lower discocellular 
upright, slightly concave, upper discocellular obsolete ; cell broadest at its middle ; 
wings broad, costa arched, apex acute, outer margin slightly 
convex in the male, strongly convex in the female, with 
a slight concavity just below the apex, hinder margin long, 
slightly concave. Hindwing, with vein 7 emitted some 
little distance before upper end of cell, upper discocellular 
shorter than the lower, straight, outwardly oblique ; lower 
slightly concave, nearly upright ; vein 3 from close to lower 
end of cell, sub-median nervure straight, internal nervure 
short, highly recurved, wing broader in the male than in 
the female, the costa and outer margin strongly arched,a ~_— 
short tail at the end of the sub-median nervure, the outer 
margin anterior to the tail concave, a moderate-sized anal 
lobe, above which the outer margin is excavated somewhat, the abdominal margin 
convex ; no secondary sexual characters. Antenne short, one-third the length of the 


Genitalia of Amblypodia 
narada. 


costa of forewing. 


136 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


GuNITALIA.—The tegumen and lateral supports of the prehensores are more fully 
developed in this genus, whilst the clasps, though smaller, are very unusual in shape ; 
the extremities are strongly serrated and produced upwards into a long straight 
extension and attached to the laterals by a fine covering of thin chitine. Penis short 
and stout. 

Type, narada, Horsfield. 

AMBLYPODIA NARADA. 
Plate 670, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 2, 2c (larva and pupa). 


Amblypodia narada, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 98, pl. i. fig. 8, ¢ ; pl. 4, figs. 4, 4a, larva and pupa 
(1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 39 (1857). Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 276, pl. 21, fig. 23, g (1885). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 210 (1890). 
H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 587. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1895, p. 463. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 16, pl. 4, figs. 3 and 3a (genitalia). 

Thecla narada, Horsfield, 1.c. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. Forewing with a moderate costal and 
outer marginal black band broadest at the apex, narrowing hindwards a little to the 
hinder angle. /Zindwing with the costal space paler, a narrow outer marginal some- 
what macular black band. Underside rufous-brown. Jorewing with a darker brown 
sinuous line from the apex to the pale hinder marginal space, beyond the middle, 
indications of a sub-marginal series of brown spots. /indwing with the transverse line 
of the forewing continued in an outward curve to the middle of the abdominal margin, 
the whole space in both wings from this line to the base generally darker than the 
rest of the wing; a discal series of small black spots inwardly edged with small 
suffused white marks, followed by a sub-marginal row of similar black spots, anal 
lobe and tail concolorous with the wing above and below. Cilia black above, brown 
beneath. 

Female. Upperside pale azure-blue. J orewing with broad costal and outer 
marginal blackish-brown bands. Hindwing with the abdominal fold whitish, the space 
inside it brownish, as also is the base ; the outer marginal blackish band very narrow, 
more or less macular in some examples. Underside ochreous-grey, the markings as in 
the male, but more pronounced, the middle line much darker and thicker, the space 
outside of it paler than the rest of the wing. Antenne blackish-brown, ferruginous at 
the tips. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 14% to 2 inches. 

Eec.—Large, coarse, overlaid with white, roughly tubercular, and indented with 
spaces obscurely hexagonal. It greatly resembles that of most of the Thecline. 
(Dcherty.) 

Larva.—Of the usual Lyczenid shape, onisciform, with head small, second segment 
much larger, the segments gradually increasing in width to about the seventh, then 


AMBLYPODIINA. 137 


decreasing to the anal segment, which is bluntly pointed ; the constrictions between 
the segments fairly well marked ; a few short bristly hairs on the sides of the body. 

Pupa.—Unusually lengthened and attenuated ; with head rounded, thorax humped 
in the middle, abdominal segments very slender, the tail sharply pointed. Described 
from Dr. Horsfield’s figures of the type species. (de Nicéville.) 

Hasirat.—Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Nias, Philippines. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Java, Distant records it from the Malay 
Peninsula, Druce from Borneo, Moore from Taoo, Upper Tenasserim (3,500 feet), de 
Nicéville from Mergui, Bethune-Baker from the Andamans, Philippines, Nias, and we 
have it also from Thoungyin and Maulmein. 


AMBLYPODIA TAOOANA. 
Plate 670, figs. 3, g, 3a, ¢. 
Amblypodia taooana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 211 
(1890). 
Amblypodia andersoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 43 ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1886, 


p- 44, pl. 4, fig. 4, g. de Nicéville, lc. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 17. 
Amblypodia narada, Bethune-Baker (part), l.c. p. 16. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant purple. Forewing with rather broad black 
band on costa, broadest at the apex, continued down the outer margin, narrowing 
gradually hindwards. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer 
marginal black band narrow, decreasing in width hindwards to a mere black line, 
abdominal fold blackish, tail black, anal lobe dull red, sometimes with a whitish spot in 
it. Underside as in A. anita. 

Female unknown. - 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 to 2%; inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

DistRIBUTION.—The type came from Taoo (3,500 feet) in Tenasserim ; the type of 
andersoni from Sampi, Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago; it is in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta. Moore’s figure of it is good, and compares well with the type of 
taooana in the B. M. which we have carefully examined ; the brilliant blue colour of the 
upperside makes it very distinctive. 


AMBLYPODIA ANITA. 
Plate 671, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Amblypodia anita, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14, pl. 8, figs. 90, 91, g (1862). Butler, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1883, p. 147. Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 403. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
p- 211, pl. 27, fig. 191 9 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Elwes, 

VOL. VIII. T 


138 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 628. H. H. Druce, id. 1895, p. 587. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. 
Soc. 1903,-p. 18. de Rhé-Philipe, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1908, p. 886. 


Amblypodia anita, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. 
Amblypodia naradoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 141; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114, pl. 43, 


figs. 1, la, 9 (1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Hampson, id. 1888, 
p- 360. de Nicéville, l.c. p. 212. Betham, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 180. ; 
Amblypodia darana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 141 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114, pl. 43, fig. 2, 9 
(1881). de Nicéville, l.c. 
Amblypodia narada, var. erichsonii, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, 
p. 234, and 1881, p. 250. 


Amblypodia arracana, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 268. de Nicéville, l.c. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-purple with very little gloss, the colour 
obscuring the marginal black borders. Forewing, costa and outer margin with a 
moderately broad blackish band, generally broadest on the latter. Hindwing with the 
costal band broad, the outer marginal band narrow, in most specimens a mere line ; 
anal lobe marked with dull red. Cilia black, tail stout, with a black cilia. Underside 
rufous-brown. /orewing with a black line from the costa near the apex to the hinder 
margin beyond the middle, followed by a post-discal series of indistinct disconnected 
lunular black marks, not always visible, and sometimes indications of a sub-marginal 
series. /Zindwing with a medial outwardly curved black line and an indistinct out- 
wardly curved discal series of black dots marked with white points, both in continuation 
of the two lines of the forewing, and a series of sub-marginal similar black dots, the 
ground colour of the wing varying in tone in different examples. 

Female. Upperside very dull violet, sometimes almost violet-brown. Forewing 
with broad costal and outer marginal blackish-brown borders. Hindwing generally 
uniform dull violet-brown, without any borders, anal lobe as in the male. Underside 
varying in shade of colour from ochreous-grey to violet-brown, markings as in the male, 
but some of the darker-coloured examples have a band of suffused whitish marks in 
connection with the discal line. Antenne black, with an orange tip; head and body 
above and below concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 2 to 2445 inches. 

Hasirat.—India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam. 

DistRIBuTION.—The type came from Siam, Moore’s types of naradoides and 
darana from Ceylon, Grose-Smith’s type from the Arracan Hills ; Elwes records it from 
Bernardmyo, Watson from Chin Lushai, Betham from the Central Provinces, Hampson 
from the Nilgiris, de Rhé-Philipe from Khandala, near Bombay, de Nicéville from 
Sikkim and Madras, we have it also from Karwar, Ranchi, Maulmein, Trincomali and 
Kandy ; in one male example from Kandy on the underside of the forewing the first 
transverse line is double, and there is a similar but shorter sub-basal duplex line. 


AMBLYPODIINA. 139 


ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. 
Amblypodia hainana, Crowley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 508. Habitat, Hainan. 


Genus APPORASA. 
Apporasa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 224 
(1890). 
Mahathala, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 20. 


Forewing differs from Thaduka, Moore, in having the exterior margin biangulated 
and produced outwards below the apex. Hindwing has the costa longer, arched at the 
base, and produced to an upward angle at the apex, the interior margin is deeply 
scalloped ; it has also three shorter tails (the spatulate tail at the end of vein 2 is 
broken in the type). Palpi long porrect, second joint extending two-thirds beyond the 
eyes, third joint also long and slender, being half the length of the second. Antennz 
stouter and blunt at tip. (Moore.) 

Superficially this genus appears to be a close ally of the genus Thaduka, Moore ; 
the forewing has two blunt rounded dentations below the apex, immediately below 
which again it is almost entire ; the hindwing is very dentate, nor has it the large anal 
lobe present in Thaduka; the outline of the costa of the hindwing of Apporasa is 
quite different from that of Thaduka; the general style of markings of Thaduka and 
Apporasa on both surfaces is the same. (de Nicéville.) 


APPORASA ATKINSONI. 
Plate 671, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 


Amblypodia atkinsoni, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14 g, pl. 3b, figs. 48, 49 (1869). : 
Apporasa atkinsoni, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Doherty, id. 1889, p. 423. 

de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 224 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. 
Mahathala atkinsoni, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 21. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac-blue. Forewing with very broad black, costal 
and outer marginal bands, broadest at the apex and hinder angle, veins black, costa 
with four white spots. Hindwing with the costal space very broadly black, the black 
band narrowing a little but very gradually to the anal angle, abdominal fold blackish, 
the blue space very limited, tail at the end of vein 2 of moderate length, spatulate, 
short productions at the ends of all the other veins. Underside grey, irrorated 
with brown. Forewing with the space above vein 1 dark chocolate-brown, darkest in 
the cell and a little below it, three large spots in the cell indicated by their prominent 
white sides, increasing outwards very little in size, all bar-shaped, right across the cell, 
some mottled brown costal marks, a white scalloped discal line limiting the dark 

© 2 


140 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


portion of the wing, the outer and lower portions irrorated and mottled with brown. 
ITindwing with the whole surface irrorated with brown and with a few metallic pale blue 
atoms here and there, indications of some sub-basal spots and medial and discal bands 
formed by their dark brown outlines broken up and obsolete hindwards, a sub-marginal 
line of angulated lunules with some dark shadowing on the lower half of the margin. 

Female like the male above and below. 

Expanse of wings, S$ ? 14% inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

DisTRIBuTION.—The type in the B. M. came from Maulmein, its tails are broken ; 
Watson records it from Chin Lushai, and Doherty from Lower Tenasserim ; our 
description is from the type, our figures from Watson’s Chin Lushai examples. 


Genus MAHATHALA. 


Mahathala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 702. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 282 (1890). 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 20. 


Forewing, vein 12 reaches costa much before end of cell, on less than half its 
length, 11 emitted at about the middle of the cell, 7 at the end, 10 half-way between 
them, 9 out of 7 at about two-thirds, and is rather long ; upper discocellular short, 
straight, and outwardly oblique, the lower much longer, slightly inwardly oblique, vein 5 
emitted from upper end of lower discocellular, 4 from the lower end of the cell, 3 from 
before the end, 2 from the middle, bent a little downwards near its base ; wings broad, 
short. Costa highly and evenly arched, apex acute, outer margin slightly concave from the 
apex to vein 2, then slightly convex obliquely to the hinder angle, which is nearly 
round, hinder margin nearly straight, nearly as long as the costa. Hindwing, 
vein 8 highly arched at its commencement, sinuate, bent upwards 
at its termination in the middle of the costa, 7 emitted a little 
beyond the middle of the cell, and is strongly arched, 6 from 
the upper end in a line with the sub-costal vein, 5 from the 
middle of discocellulars, 4 from the lower end of cell, 3 from a 
little before the end, 2 from two-thirds ; upper discoidal straight, 
and inwardly oblique, the lower very slightly concave, and also 


inwardly oblique, thus forming a< shape; sub-median vein 

Ve SES nearly straight, internal nervure short and sinuous ; costa highly 
Genitalia of Mahathala arched at base, then convex, turning up to an angulated point 
at the apex, outer margin rounded, a spatulate tail at the end 

of vein 2; the wing slightly produced at the end of veins 1 and 3, anal lobe well 


formed, abdominal margin excavated above it. Antenne very short, one-third the 


AWE, 


FDAN, 
NN 


AMBLYPODIIN. 141 


length of the costa of forewing, apparently no club, the antenne thickening very 
slightly towards the tips, legs short. 

GeENITALIA.—The tegumen consists of a very ample and substantial hood, to the 
lower part of which are affixed, by a strong muscular attachment, the hooks, which are 
very robust and straightish, with a slight deflection at their tips. ‘The clasps are 
usually fully developed, and are excised in the middle, so as to form the extremities 
into two strong points. The penis is short and the hinder two-thirds very large. 

Type, ameria, Hewitson. 


MAHATHALA AMERIA. 
Plate 671, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. 


Amblypodia ameria, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 14, pl. 8, figs. 85, 86, 9 (1862). 

Mahathalia ameria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 703. Rothney, Ent. Mo. Mag. xix. p. 35 (1882). 
de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. Doherty, id. 1889, p. 422. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 283, pl. 27, fig. 200, @ (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634. 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 22, pl. 4, figs. 4, 4a (genitalia). 

Narathura ameria, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 268, pl. 21, fig. 30, (1885). 

Arhopala (Mahathala) ameria, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 470. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark dull purple. vrewing with the costal and outer 
marginal bands narrowly black, but not prominently so, broader on the outer margin than 
on the costa, broadest at the apex. /7indwing with a broader, inconspicuous, black band, 
from the base along the costa, where it is broadest, and round the outer margin (uniformly) 
to the anal angle, tail at the end of vein 2, black, rather long, broad and spatulate, 
scalloped on each side, so as to form a short tooth-like projection. Underside. 
Forewing with the upper half suffused with rufous-brown, the apex smeared with 
whitish, the Jower half of the wing pale greyish-brown ; a broad bar across the middle 
of the cell and another across the end, formed by their white edgings, an irregularly 
angled spot edged with white below the end of the cell, a broad discal band of conjoined 
spots from the costa to vein 2, edged with whitish, commencing from the costa in an 
outward curve, then nearly straight down, indications of a sub-marginal series of 
indistinct brown lunular marks. Hindwing with the entire surface, except the middle 
and upper marks, smeared with whitish scales, the basal area irregularly spotted with 
brown, a very irregular narrow brown, outwardly curved band ending in a large brown 
spot below the costa near the apex, joined to a smaller brown spot on each side of it, a 
discal band mostly smeared with whitish, with an outward, even curve, edged on both 
sides by a brown angulated line, broad at the abdominal margin, gradually narrowing 
upwards, a sub-terminal row of indistinct, small brown spots, capped with darker 
brown lunules, all these markings often indistinct. Cilia of both wings black. 


142 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female, like the male above and below, except that the inner area of both 
wings above is generally much duller in colour, and is often more restricted. Antenne 
black ; palpi black above and below ; head and body above and below concolorous with 
the wings. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14%; to 14'5 inches. 

Hasitat.—Assam, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Calcutta, Burma, Perak and Java. 

DisTRIBUTION.—We have it from Java, Ataran, Burma and Calcutta; Elwes 
records it from E. Pegu and Assam, Hewitson from Siam, Rothney from Barrackpore, 
Doherty from Mergui, Distant from Perak, and de Nicéville also from Beerbhom 
District, Goalpora, Sibsaghar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. 


ALLIED CHINESE SPECIES. 
Mahathala hainani, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 23, pl. i. fig. 1. Habitat, Hainan. 


Genus THADUCA. 


Thaduca, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 836. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 225 (1890). 
Bethune- Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 24. 


Forewing, vein 12 slightly arched, ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 from 
one-third, 10 from middle, 7 from a little before end of cell, 9 from 7 at one-third from 
tip, longer than in Mahathala, 8 absent, 6 from the end of cell, 5 from the middle of 
discocellulars, discocellulars about equal length, concave, vein 4 from lower end, bent 
at its base, 3 from a little before the end, 2 from one-third before the end, costa 
highly arched, apex angular, outer margin sinuous, at its upper half, slightly convex, 
hinder angle rounded, hinder margin nearly straight, as long as the costa. Hindwing, 
vein 8 highly arched at base, 7 from the middle of the 
cell, arched at base, 6 from the end on a line with the 
sub-costal, discocellulars angled outwards, being thus of 
exactly the reverse shape to that in Mahathala, the lower 
the longer, vein 5 from the middle, 4 from the lower 
end, 3 from a little before the end, 2 from the middle 
of the cell, internal vein straight; short tails at the end 
of the internal vein and vein 3, a longer tail (twice as 
long) at the end of vein 2, an anal lobe of ordinary size ; 


Gens les Tia e me costa and outer margin in a continuous round, excavated 


somewhat between the tails; abdominal margin ex- 
cavated above the anal lobe for about one-third its length, straight from thence 
upwards ; the abdominal space covered with long hairs. Antennz short, a little more 
than one-third the length of the costa of forewing, slightly, gradually thickened 


AMBLYPODIINA. 143 


upwards, forming very little more of a club than in Mahathala, slightly stouter than in 
that genus. 

GENITALIA, approach closely to the pattern of the genus Arhopala with the fully 
developed tegumen and the small clasps ; the tegumen is composed of a full hood, the 
hooks having a strong muscular attachment, straightish as in Mahathala ameria, but 
with a decided deflection. The clasps are small, with the extremities projected well 
outwards, which can be seen better in the figure than it can be described. The penis 
is unusually short and moderately robust. 

Type, multicaudata, Moore. 


THADUCA MULTICAUDATA. 
Plate 672, figs. 1, $, la, 9, 1b, 9. 


Thaduca multicaudata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 836, pl. 52, fig. 7, 9. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 225, pl. 27, fig. 196, 9 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 24, pl. 4, 
figs. 5, 5a (genitalia). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside black, with the basal area smalt-blue or silvery- 
blue, otherwise the colour of the wings is blue with very broad black borders 
covering all but the basal, discoidal and sub-median areas. Cilia and tails also black. 
Underside, dark vinous-brown. forewing with the outer half and lower portions 
paler, three blue spots in the basal half of the cell, a larger one at the end with a 
brown dot inside it, a discal band of six separate square spots, from the costa to vein 2, 
the first two outwardly oblique, the third outside them, the next three, a little on the 
inner side of each other, a sub-marginal series of acutely angled marks. Hindwing 
generally darker than the forewing, with three outwardly curved irregular bands of 
separated spots with pale edges, ante-medial, medial and discal, often very indistinct ; 
anal area with some bronzy or bluish scales, and a few similar scales near the base and 
sometimes on other portions of the wing. 

Female, like the male above and beneath, but on the upperside the blue area 
is generally paler and less silvery, on the underside the wing is not quite so dark, 
especially the lower portion of the forewing, the markings are more distinct, and the 
blue scalings on the hindwing more numerous. Antenne black; palpi black above, the 
two basal joints grey beneath ; head and body black above, brown beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 13% to 138 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, South India. 

DistrisutTion.— The type came from Taoo, in Tenasserim ; de Nicéville records it 
from the Meplay Valley, Upper Thoungyin and the Nilgiris; we have it from Kolar, 
Karwar, and Tenasserim. 


144 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Genus ARHOPALA. 

Arhopala, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p. 75 (1832). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 226 
(1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 25. 

Narathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835 ; id. Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114 (1881). Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 259 (1885). 

Nilasera, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 114 (1881). 

Panchala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Distant, l.c. p. 272. 

Satadra, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. 

Acesina, Moore, l.c. p. 41. de Nicéville, Le. p. 280. 

Darasana, Moore, l.c. p. 42. 

Flos, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 412. 

Lois, Doherty, lc. p. 412. 


Forewing, vein 12 short, reaching the costa before the end of the cell, 11 from 
the middle of the cell, 7 from before the end, 10 from half-way between 11 and 7, 
9 out of 7 from beyond the middle, variable in length, but generally short, 8 absent ; 
upper discoidal short, straight, outwardly oblique, lower variable, twice as long to four 
times as lone as the upper, straight generally, but not always, outwardly oblique, 
vein 6 from upper end of cell, 5 from upper discoidal, its base rather close to the base 
of 6, 4 from lower end, 3 from a short distance before lower end, 2 from one-third 
before end, bent downwards and curved, median nervure bent upwards from the origin 
of vein 2, sub-median nervure sometimes straight, often waved. Costa variable, 
nearly straight, sometimes arched more or less, in some species more or less depressed 
towards the apex, apex angular, sometimes acute, outer margin variable, straight in 
some species, evenly convex in others, and sometimes concave below the apex, then 
convex, hinder margin generally (not always) hollowed in the centre, hinder angle 
more or less rounded, /Hindwing with vein 8 generally well arched, 7 emitted some 
distance before upper end of cell, well arched, upper discocellular shorter than the 
lower, rather concave and outwardly oblique, lower erect, or somewhat oblique 
inwardly, occasionally straight, rarely concave; vein 3 from just before lower end of 
cell, internal vein recurved, wing generally ample, in some species without a tail, but 
generally with a tail at the end of vein 2, which is sometimes little more than a tooth, 
but varies considerably and is often long, sometimes there is a second very short 
tooth-like projection at the end of vein 3, and occasionally a third very short one at 
the end of vein 4. Costa evenly arched, sometimes waved, sometimes straight, apex 
and outer margin evenly rounded, abdominal margin variable, straight, emarginate or 
curved. Palpi rather long, porrect ; body more or less robust. Genitalia follow one 
pattern very closely, having the tegumen composed of an ample hood with strong 
muscular hooks straightish, ie. not elbowed, the clasps decidedly small, and the penis 
of a medium size. 


Type, phryzus, Boisduval = helius, Cramer, from Amboina. 


AMBLYPODIINA. 145 


Norr.—As to the structural characters of the different genera relied on by their 
authors, Bethune-Baker says: ‘‘ The whole are extremely variable, even in the species 
which are most nearly allied, and no good can be gained by 
sub-dividing a large and well-marked genus like this, merely 
for the sake of making it less unwieldy, when no definite and 
good characters can be given. I have examined a consider- 
able number of prehensores of the males, but do not find 
that they aid much in this respect, and it seems very 
doubtful if the eggs will be sufficiently well known in our 
generation to be of any use in the matter.” 

de Nicéville and Martin say (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, Fou sacs 7) 
1895, p. 470): “All are found in forests, they never Seats Ge chapete csttlneeras 
come to small streams or damp spots on roads to suck up 
the moisture, or to flowers; they hardly ever fly unless disturbed, and as they always 
settle with folded wings, of which the undersides present only dull brown, grey or dull 
purple colour, little is seen of them. They rest on leaves of shrubs of moderate height, 
and never fly for any length of time to a distance. There is therefore only one way to 
capture them, and that is to walk through the underwood and disturb them by 
beating the bushes and low trees, and thus cause them to fly.” 

A large genus of over two hundred known species, confined to the Indo-Malayan 
region, with the exception of one or two species found in N. Australia, the Pacific 
Islands, China and Japan; in placing the different species in tabular order we have 
found very great difficulty. Bethune-Baker, in his excellent Monograph of the Ambly- 
podiinee, arranges the Arhopalas apparently in accordance with their underside patterns, 
disregarding their tail structures altogether, except for specific separation, and he 
admits that the examination of their genitalia does not give much help as to their 
tabular arrangement. We have tried to follow him, but have found the arrangement 
incongruous when the different species are looked at as they so stand in the cabinet. 
Doherty,* on the other hand, divides them into five genera, on the differences of 
structure, but the differentiating characters are very slight and somewhat variable ; we 
have therefore thought it advisable to keep the name Arhopala for the entire genus, 
and divide it into four sections, commencing with the true Arhopalas, tailed and with 
the markings of the underside formed of spots; in section IJ. we have put all 
those with tails that have the markings of the underside formed of solid bands and 
mottled variegations ; in section III. all those without tails; and in section IV. the 
tailed group heretofore standing as Acesina, which on their undersides have a peculiar 
pattern of their own. 


* Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 412. 
VOL. VIII. U 


146 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


SECTION I. 
With tails, and with the markings of the underside formed of spots. 


ARHOPALA CONSTANCE. 
Plate 672, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 


Arhopala constancex, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 34, pl. 4, fig. 11, 9. Bethune- 
' Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 33. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark shining violaceous-blue. Forewing with fine 
black costal and outer marginal line. Hindwing with the costal space narrowly black, 
and a black outer marginal line, abdominal fold pale blackish, tails broken, but 
probably like its female, black tipped with white. Cilia of both wings purplish-black. 
Underside dark chocolate-brown with a thick purplish gloss; markings slightly darker 
than the ground colour, pale edged. Forewing with a round sub-basal spot in the cell, 
a larger oval spot in the middle, and a bar at the end, an outwardly oblique spot below 
the inner end of the discoidal spot, and a similar spot in the next lower interspace, 
below the middle cell spot, well separated from each other, the hinder marginal space 
from these spots to the sub-marginal band broadly pale ; a discal band of six evenly 
sized, conjoined spots almost straight, a rather broad sub-marginal macular band, with 
another indistinct band between it and the marginal line which is dark brown. 
Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth a little 
inwards, followed by three larger spots ina line, the third curved, a curved bar at the end 
of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the inner lower end of the second touching the 
outer upper end of the discoidal bar, the third a little outwards, the fifth a little inwards, 
the seventh in a curve as usual joining the eighth, which runs inwards on to the abdominal 
margin, a rather broad, macular, sub-marginal band, brown marginal line, with a series 
of small lunular marks close to the margin, a black anal spot and a minute black spot 
in each of the following two interspaces, the former capped with metallic green scales, the 
latter covered with them. 

Female. Upperside, both wings rich shining, rather light blue. Forewing with 
the costa as far as the sub-costal nervure, the apex very widely, and the outer margin 
widely, purplish-black. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin broadly purplish- 
black, abdominal margin pale fuscous ; the anal lobe small, purplish-black ; tail rather 
short, purplish-black, tipped with white. Cilia purplish-black throughout. Underside, 
both wings purplish-reddish-brown, the markings a little darker only than the ground 
colour. Jorewing with a small round dot towards the base of the discoidal cell, a larger 
one at its middle, alarge one at its end, with a spot below filling the base of the first 
median interspace, the discal band straight, evenly formed of six nearly equal-sized 


AMBLYPODIINA. 147 


spots extending from the costa to the first median nervule; two indistinct sub-marginal 
macular bands, the inner margin broadly pale, this pale area reaching to the sub-median 
nervure with an indistinct spot (its outer edge sharply defined) within and posterior to 
the point where the first median nervule arises. Hindwing with the usual basal spot 
small, the quadrate spot closing the discoidal cell touching the large second anterior 
spot of the usual discal fascia; the sub-marginal band broad, the anal lobe bearing a 
small deep black spot crowned with dull dark green scales, with a few scattered similar 
scales in the interspace beyond. There is no allied Indian species with which I can 
compare this, but it appears to be very similar on the underside to A. ate, Hewitson, from 
Amboina, differing, however, in the discal band of the hindwing touching the discocellular 
spot, instead of being widely separated from it, and in having the metallic green 
sprinkling at the anal angle. Described from a single example obtained at Port Blair 
by the late Mr. Wimberley, after whose widow I have much pleasure in naming it. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 158, inches. 

Hazirat.—S. Andamans. 


The description of the female is a copy.of de Nicéville’s, and our figure is a copy 
of his. We have not been able to see it; the unique type is in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta. The male we have had in our collection unnamed for some time, it well 
matches the female, which is well described and figured by de Nicéville, and the 


undersides correspond ; it is no doubt, as suggested by Bethune-Baker, a local form of 
A, meander, Boisduval. 


ARHOPALA CENTAURUS, 
Plate 672, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 

Papilio centaurus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 520 (1775) ; id. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 117 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. 
ii. p. 68 (1787). 

Hesperia centaurus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i.) p. 275 (1793). 

Polyommatus centaurus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 658 (1823). 

Amblypodia centaurus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 102 (1829). Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 3 
pl. 2, fig. 12, 6, 11, 2 (1862). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 775, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. 
B. M. p. 179 (1869). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 107. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 
Lond. 1877, p. 548. 

Narathura centaurus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 261, pl. 21, figs. 4, g, 5, 9 (1885). Hagen, 
Berl. Ent. Zeit. xxviii. p. 152 (1892). 

Nilasera centaurus, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. 

Arhopala centaurus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 234 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. de Nicéville and 
Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 464. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 588, and 
1896, p. 671. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 39, pl. 4, figs. 10, 10a (genitalia). 

Polyommatus helus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 652 (1823). 


Amblypodia nakula, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395 (1860). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, 
Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). 


U2 


148 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Arhopala nakula, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, pl. 29, fig. 14 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1877, p. 590, and 1878, p. 835. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, 
p- 251. 

Amblypodia vihara, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395 (1860). Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). 

Arhopala vihara, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 228, pl. 29, fig. 7 (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1878, p. 835. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 241 (1890). Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 662. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 66, pl. 2, fig. 1, @. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark blue with a violaceous tint, with black outer 
marginal fine border and black cilia, a rather broad black tail at the end of vein 2, a 
slight angular, black projection at the end of vein 1, abdominal space pale. Underside. 
Forewing with the basal half above the median vein dark violet-brown, the outer 
portion above that vein somewhat paler, the lower portion of the wing pale ochreous- 
brown ; a large round spot inside the cell near the base, a large bar in the middle, and 
another, larger still, at the end, very slightly darker than the ground colour, formed by 
their very prominent pale blue edgings, a small pale ringed spot on the costa, above 
the outer bar, an oblique angled spot below it on its inner side, around spot below 
the middle bar, both edged with pale blue, a discal band of large conjoined more or less 
square spots increasing in size hindwards to vein 2, where it is joined on its inner edge 
to a large square spot in the next interspace, all edged on both sides with whitish ; a 
sub-terminal series of pale brown, somewhat indistinct spots and some terminal brown 
suffusion. indwing uniformly ochreous-brown with a violet tint, all the brown 
markings (which are somewhat darker than the ground colour) edged with pale whitish, 
three spots near the base in a straight row, followed by two in a row, with three small 
spots in a curve towards the abdominal margin; two large square spots joined together 
from the middle of the costa, and the rest of the wing covered with five bands of 
disconnected spots at equal distances apart, the sub-terminal series having the three 
spots near the anal angle black, capped with metallic blue-green scales, edged outwardly 
by a fine white line. 

Female. Upperside paler than the male and more violaceous-blue. Forewing 
with a very broad, inconspicuous black costal border, and with the outer margin also 
blackish, but to a lesser extent. Underside as in the male, but paler. Antenne 
black ; palpi black, white beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings above and 
below. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2 14% to 233, inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias. 

DistriBution.—Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, Watson from Chin Lushai 
and the Chin Hills, de Nicéville says it occurs throughout Burma, Druce from Borneo, 
and it is in our collection from Rangoon, Singapore, Sumatra and Nias. 

Nore.—We have Felder’s types of nakula and vihara before us and have very 


AMBLYPODIINA. 149 


carefully examined them, and have submitted them to Mr. Bethune-Baker for 
examination, they cannot possibly be separated from centawrus and are absolutely 
typical, they correspond to Felder’s descriptions, but his figures are very misleading, 
vihara is quite wrongly identified in the National Collection, and this has led to the 
confusion that has taken place, especially with reference to whara. Distant’s and 
Bethune-Baker’s figures represent quite another species, our figure (male of centaurus) 
is from Felder’s type of vihara. 


ARHOPALA PIRITHOUS. 
Plate 673, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Nilasera pirithous, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 531. 

Arhopala pirithous, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. 

Arhopala centaurus, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 234. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 39. 


Imaco.—Male and female like centaurus above and below, but the male on the 
upperside has an extremely narrow outer black margin, a mere anteciliary line; the 
underside in both sexes is paler in colour, the discal band in the forewing is more 
regular and complete, the markings on the hindwing blurred and very indistinct, and 
though there are a few blue-green scales in an occasional example, the black spots 
prominently capped with blue-green near the anal angle are usually absent. 

Expanse of wings, ? 2 153, inches. 

Hapitrat.—Sikkim, Assam. 

Distripution.—A common form in Sikkim and Assam, we have received many 
examples from the Khasia Hills. 


° ARHOPALA CORUSCANS. 
Plate 673, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g, 2c, larva and pupa. 


Arhopala centaurus, var. coruscans, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1880, 
p. 234. 

Nilacera pirama, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 116, pl. 43, figs. 3, 3b, g, 3a, 9, 3c, larva and pupa 
(1881). Manders, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1904, p. 78. 

Arhopala centaurus, Watson (nec Fabricius), Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Davidson and 
Aitken, id. p. 354. Comber, id. 1903, p. 357. 

Arhopala centaurus, de Nicéyille (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 234 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 39. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant dark blue or ultramarine blue, becoming 
gradually darker towards the costal and outer borders, costal and terminal line finely 
black. Cilia black, the abdominal space of the hindwing usually very pale, somewhat 


150 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


greyish, the general coloration quite different to that of pirithous. Underside with the 
colour and markings similar. 

Female. Upperside a much paler and brighter blue than in the male. Forewing 
with a broad costal and outer marginal border, the latter with the black suffused 
inwardly. LHindwing with a suffused blackish costal and apical border and a black 
outer marginal line, inwardly, broadly suffused with blackish. Underside as in the 
male, but the ground colour of the forewing is generally much paler, and consequently 
the markings are more pronounced ; and in some few specimens there are some green 
speckles near the anal angle. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 2 to 24%; inches. 

Larva, elongated, oval, depressed, anterior segments scutate; finely pilose along 
the sides; colour green, with dorsal and lateral reddish marks, and an intervening 
sub-dorsal slender black line ; feeds on Schleichera trijuga. 

Pura, green ; dorsal segments reddish. (Moore.) 

Hapsrrat.—Andamans, South India, Ceylon. 

DistripuTion.— Watson records it from Mysore, Davidson and Aitken from 
Karwar, Comber from Matheran, the type came from South Andamans, the type of 
pirama from Ceylon, we have it from Port Blair and from Trincomalee. 

Norr.—de Nicéville and Bethune-Baker make pirithous and coruscans synonyms 
to centaurus, but as they can easily be distinguished from centaurus and occur in 
localities where typical centaurus is not to be found, we are of opinion that they should 
be kept separate as good local forms; we have examined many examples of coruscans 
and pirama, and agree with Bethune-Baker that they represent one and the same 
form. 


ARHOPALA AMANTES. 
Plate 673, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢, 3c, larva and pupa. 


Amblypodia amantes, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 4, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, g, 1, 9 (1862). 

Arhopala amantes, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, p. 250. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 239 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Watson, 
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Betham, id. 1891, p. 180. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, 
id. 1898, p. 382. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1903, p. 48. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. 
Soc. 1903, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 11, lla (genitalia). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, 
p. 366. 

Arhopala (Amblypodia) amantes, Manders, Trans. Ent Soc. 1890, p. 532. 

Nilasera amantes, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 115, pl. 44, figs. 2a, 2b, g ; 2, 9, 2c, larva and pupa 
(1881). de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 49. 

Nilasera apella, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 429, pl. 40, fig. 4, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue, shining in certain lights, coloured 
somewhat like purithous, but brighter blue, costal and outer marginal line black. 


AMBLYPODIINE. 151 


Cilia black, tails black, a rather long tail at the end of vein 2, slight projections at the 
ends of all the other veins of the hindwing, more pronounced at the ends of veins 1 
and 3 than at the ends of the others. Underside grey suffused with pinkish-brown, the 
lower portion of forewing pale, the hindwing darker than the forewing, but varying 
much in shade of colour, spots and bands chocolate-brown. /orewing with a small spot 
in the cell near the base, a larger one in the middle, four conjoined spots at the end, the 
third from the upper end minute and sometimes absent, a discal band of conjoined 
spots from the costa to vein 2, increasing in size hindwards, the band slightly outwardly 
curved, sometimes very nearly straight down, but the middle spot is always a little 
outside the others, all these spots and bands edged with bluish-white ; a sub-terminal 
indistinct brown band and still more indistinct terminal band. Hindwing with four 
sub-basal spots, three in a row, the fourth near the abdominal margin, followed by two 
spots, an outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, with dark brown edges, with two 
spots in an inward curve below it, a discal outwardly curved irregular band of spots 
and curves, commencing on the costa with a large brown patch composed of two 
squarish spots joined together, a sub-marginal lunular thick brown lime and an 
anteciliary thinner line, both more or less lunular, the latter edged outwardly with 
bluish-white near the anal angle where there is a black spot in the lobe capped with 
bluish-white, the bands with indications of very indistinct similar bands between 
them, a black terminal line. Antenne black; palpi black above, whitish beneath ; 
head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath. 

Female. Upperside paler and brighter blue merging into black on the outer 
parts, forming broad costal and outer marginal bands on the Morewing, with generally 
a black spot at the upper end of the cell; the /indwing with similar costal and 
marginal bands, narrowing much in the middle of the outer margin, then broadening 
hindwards with some blackish suffusion running up near the abdominal space, which is 
pale. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2,2; to 23; inches. 

Larva, elongated, oval, depressed at the ends, anterior segment scutate, with a 
lateral row of fine short hairs; colour green, with two sub-dorsal reddish lines, a red 
patch on the second and last segments, the inter-dorsal space marked with blackish 
spots and lines ; a lateral row of spots. 

Popa, broad, thorax convex, head slightly produced, thorax and wing cases 
greenish, abdomen reddish. (Moore.) 

Hapitat.—India, Ceylon, Andamans. 

Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Dehra Dhun, Sikkim and Calcutta, 
Moore from Ceylon, Watson from Mysore, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, 
Hannyngton from Kumaon, Aitken and Comber from Salsette and Karanja near 
Bombay, Betham from the Central Provinces, Doherty from Margherita in Upper 


152 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Assam, we took it at Mhow, and it is in our collection from Ranchi in Bengal, Karwar, 
Quilon near Tinavelli in the extreme south of India, Colombo and Trincomali. 


ARHOPALA AMATRIX. 
Plate 674, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, 6. 


Arhopala amatrix, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 370, pl. G, figs. 23, ¢ ; 24, 2. 
Watson, id. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 42. ; 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside shining purple-blue, a narrow, black costal band, a 
broader black band on the outer margin, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the 
margins broadly blackish-brown, nearly black, the blue occupying a much smaller space 
than it does in A. amantes, to which this form is closely allied; tail blackish-brown, 
tipped with white, long and rather broad, slight projections at the ends of all the veins, 
the longest tooth-like at the end of vein 3, and sometimes a smaller one at the end of 
vein 4. Underside varying in colour from pale lavender-brown to lavender-grey, spots 
and bands brown, double-edged with darker brown and white, arranged almost exactly 
as in A, amantes, but the discal band on the forewing is more disjointed at the fourth 
spot from the costa, and the markings on both sides of the discal band of the hindwings 
generally more or less obsolete. 

Female. Upperside paler blue, in some examples with a violet tint, the broad 
bands only distinguishable in certain lights, both wings with the marginal bands very 
much broader than in the male. Underside as in the male,but the ground colour 
usually paler. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 to 24%5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DistripuTion.— Elwes records it from Bernardmyo, Watson from Chin Lushai and 
the Chin Hills, we have it from Tenasserim, and it is in the B. M. also from Tilin Yaw. 


ARHOPALA AGNIS. 
Plate 674, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 


Arhopala agnis, Felder, Reise, Noy. Lep. ii. p. 228 (1865). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96, g 
(1888). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 418. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 236 
(1890). H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 589. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, 
p. 125. 

Amblypodia agnis, Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14a (1869). 

Narathura agnis, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 262, pl. 21, fig. 29, 9 (1885). 

Arrhopala agnis, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. 


AMBLYPODIIN. 153 


Amblypodia anarte, Hewitson (ex errore), Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 4, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, 9 (1863). 
Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. 

Amblypodia yendava, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 297 ; id. Rhop. Exot. Lye. pl. 14, 
figs. 8, 9, ¢, 10, 9 (1898). 

Arhopala yendawa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 239 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 125. 

Imaco.—Male.. Upperside dark violet-blue, varying somewhat in tone of colour ; 
both wings with black costal and outer marginal line; anal lobe with a black spot, tail 
with white tip. Cilia black. Underside brown, also varying much in tone of colour, 
the type specimen is rather pale brown, but some examples are very dark brown, spots 
and markings darker than the ground colour, with pale edges. orewing with a sub- 
basal round spot in the cell, sometimes with a pale centre; a larger somewhat oval one 
in the middle and a sub-quadrate spot at the end; the latter has sometimes a small 
blackish spot attached to its inner upper end; a discal series of six spots divided by the 
veins from the costa to vein 2, the first four almost ina line, oblique outwards, the first 
is smaller than the others, the second is a little outside, the two last are slightly out- 
wardly obliquely placed, but are placed a little on the inner side of the fourth ; immedi- 
ately following the first four spots are indications of four others (in fresh specimens) 
parallel with them ; a sub-marginal row of rather square spots, marginal line brown, 
with a fine inner pale line and indications of a row of spots close to the line; the inner 
marginal space of the wing pale. indwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth 
well inwards, near the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the 
third the largest and sub-quadrate, with a cleft in it ; a curved bar at the end of the cell, 
an outwardly curved discal series of eight spots, the first two separated from each other 
and well separated from the third, which is a little outwards, and touches the fifth, the 
sixth isa little inwards, attached to the seventh which is immediately below it, the seventh 
is angular, touches the lower inner end of the sixth, and the eighth runs upwards near 
the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal series of somewhat lunular thick spots, a marginal 
brown line with a pale inner line, and brown lunular marks close to the margin, anal 
spot black, a smaller sub-terminal black spot in the second interspace, and sometimes 
two more small spots in the first interspace (but not in the type specimen) all capped 
with metallic blue scales. 

Female. Upperside violaceous-blue, with the outer margins broadly blackish-brown. 
Underside generally paler than the male, markings similar. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2325 to 2345 inches. 

Haprrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, Philippines. 

DistripuTion.—The type (which is now a little faded) came from Malacca, 
Hewitson records it from Sumatra, Doherty from Mergui, de Nicéville from Perak and 
Upper Tenasserim, we have it from Nias, and from Ataran in Burma, and it is in the 


B. M. also from the Meplay Valley. 
VOL. VIII. x 


154 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ARHOPALA APHA. 
Plate 674, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. 


Arhopala apha, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 287, pl. O, fig. 31, g. Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 69. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings rich shining deep bluish-purple. /orewing 
with the costa narrowly and the outer margin somewhat widely black. Hindwing with 
the costa widely, the outer margin of the same width as in the forewing, black ; the 
abdominal margin broadly pale fuscous; the anal lobe black, just touched outwardly 
with a few white scales. Underside, both wings shining vinous, all the markings large 
and prominent, pale fuscous, outwardly bounded by a fine pale line; a sub-marginal 
fuscous fascia; a very indistinct marginal fascia. Forewing with the inner margin 
prominently and widely pale ochreous, reaching up to the second median nervule; a 
small oval spot towards the base,a larger oval one at the middle, and a still larger 
quadrate one at the end of the discoidal cell; above the latter is a prominent small 
costal spot; a large spot in the sub-median interspace at the point where the first 
median nervule arises; a similar spot at the base of the first median interspace ; the 
discal band nearly straight and even, slightly dislocated only between the fourth and 
fifth and sixth and seventh spots; the latter very variable in size, very small in the 
type specimen, twice as large in another specimen, still larger and shaped like a figure 
8 ina third example. JZindwing with the four basal round spots as usual; an oval 
spot at the middle of the cell, with a sub-costal spot anterior to it, and another spot 
posterior to it in the sub-median interspace ; a large spot at the end of the cell; the 
discal band greatly dislocated, the two anterior spots strongly shifted inwardly from the 
rest, touching the spot at the end of the cell; the next four spots nearly in a straight 
line ; the seventh spot V-shaped ; the eighth spot elongated, ending on the internal 
nervure ; the anal lobe large, jet-black, anterior to which is a large area reaching to the 
second median nervule of metallic green scales, 

Female. Upperside, both wings differ from the male only in the black borders 
being very much broader, in the forewing reaching the sub-costal nervure, and ex- 
tending over the discocellular nervules. Underside, both wings as in the male. 

This species is closely allied to A. anella, de Nicéville, and to all the species ated 
in the description of that species above, but it is distinguished from all of them by the 
very rich vinous-red coloration of the underside, in this respect reminding one of 
A. acestes, de Nicéville, but the colour in A. apha is still richer ; in markings it differs 
from that species in having an additional costal spot, and all the spots are much 
smaller. 

Described from three males and one female in my collection. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 148; to 2745, 2 148; inches. 


or 


AMBLYPODIIN. 15 


Hapirat.—Burma. 

DistripuTion.—Martaban, Maulmein, and Ataran Valley, all in Tenasserim; de 
Nicéville’s description is so perfect, we have thought it advisable to reproduce it ; our 
figures are from an example from Tenasserim in the B. M.; there is also a male from 


King Island, Mergui Archipelago. 


ARHOPALA ANTHELUS. 
Plate 675, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 9. 


Amblypodia anthelus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 478, pl. 74, fig. 6, ¢ (1852). 
Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 23, 24, 9 (1862). 

Satadra anthelus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. 

Narathura anthelus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 263, pl. 23, fig. 4, 9 (1885). 

Arhopala anthelus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 259 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p- 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 78. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, deep morpho-blue, shining. Forewing with a narrow 
blackish costal band, a wider similar sub-marginal band. Hindwing with the costal 
space broadly blackish, the outer marginal black band narrow, with a blackish patch at 
the anal angle, lobe small, tail stout, rather long, black, tipped with white, slight 
projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3, abdominal fold brown. Cilia black, with grey 
tips. Underside chocolate-brown, with a slight ochreous tint ; spots varying in colour, 
some very dark, nearly black, with pale ochreous edges, others pale, slightly darker 
than the ground colour, with double edgings, the inner edge dark, the outer pale 
ochreous-grey. orewing with the usual three cell spots, all dark and large, the sub- 
basal spot double extended upwards beyond the sub-costal vein, the middle spot 
joined to two others above it, the upper of the three being a little outwards on the 
costa, the end spot is double, its lower end projecting a little outwards, a smaller dark 
spot below it, and a large pale spot in the next hinder interspace, below the middle cell 
spot; discal band of six spots, all touching each other, the upper three pale, the others 
dark, the first is against the costa, the second well outwards, the third and fourth 
below it, in a slight outwardly inclined row, the upper outer end of the fifth touches the 
lower inner end of the fourth, and the sixth, which is larger, is below it; asub-marginal 
series of brown spots, brown marginal line and indications of pale brownish lunular 
marks against it ; the lower marginal area of the wing somewhat paler than the rest of 
the wing. Hindwing with the ground colour fairly uniform in tone, a dark spot on the 
immediate base, four sub-basal dark spots, the upper one much the largest, the lowest 
well inwards followed by three larger spots in a line, the middle one the smallest, the 
lower one very large, and sub-quadrate, and has a long dark spot attached to its outer 
side, the outer side of this long spot touching the inner lower end of an outwardly 
curved, rather large pale bar at the end of the cell, discal series of eight conjoined spots, 

x 2 


156 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


the series deeply curved at its termination, on to the abdominal margin, the first dark, 
the largest, has a small sub-costal spot on its outer side, quite separated from it, the 
second also dark, shifted outwards, all the remaining spots pale, the third and fourth 
both inwardly oblique, the fifth and sixth in a line, outwardly oblique, the upper outer 
end of the fifth touching the lower inner end of the fourth, the seventh curved, the 
outer portion of the curve touching the inner side of the sixth, the inner portion of the 
curve joined to the long eighth spot which bends in on to the abdominal margin, a sub- 
marginal row of pale brown lunular marks, marginal line brown, edged inwardly by a 
pale line, a black spot on the anal lobe, another in the second interspace, sometimes 
another, smaller, in the interspace between them, all capped with greenish-bronzy 
metallic scales, a narrow, suffused, brown stripe on the costa. 

Female. Upperside silvery-blue, glistening in certain lights. Forewing with 
costal and outer marginal blackish bands, which are narrow at the base of the costa and 
at the hinder angle, and broaden rapidly towards the apex. Hindwing with the 
costal space broadly blackish, the outer margin narrow, ending in a blackish patch at 
the anal angle. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 25 to 24% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula. 

DistriputTion.—The type came from Maulmein, de Nicéville records it from the 
Thoungyin Forest, Elwes from Tenasserim and Perak; we have it from King Island, 
Mereui Archipelago. 


ARHOPALA CAMDEO. 
Plate 675, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 
Amblypodia camdeo, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. H.I.C. i. p. 41, pl. la, fig. 6, 9 (1857). Hewitson, Cat. 
Lye. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 25, 26, ¢ (1862). 
Nilasera camdeo, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 370. 
Arhopala camdeo, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 280, pl. 96, ¢ (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 


iii. p. 257 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 46. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac. /vrewing with the inner portion pale, 
sometimes more or less whitish-lilac, a large black spot at the end of the cell, costal and 
outer marginal line finely black. Hindwing with blackish suffusion on the costal 
portion, outer marginal line finely black, a rather long filamentous tail at the end of 
vein 2, and a very short projection at the end of vein 1, both black. Cilia black, tipped 
with white. Underside grey, markings dark brown, edged with white. orewing with 
the lower disc pale, sometimes nearly whitish, a small round spot in the cell near the 
base, two conjoined larger spots in the middle, three (sometimes two) conjoined spots at 
the end, the lower the largest; an outwardly oblique, outwardly angled spot below the 


AMBLYPODIINA. 157 


middle of the two outer discoidal spots, a discal series of eight spots, all well separated, 
the upper four round and in a gentle outward curve, the next two a little elongated 
and inwardly oblique, the last two small and close together; a sub-marginal series of 
pale squarish spots, edged on both sides with whitish, and indications of a paler similar 
series close to the margin. Hindwing with three sub-basal small spots in a line and a 
fourth small spot near the abdominal margin near the base, followed by three larger 
spots in a line, the middle one inside the middle of the cell (a twin spot), an elongated 
spot at the end of the cell, with a small elongated spot between it and the lowest spot 
of the second series ; a discal series of eight spots curving with the shape of the outer 
margin, the fifth a little inwards, the lowest three lunular; the marginal series like that 
on the forewing, but with three sub-terminal black spots near the anal angle, all capped 
with pale blue; a terminal fine white line. 

Female. Upperside whitish. Forewing with some blue suffusion on the basal 
portion and along the hinder margin, a broad black costal and outer marginal border, a 
large black spot at the end of the cell, and three sub-apical, elongated black spots, the 
upper one more or less merged in the apical border. Hindwing with the costal and 
outer marginal areas suffused with blackish, the inner area cyaneous. Underside as in 
the male. Antenne black; palpi with the last joint black, the basal joints white, with 
a brown line above, head brown, eyes ringed with white ; body brown above, with 
cyaneous pubescence, grey beneath. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2 23%; to 24 inches. 

Hasirat.—Silhet, Sikkim, Assam, Burma. 

Distripution.—de Nicéville records it from Sikkim, Cachar, and Chittagong Hill 
Tracts, also from Jalpaiguri, he says it occurs in the Sikkim Tarai, but not in the hills, 
Doherty from Margherita, Upper Assam, we have it from Silhet and the Khasia Hills, 
and it is in the B. M. also from Bhutan and Tenasserim. 


ARHOPALA ANARTE. 
Plate 675, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Amblypodia anarte, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 16, 17, ¢ (1862). Doherty, Journ. 
As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 417. 

Arhopala anarte, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 260 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1891, p. 34. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 81. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside glistening pale blue, shading darker towards the 
margins, but with no actual bands, but the margins are broadly dark; and the 
abdominal fold of the hindwing is grey, costal and marginal line brown, tail brown, 
tipped with white. Cilia brown. Underside rather pale ochreous-brown, spots large, 


158 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


rather darker brown, encircled with ochreous-grey. Forewing with a round sub-basal 
spot in the cell,-a much larger oval spot in the middle, with a spot attached to its 
upper end, a very large sub-quadrate spot at the end, with a small round sub-costal 
spot above it, an outwardly oblique spot below it, with a small spot connecting it, a 
large spot below the middle spot connected with the oblique spot in an angular form, 
a discal series of six spots, the first four small, very obliquely placed, the other two 
much larger and well inwards, one above the other. Hindwing with four sub-basal 
spots, the fourth well inwards, near the abdominal margin, almost level with the third, 
on the inner side of these there are some basal spots, and the series is followed as usual 
by three larger spots in a line, the third being shaped like an elongated triangle, an 
irregular-shaped bar at the end of the cell, and another elongated spot between it and 
the triangular spot touching both, a discal series of eight spots in four conjoined pairs, 
the fifth well inwards; both wings with a sub-marginal lunular band, and marginal 
brown line, three black spots at the anal angle, the first and third capped with and the 
middle spot almost covered with metallic blue-green scales. 

Female. Very similar to the male above and below, but the blue above is duller 
and the ground colour below is darker and the spots more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 24%; to 245 inches. 

Hasirar.—Burma, Malacea, Borneo, Celebes. 

DistR1BUTION.—Hewitson’s type male was without locality, his female from 
Sumatra was the female of A. agnis, Felder. Doherty records A. anarte from Myitta, 
Lower Tenasserim, and from Margherita, in Upper Assam. 


ARHOPALA EUMOLPHUS. 
Plate 676, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Papilio eumolphus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 19, pl. 299, figs. G, H, g (1780). Herbst, Pap. pl. 298, 
figs. 3, 4, g (1804). 

Polyommatus eumolphus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 652 (1823). 

Amblypodia eumolphus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 103 (1829). Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, 
pl. 8, fig. 89, ¢ (1862). 

Arhopala eumolphus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 263 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 104, pl. 2, figs. 19 to 22, g, g ; 23, 24, 9, @; 
pl. 5, figs. 14, 14a (genitalia). 

Arhopala (Amblypodia) eumolphus, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. 

Amblypodia bupola, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 21, pl. 7. Suppl. figs. 64, 65, Q (1878). 

Satadra bupola, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. de Nicéville, id. 1885, p. 4. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich emerald-green, with a golden or brassy sheen in 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 159 


certain lights. orewing with a black costal line which thickens outwards, the outer 
marginal band black and broad, broadest at the apex and hinder angle, running also 
narrowly for a short distance up the hinder margin in most examples; veins black. 
Hindwing nearly all black, the green colour more or less limited to the cell area and a 
little beyond, and usually with some green scales above the sub-costal vein. Cilia 
black ; tail black, tipped with white; a very small projection at the end of vein 3. 
Underside pale brown, or greyish-brown, with a slight pinkish tint; spots rather 
small, more or less of uniform size, their colour brown, edged with dull pale whitish. 
Forewing with a round spot in the cell a third from the base, a larger, oval spot in the 
middle, and a still larger, squarish spot closing the cell; a small round spot in the 
base of the third interspace, an upwardly pointed spot in the next lower interspace a 
little inside, a discal band of seven spots, the first four from the costa, conjoined and 
outwardly oblique, the lowest slightly larger than the others and a very little outside 
them, the next three in a straight line hindwards, its outer, upper end just touching 
the lower, inner end of the fourth spot, terminal line pale brown, a sub-terminal series 
of pale brown lunules, and between them an indistinct smaller series. fTindwing, 
usually darker than the forewing and more uniform in shade of colour; three sub-basal 
small spots in a line, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lowest V-shaped, a 
narrow bar at the end of the cell, a discal whorl of nine spots, curved in the shape of 
the outer margin of the wing, somewhat irregular in form, the third, fifth and seventh 
from the costa shifted a little outside the others, the sixth and seventh lunular, whence 
it curves inwards, the eighth and ninth running up to the abdominal margin, terminal 
line whitish, a sub-terminal acutely angled brown line, and between them a series of 
faintly indicated brownish lunules ; a very small anal lobe with a black lunular spot 
followed by two other sub-terminal smaller spots, but very often these spots are obso- 
lescent and sometimes entirely absent. 

Female. Upperside dark lilac-blue. Forewing with broad costal and outer 
marginal black border, and often with a large black spot at the end of the cell which is 
merged in the costal border. Hindwing nearly all black, the blue confined to the basal 
and abdominal half of the wing : on both wings the extent of the blue colour varies much 
in different examples. Underside as in the male, but the discal band of the forewing 
is continuous, except that the fifth spot from the costa is shifted a little outside, but 
the black anal spots on the hindwing are nearly always present, the lobe spot often 
large and round and edged on both sides with white, and all three spots capped with 
golden green, but the feature of these anal spots differs much in different examples. 
Antenne black; palpi black above, grey beneath; head and body black above, with 
green pubescence, brown beneath. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2 143, to 24/5 inches. 

GENITALIA.—Very specialised, the tegumen is much less ample and distinctly 


160 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


angled where it resolves itself into its arm-like supports ; the hooks are sharply bent at 
their muscular attachment inside the tegumen, whence they project horizontally in a 
slight curve ; the clasps are bilobed, the upper lobe being anvil-shaped, the upper fore 
extremity being sharply pointed and very highly excavated internally, whence it is 
projected into the long finger-shaped lower lobe, which has an upward curve. The 
penis is very long, with a contrary angle fore and aft, with a large trumpet-shaped 
orifice much expanded on its outer lip. 

Hasrrat.—Ssikkim, Assam, Nepal. 

DisTRipution.—Moore records it from Nepal, de Nicéville from the Chittagong 
Hill Tracts, we have it in our collection from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills. 


ARHOPALA MAXWELLI. 
Plate 676, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 


Narathura maxwelli, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 263, pl. 23, fig. 10, 2 (1885). 

Nargthura farquhari, Distant, l.c. p. 264, pl. 23, fig. 3, g. 

Arhopala farquhari, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 421. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
p. 264 (1890). 

Amblypodia eumolphus, Butler (nec Cramer), Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond, 1877, p. 548. 

Arhopala eumolphus, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 104. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich emerald-green like A. ewmolphus. Forewing with 
a fine black costal line, the outer marginal black band narrow and even. HMindwing 
with the costal and outer marginal bands much narrower than in ewmolphus, mm some 
examples the latter is of almost even breadth, running in one or two places a little up 
the veins. Underside generally darker than in that form, and of a fairly uniform dull 
brown colour, the spots similarly disposed, but all much larger, the anal spots are larger 
and deep black, and are capped by brilliant metallic green scales, wings more squarely 
shaped than in ewmolphus, apex not so produced, costa more highly arched, outer 
margin less oblique. 

Female. _Upperside lilac-blue, brighter blue than in ewmolphus, the black outer 
marginal bands in both wings narrower. Underside like the male, the black spots and 
ereen scalings at the anal angle similar. | 

Expanse of wings, $ 158; to 2445 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Sumatra. 

No doubt one of the forms of ewmolphus, but not eumolphus, which does not appear 
to occur out of India; we cannot but believe that mazwelli is the true female of 
Jarquhari, they occur together, and the colour and markings of the underside are 
exactly similar. 


AMBLYPODIIN. 161 


ARHOPALA HELLENORE. 
Plate 676, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, ¢. 


Arhopala hellenore, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 422, pl. 23, fig. 7, g. de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 265 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 632. Watson, Journ. Bo. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 663. 

Arhopala viridissima, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 449. 

Arhopala eumolphus, Bethune-Baker (part), Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 104. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside green, of the same colour and brilliancy as in eumolphus. 
Forewing with a fine black costal line very slightly increasing in thickness towards the 
apex, outer marginal black band narrow, very narrow at the apex, gradually increasing 
in width hindwards and not running up the hinder margin. Hindwing with the green 
colour more extensive than in ewmolphus, with two streaks filling up the basal halves 
of interspaces 2 and 3 and part of the first interspace, for three-fourths its length. 
Cilia and tail as in ewmolphus. Underside much paler, the ground colour is somewhat 
shining, grey tinged with pinkish, with darker shades of colour in parts of the wings; 
markings similarly disposed, but all much larger, in most examples at least three times 
as large, the small round spot in the base of the third interspace of Forewing replaced 
by the outwardly oblique bar with a more or less pointed end. Hindwing not darker 
than the forewing, the discal band commencing broadly on the costa, formed of broad, 
square, conjoined spots and its hinder portion generally becomes lost in the dark 
suffusion in the lower part of the wing ; the anal lobe has a deep black spot, and there 
are some metallic green scales preceding it. 

Female. Upperside much darker blue than the female of ewmolphus. Forewing 
with the costal line finely black, the outer marginal black border even in width and 
narrow. Hindwing with the dark blue coloration as uniform as it is on the forewing, 
the costal and outer marginal borders uniformly and narrowly black, very little broader 
than it is on the other wing. Underside with the coloration much as it is in the 
female of ewmolphus, but the spots are larger, and the discal band of the forewing is 
more continuous, the shifting of the fifth spot hardly discernible. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 1;°5 to 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui. 

Disrripurion.—Appears to be distributed fairly well all over Burma, Doherty’s 
type came from Tenasserim, our type from Mandalay, and we have it also from 
Rangoon, Elwes records it from Mergui, Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills. 
It is a good local form of ewmolphus, easily recognisable. 


ARHOPALA SILHETENSIS. 
Plate 677, figs. 1, $, la, 2, lb, ¢. 
Amblypodia silhetensis, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, pl. 4, figs. 27, 28, g (1862). 
NOL. VILL. Y 


162 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Arhopala silhetensis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 237 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1891, p. 47. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 72. 
Arhopala arama, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 285, pl. O, fig. 30, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal line narrowly 
and the outer marginal line more broadly black. Hindwing with the costal space 
broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow black band which terminates at the 
anal angle, in a somewhat diffuse black patch, anal lobe black, with a whitish spot in 
it, tail black, tipped with white, and with some whitish scales in the black margins 
between it and the anal spot. Cilia of both wings black. Underside brown, with a 
chocolate tint, markings dark brown, with pale edges. Forewing with the hinder 
marginal space broadly pale, the usual three cell spots, increasing in size outwards, 
and the usual oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots and the spot 
in the next lower interspace below the central cell spot, but well separated from each 
other, a spot on the costa above the discoidal spot, well separated from it, a discal 
series of seven conjoined spots, the first four in a gentle curve obliquely outwards, the 
fifth outwards, the sixth below it in a slight outwardly oblique line, the seventh small 
and inwards, and sometimes a very small spot below it. Hindwing with four sub-basal 
spots, the second a little inwards, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger 
spots, the second slightly inwards, the third sub-triangular, a slightly curved bar at 
the end of the cell, with a small spot below it, touching its lower inner end, a discal 
series of eight spots, the first two from the costa larger than the others, the lower inner 
end of the second touching the upper outer end of the discoidal spot, the third well 
separated and outwards, joined to the next three, the fifth bemg somewhat wards, 
the seventh well inwards and well curved, touching the eighth and running inwards 
and upwards to the abdominal margin; both wings with a rather prominent series of 
sub-marginal spots, conjoined on the forewing, the upper two separate on the hindwing, 
terminal line brown, indications of small and sub-terminal lunular marks, a large black 
spot on the anal lobe, with a white dot on its fringe, not always present, a small black 
spot in each of the next two interspaces, the anal spot capped with metallic blue-green 
scales, the other two almost covered with them, and a few whitish scales above the 
blue-green scales. 

Female. Upperside paler and more violet-blue. orewing with the costa broadly 
black, the band widening towards the apex, a black mark at the end of the cell 
running into the costal band, outer marginal band narrowing gradually hindwards. 
ITindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the band continued down the outer 
margin, narrowing gradually hindwards. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sylhet, Sikkim, Burma. 

DistrIBuTION.—The type came from Sylhet, de Nicéville records it from Jaipulguri, 


AMBLYPODIIN. 163 


there is a male in coll. Druce from Ataran, Burma, and a female from the Naga Hills 
in our own collection, both of which we figure. 


ARHOPALA NICEVILLEI. 
Plate 677, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 
Arhopala nicévillei, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 73, pl. 2, fig. 3, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing with the costal and outer 
marginal lines black. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the outer 
margin with a narrow black band, abdominal fold grey, tail long, blackish, tipped with 
white, anal lobe with a black spot, inwardly edged with white, some white marks in 
the black border between the anal lobe and the tail, and one or two on the other side 
of the tail. Cilia of both wings black. Underside rather pale chocolate-brown, the 
inner markings on both wings dark brown, nearly black and prominent, with pale 
edges. Forewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger, somewhat oval spot in the 
middle and a sub-quadrate, still larger spot, with a small spot above it, at the end, an 
outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, and another 
outwardly oblique spot well separated from it, in the next lower interspace below the 
middle cell spot, a discal series of seven spots, the first four conjoined and in a slightly 
outwardly oblique line, the second and fourth placed a little outwards, the next two, 
separated from each other, in a line, less oblique, the upper outer end of the third spot 
near the lower inner end of the second, the seventh spot also separate a little inwards 
and more outwardly oblique, with a faint mark attached to its lower end. Hindwing 
with four sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, 
the lower like an acute triangle, a curved bar at the end of the cell, with a spot 
between it and the triangular spot, touching both, a discal series of eight spots, the 
first two from the costa rather large and square, and black, the lower side of the 
second spot, touching and half overlapping the upper side of the discoidal bar, 
the remaining spots pale, very little darker than the ground colour, and edged with 
dark brown and pale ochreous, spots 3 to 6 conjoined, almost in a straight line, the 
fifth being a little inwards, the seventh separate, very deeply curved, almost angular, 
its inner end touching the eighth spot which is inwards and upwards and reaches the 
abdominal margin at its middle; both wings with sub-marginal conjoined lunular 
spots, terminal brown line, sub-terminal series of small pale brown lunular marks, the 
ground colour between the two series pale, a large black anal spot, another in the 
second interspace, two small black dots in the interspace between them, some metallic 
blue-green scales on the dots, none on the spots, a white anteciliary thread outside the 
spots. 

Y 2 


164 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside a little bluer than the male. Morewing with broad costal 
and outer marginal black bands, broadest at the apex, a black narrow bar at the end of 
the cell merged into the costal black band. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin 
broadly black. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Sikkim, Assam. 

Disrripution.—The type male from Julpi, Burma, we figure, the female figure is 
from an example in our collection from the Khasia Hills, Bethune-Baker also records 
it from Sikkim. 


ARHOPALA AGABA. 
Plate 677, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 6. 


Amblypodia agaba, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 39, 40, 2 (1862). 

Satadra agaba, Moore, Journ As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. Elwes and de Nicéville, id. 1886, p. 430. 

Arhopala agaba, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 244 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1889, p. 422. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, 
p- 663. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 83. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bluish-purple. Forewing with narrow costal black 
line and outer marginal narrow black band. Hindwing with the costa somewhat 
broadly black, and a narrow outer marginal black band, abdominal fold greyish ; tail 
black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black. Underside purple-brown, with a 
lilac gloss; bands and spots darker brown, with pale edgings. Forewing with the 
hinder marginal space broadly pale, a small sub-basal round spot in the cell, a larger 
oval spot in the middle, and a still larger oval spot at the end, a small sub-costal spot 
above the discoidal spot, an outwardly oblique spot below it a little on the inner side, 
and a rather longish spot in the next hindward interspace below the middle cell spot, 
a discal band of seven conjoined spots, straight down the wing, but somewhat sinuous, 
the uppermost spot small, the fourth pushed a little outwards, the fifth and sixth 
somewhat lunular, the sixth the largest, the seventh small and indications of another 
attached spot below it ; a sub-marginal complete band of conjoined spots. Hindwing 
with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the fourth well inwards, near the 
abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, a sub-quadrate spot at the 
end of the cell, connected with a smaller spot below it on its inner side, which connects 
it with the lower of the three spots in a line; a discal series of eight spots, the upper 
two conjoined, the third outwards, the fourth again further outwards, the fifth slightly 
inwards, the sixth outwards, the last three lunular and curving inwards to the 
abdominal margin, a rather broad sub-marginal dark fascia, curving like the outer 
margin of the wing, broadest in its middle, a sub-terminal series of lunules, anal lobe 
with a large black spot followed by three small black sub-terminal lunules capped with 


AMBLYPODIINA. 165 


metallic blue scales, with a whitish smear above them; marginal line of both wings 
brown. Antenne black ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. 

Female. Upperside paler, being of a bright ultramarine-blue.  orewing with 
broad black costal and outer marginal bands, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with 
the costal and marginal bands very broad, but paler black, leaving but a small portion 
of the blue colour in the middle of the wing, varying somewhat in extent in different 
examples. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 1;% to 2 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Burma. 

Distripution.—Hewitson described it as from India, which probably means 
Maulmein ; many species so described by different authors came from Maulmein ; we 
have it from Rangoon and Ataran, Elwes records it from the Karen Hills, Watson 
from the Chin Hills, Doherty from Myitta, and de Nicéville from Thoungyin. 


ARHOPALA ZAMBRA, nov. 
Plate 677, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside lilac-blue. Forewing with costa and outer margin 
very narrowly black. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin 
narrowly black; anal lobe small, with a black spot edged above with some whitish 
scales, abdominal fold blackish-grey, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia black, with white 
tips. Underside rufous-brown, markings dark brown with pale edges. orewing with 
three somewhat large oval spots in the cell increasing in size outwards, a smaller spot on 
the costa above the end spot, an outwardly oblique spot below it, with another slightly 
outwardly oblique and detached in the next lower interspace, the wing space below these 
spots very pale, marginal line brown, slightly sinuous. Mindwing with three rather 
large sub-basal spots, the second slightly out of line, inwards, the fourth well inwards, 
near the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots, in a line, the third 
sub-triangular, a slightly curved bar at the end of the cell, with a spot below it touching 
or nearly touching both the bar and the triangular spot, a discal series of eight spots, 
the first two from the costa, the second the largest, and set obliquely, its inner lower 
end touching the upper outer end of the cell bar, the next four conjoined almost in a 
line, well separated outwards from the upper two, the fifth spot a little inwards, the 
seventh well curved and continuous with the eighth, which runs round on to the 
abdominal margin, the outer end of the seventh curves round inside the sixth and just 
touches it; both wings with brown marginal line, sub-marginal macular band, and 
between them a series of small lunular marks, a black spot on the anal lobe, and 


166 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


smaller black spots in the two next interspaces all heavily capped with metallic blue 
scales, with a few whitish scales above it. 

Expanse of wings, $ 17‘5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DisrripuTion.—A male from Thoungyin, Burma, taken by Bingham in April, 
1893, like A. adatha, Hewitson, from Malacca and Singapore, on the underside, but the 
coloration on the upperside is quite different, being bright lilac-blue, not purple-blue, 
and the discal series on the hindwing below is also somewhat different. 


ARHOPALA BAZALUS. 
Plate 678, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 6. 


Amblypodia bazalus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 37, 38, 9 (1862). 

Satadra bazalus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. 

Arhopala bazalus, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 119. 

Amblypodia turbata, Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 855. Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 16 
(1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 345 (1893). 

Satadra teesta, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 253, pl. 11, fig. 3, ¢. 

Arhopala teesta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 250, pl. 27, fig. 197, g (1890). Doherty, Journ. 
As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 
1893, p. 300. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663. 

Arrhopala teesta, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purple-blue, in some examples nearly purple- 
black. Forewing with the costal line finely black, the outer marginal line more thickly so, 
but the width of these black borders varies somewhat in different examples. Hindwing 
with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal black band narrow, but the 
blue and black colours are so blended, that it is only in certain lights that these 
marginal bands can be distinguished. Cilia black, a rather long filamentous tail at the 
end of vein 2, black, tipped with white, very minute black projections at the ends of 
veins 1, 3, 4 and 5, anal lobe of moderate size, fairly well formed. Underside chocolate- 
brown, markings dark brown, edged with whitish. Morewing with a large whitish 
space above the middle of the hinder margin, a spot sub-basal, in the cell, a larger spot 
in the middle, and a still larger one at the end; two elongated spots below the two 
latter, with their narrow ends hindwards, touching each other at their base, then 
separating, the outer spot being outwardly oblique; the discal band composed of six 
conjoined spots, the first four nearly square and outwardly oblique, the fifth also square, 
its outer upper edge touching the lower inner edge of the fourth spot, and a round spot 
immediately below the fifth spot, and this is followed by a paler brownish band in 
continuation to vein 1, terminal line brown, a sub-terminal line of rather thick lunules 
joined together and outwardly whitish-edged. Hindwing with four sub-basal round 


AMBLYPODIIN. 167 


spots, the first three in a line, the fourth a little inwards on the abdominal margin, 
followed by two unevenly formed spots, below the middle of the costa and in the middle 
of the cell; a discal, very irregular band of conjoined spots, three from the costa crossing 
the end of the cell, closely followed by six or seven similar spots, from vein 6 curving 
round to the abdominal margin, the upper one touching the second spot, the fourth 
one touching the lower middle of the discoidal spot ; terminal line pale, a sub-terminal 
very indistinct series of lunular marks, a black spot in the anal lobe, slightly capped 
with metallic blue scales, the anal area smeared with pale sordid whitish, all the 
markings much more obscure than are those of the forewing. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing dull bluish-violet colour, with very broad costal 
and outer marginal blackish borders. Hindwing nearly all blackish, with some traces 
of the violet colour in and below the cell, its extent varying somewhat in different 
examples. Underside as in the male. Antenne black; palpi brown above, white 
beneath ; eyes ringed with white; head and body above concolorous with the wings, 
greyish beneath. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 17% to 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sylhet, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, Sumatra, Borneo, Japan. 

DisrripoTion.—Recorded by Elwes from the Naga Hills, by Watson from the 
Chin Hills, the type came from Sylhet, the type of teesta from the Teesta Valley, 
Sikkim ; it is also recorded by de Nicéville from Tenasserim ; we have received many 
examples from the Khasia Hills,and it is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, 
Kiushing, Gensan, Satsuma and Nikko, in Japan. 


ARHOPALA SINGLA. 
Plate 678, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, 9. 


Satadra singla, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1885, p. 119, pl. 2, figs. 8, 6, 7, 9. 

Arhopala singla, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 250 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1891, p. 34. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 630. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 120, pl. 5, figs. 20, 20a (genitalia). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside of a very dark purple colour, somewhat shining in 
certain lights, more purple than in bazalus and of a different shade of colour ; the costal 
and outer marginal black bands broader, especially on the forewing, the black colour, 
however, overshadowed by the purple, and difficult to see except in certain lights. 
Cilia, tail and projections at the end of the veins of the hindwing as in bazalus. 
Underside usually paler than in that species, the bands and spots similarly disposed, 
but all usually much larger and more prominent, and the discal band of the forewing 
ends abruptly at vein 2, and has no indications of any hindward continuation. 

Female. Upperside closely resembles the female of bazalus, the violet colour is, 


168 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


however, generally of a duller hue. Underside more glossy, the ground colour more 
variegated with pale and dark shades, there is usually a whitish smear on the apical 
space of the forewing, and the bands and spots are, as in its male, much larger and 
more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ¢ 1,8; to 2 inches. 

GenrTALIA with a good-sized tegumen, the hooks of which are strongly curved at 
their bases, the clasps have a long arm-like extension, the penis is stout, rather long, 
with a trumpet-shaped orifice. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Burma. 

DistRIBUTION.—The type came from Sikkim, Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, 
Doherty from Margherita, in Upper Assam, Bethune-Baker from the Shan States ; we 
have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills, and it is in the B. M. 
also from Bhutan and Yenwatang, Upper Burma. 


ARHOPALA ANTURA, nov. 
Plate 678, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich violet-blue. orewing with the costal and 
outer marginal lines thickly black. Hindwing with the costal space black, an outer 
marginal very narrow black band, abdominal space blackish-grey, anal lobe well formed, 
with a black spot capped with some rather prominent white scales, tail black, tipped 
with white, with a white dot on each side of it, and traces of a white lme between it 
and the anal lobe. Cilia black. Underside chocolate-brown, with an ochreous tint, 
markings darker brown, edged with pale ochreous-grey. orewing with three rather 
large spots in the cell, gradually increasing in size outwards, the first two oval, the end 
spot sub-quadrate, a square spot near the costa above it, a small round spot below the 
middle of the two last cell spots, the central space below it pale, with a brown mark in 
it below the middle cell spot and quite disconnected, a discal band of six conjoined spots, 
the first four of equal size forming an outwardly oblique band with a slight outward 
curve, the fifth spot smaller than the others, half inwards, the sixth below it in a 
slightly oblique line, a small detached spot below the sixth spot. Hindwing with four 
rather large sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, out of line, followed by three 
larger spots in a line, the third almost triangular, a rather large outwardly curved 
bar at the end of the cell, with a short ochreous-grey line below its inner end, a discal 
series of eight spots, all rather large, the first six in pairs and of uniform size, the lower 
inner end of the second touching the outer upper end of the cell bar, the third and 
fourth outwards, not connected with the second, but joimed to the fifth and sixth, the 
fifth being half inwards, the seventh well curved, its outer portion touching the inner 
side of the sixth, its inner end touching the point of the long eighth spot which is 


AMBLYPODIIN. 169 


pear-shaped ; both wings with brown marginal line and inner pale line, sub-marginal 
band of thick lunules, commencing on each wing with a detached sub-costal spot, and 
between them a series of small lunular marks, a large black spot on the anal lobe, 
a black spot in each of the two following interspaces, the lobe spot capped with metallic 
blue scales, the other spots covered and almost obliterated by similar scales, the brown 
cilia with a white dot on the inner side of the tail, and edged with white between the 
tail and the lobe. 

Female. Upperside paler and more violet. Forewing with a broad black apical 
band, narrowing on the costa to the base, evenly but less broadly down the outer 
margin. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin with a narrow black 
band, abdominal fold blackish-grey. Underside as in the male, the markings darker 
and more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 24); inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

Described and figured from a pair in the B. M., taken by Bingham in the 
Tenasserim Valley in April, 1893. 


ARHOPALA SELTA. 
Plate 679, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Amblypodia selta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14f, pl. 3a, figs. 36, 37, 9 (1869). 

Satrada selta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. 

Arhopala selta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 245 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 84. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant, somewhat shining purple-blue. Forewing 
with costa and outer margin with black narrow bands broadest at the apex, but other- 
wise of fairly even breadth. Hindwing with a somewhat broader but paler outer 
marginal black band, tail black, tipped with white. Underside pale brown, with a pink 
tint, spots and bands pale edged, slightly darker than the ground colour. Forewing 
with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, a small sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger 
somewhat oval spot in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, a small costal spot 
above the discoidal spot, an outwardly oblique spot below the two outer cell spots, and 
a spot in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot ; a discal band of seven 
conjoined spots, the upper one small, sometimes absent, the others of fairly equal size, 
very nearly in an even row, the fifth spot being just a little inwards, the lower end of 
this row is very close to the sub-marginal series composed of spots somewhat divided 
by the veins. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, the 
fourth well inwards near the abdominal margin, followed by three spots in a line; a 
sub-quadrate spot at the end of the cell, and another somewhat similar spot below it, 
from its inner lower end ; a discal series of eight spots as in A. agaba, but well separated 

VOL. VIII. Z 


170 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


from the discoidal spot ; a post-discal series of spots and a sub-terminal series, the 
small anal lobe with a small black spot, followed by two sub-terminal small black spots 
capped with metallic blue scales. 

Female. Upperside of a pale dull lilac, witha purplish tint. Morewing with the 
black costal band broad, widening outwards to the apex, the outer marginal band 
narrow. Lindwing with the costal space rather broadly blackish, the outer marginal 
band broader and paler than on the forewing. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, # 143; to 14%, 2 144) to 14% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Burma. 

DistrrpuTion.—We have both sexes from Ataran; Hewitson recorded it from 
Maulmein; de Nicéville records it from King Island, Mergui Archipelago ; Bethune- 
Baker from Tenasserim, and it is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, Chin Hills, 
Beeling, Meplay Valley and Toungoo. 


ARHOPALA AROA. 
Plate 679, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, g. 


Amblypodia aroa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 13, pl. 2, fig. 12, ¢ (1862). Butler, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. 

Narathura aroa, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 266, pl. 23, fig. 17, ¢ (1885). 

Arhopala aroa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, ii. p. 244 (1890). H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, 
p- 590. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 85. 

Arrhopala aroa, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. 

Amblypodia pryeri, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 121. 

Arhopala pryeri, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 590. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purplish-blue. Forewing with fine black 
costal and outer marginal line. /indwing with the costal space black, and a fine black 
outer marginal line as in the forewing. Cilia black, with whitish tips; tail black, rather 
long, very narrow, tipped with white. Underside brown, markings darker brown, pale 
edged. orewing with the hinder marginal area pale ; a small oval sub-basal spot in 
the cell, a very slightly larger one in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, with 
a spot below it and another in the next lower interspace below the middle cell spot, 
well separated from each other, a fairly even discal band of six conjoined spots, the 
uppermost spot small, the others almost square and of even size. Hindwing with four 
sub-basal spots rather close together, the uppermost one being inside the cell, the two 
next almost in a line with it, the fourth spot well inwards, close to the abdominal 
margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lowest one almost triangular, a 
larger sub-quadrate spot closing the cell, a discal series of eight spots, the first two con- 
joined one above the other, the lower inner end of the second almost touching the 


AMBLYPODIIN2. 171 


upper outer end of the discoidal spot, the next four conjoined and in an outward curve, 
its upper portion well outside the first two spots, the fifth being shifted a little inwards, 
the seventh is curved and is well inwards and is attached to the eighth, the lower 
portion of the series curving well inwards on to the abdominal margin; both wings 
with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal series of brown spots, and between them a 
series of somewhat lunular brown spots attached to the terminal line, a rather large 
black anal spot, a small black lunular sub-terminal spot in each of the next two inter- 
spaces, all three capped with metallic blue-green scales. 

Female. Upperside, lilac-blue, varying in shade of colour in different examples. 
Forewing with a very broad and even black costal band, and a narrow outer marginal 
black band. Hindwing with the costal space broadly blackish, the black outer marginal 
band broad at the apex and narrowing hindwards. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14 to 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea, 
Batchian. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Sumatra, Butler records it from Malacca, 
it is in our collection from Singapore and Lawas, Borneo, and Bethune-Baker records 
it from Burma and all the other localities. 


ARHOPALA CANARAICA. 
Plate 679, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. 


Satadra canaraica, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 165, figs. 5, 
5a, g (1886). Hampson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 360. 

Arhopala canaraica, de Niceville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 245 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. 1890, p. 35. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 133. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal line 
finely black, outer marginal line more broadly black. Hindwing with an outer marginal 
black band rather narrow, with uneven inner edge. Cilia black, tail filamentous, 
rather long, black, tipped with white, anal lobe small. Underside purplish-brown, 
markings: darker brown, not edged with white. Forewing with the usual three cell 
spots, all rather small, the sub-basal spot, round, minute, an outwardly oblique linear 
spot below the middle of the two outer cell spots, a spot in the next lower interspace 
below the middle cell spot, with another faintly indicated spot on its inner side, a 
discal, slightly outwardly curved, even band of conjoined spots, closely packed together, 
from the costa to vein 2; terminal line finely brown, the usual sub-terminal double series 
of marks faintly indicated. Hindwing with three very small sub-basal spots, followed by 
three others, equally small ; a thin lunular mark closing the cell, and a discal irregular 
band of spots, the first two from the costa, more’inwards than the others, the terminal 

Z 2 


172 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


series very faintly indicated, all the markings more or less indistinct; a small black 
spot in the anal lobe, marked on each side with pale blue, and a few scattered and 
very indistinct, blue scales between it and the tail. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing duller and paler than in the male, with very 
broad costal and outer marginal blackish borders, a black spot at the end of the cell, 
merged into the costal border. Hindwing. Upperside with the outer half more or 
less blackish, the colour gradually changing to dull purplish-blue on the inner half. 
Underside paler than in the male, markings similarly disposed, but more prominent. 
Antenne black; palpi black above, whitish beneath; head and body concolorous 
with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, S 1445 to 1455, 2? 14% to 1485 inches. 

Hasirat.—South India. 

DistRIBUTION.— Watson recorded it from Mysore, Hampson from the Nilgiris, 
de Nicéville from Travancore, the types came from Kanara; we have many examples 
of both sexes from Karwar. 


ARHOPALA MINDANENSIS. 
Plate 679, figs. 4, g, 4a, g. 


Arhopala mindanensis, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 62, pl. i. fig. 24, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purplish-blue, with a violet tint, sub-lustrous, 
almost purplish-brown in certain lights, with the costal and outer marginal bands 
shading into blackish-brown rather broadly. Hindwing with the costal space and outer 
margin also shading into blackish-brown, abdominal fold pale, tail black, tipped with 
white. Cilia blackish-brown, with a little white at the tips near the anal angle. 
Underside brownish-erey, markings whitish-edged, a little darker than the ground 
colour. Forewing with the middle of the hinder marginal space pale, three rather 
large oval spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique spot 
below the middle of the two outer cell spots, a spot in the next lower interspace 
below the middle cell spot, a spot on the costa above the discoidal spot and touching 
it, a discal series of six conjoined spots, the first a little inwards, the fourth outwards, 
a curved mark below the sixth spot, touching it. Hindwing with four rather large 
sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards on the abdominal margin near the base, followed 
by three rather larger spots in a line, the first two oval, the third sub-triangular, a bar 
at the end of the cell, constricted in its middle, a discal well-curved series of eight 
spots, the first two from the costa, touching the discoidal spot, the third with its upper 
inner end touching the lower outer end of the second, the fourth a little outwards, the 
fifth also a little more outwards, the sixth inwards, the seventh curved, and the 
eighth continuing the curve to the abdominal margin, both wings with brown outer 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 173 


marginal line, edged inwardly by a whitish thread which is most prominent near the 
anal angle, a sub-marginal series of lunular spots, a black spot at the anal angle, 
another in the second interspace, with a small spot in the interspace between them, 
all with a few metallic blue-green scales on them. 

Female. Upperside purplish-brown. brewing with the discal and sub-median 
areas purple. Hindwing with a very obscure purple patch in the cell, sometimes 
obsolescent. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 154, inches. 

Hasrrat.—Mergui, Singapore, Philippines. 

Bethune-Baker has very kindly lent us his type for description and figuring, 
we have not been able to see a female. 


ARHOPALA RAFFLESII. 
Plate 680, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, Q. 


Arhopala rafflesit, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 248, frontispiece, fig. 136, ¢ (1890). Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 86. 
~ Narathura amphimuta, Distant (nec Felder), Rhop. Malayana, p. 267, pl. 21, fig. 10, ¢; 9, 9 (1885). 
Arrhopala pseudomuta, de Nicéville and Martin (nec Staudinger), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, 
p. 465. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue, costal and outer marginal lines 
black. Cilia black, tail black, tipped with white. Underside brown, with a pinkish 
tint, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their pale greyish- 
white edgings. orewing with two spots in the cell and one at the end, increasing in 
size outwards, a spot immediately below the last, and a larger squarish spot adjoining 
on its inner side in the next lower interspace, a small spot near the costa above the 
discoidal spot, a discal fascia of six conjoined spots, the first three from the costa 
almost in a line, the fourth well out, the fifth inwards, the sixth just touching it, ina 
line with the first four, and an indistinct “short dash in continuation, a sub-marginal 
series of paler spots and indications of an anteciliary series of still paler lunular marks, 
Hindwing-with three sub-basal spots in a line, followed by a similar series, the lowest 
of the second series somewhat lunular, a bar-shaped spot at the end of the cell, and 
touching it, the lower end of an almost straight band of conjoined spots from the costa 
to vein 3, touching this band on its outside is the continuation of the discal band, 
which is bent inwards in its middle and then curves inwards in three lunules to the 
abdominal margin ; in some examples these markings are very obscure and cannot well 
be distinguished, but in some of the female examples they appear to be as herein 
indicated, the sub-marginal and anteciliary series as in the forewing with three black 
sub-terminal spots capped with metallic blue-green scales, near the anal angle. 


174 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside paler blue, showing broad costal and outer marginal black 
borders to both wings, some of the black colour running up the abdominal space inside 
the brownish abdominal fold of the hindwing. Underside as m the male. Antenne 
black ; palpi black above, brown beneath, white on the imner sides, eyes ringed with 
white ; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1,95 to 145 inches. 

Hasrrat.— Burma, Penang, Singapore. 

Disrripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Myitta, in the Tenasserim Valley, 
and by Distant from the Malay Peninsula; we have both sexes from Burma and 
Singapore. 


ARHOPALA BAZALOIDES. 
Plate 680, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 


Amblypodia bazaloides, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 21, pl. 7, figs. 62, 63 (1878). Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 55, pl. i. fig. 17; plate 4, fig. 15, 15a (genitalia). 

Satadra bazalus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 370. 

Arhopala bazalus, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Butt. of India, ii. p. 249 (1890). Watson, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 35. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. Elwes, Proe. 
Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep purple, with fairly broad costal and outer marginal 
inconspicuous black borders, the costal band of the hindwing broadest, tail at the end 
of vein 2 of moderate length, very narrow, black, tipped with white. Cilia on both 
wings brown. Underside dark brown, with a purplish tint, markings darker brown, 
especially on the hindwing, indicated by their white edgings. orewing with a fairly 
sized round spot inside the cell sub-basal, but well separated from the base, a slightly 
larger spot in the middle, and a still larger bar-shaped spot at the end which is edged 
with white only at its sides, a twisted white line hindwards, two bar-shaped spots 
outside the end of the cell, marked by their prominent white side edgings, the upper 
one just below the costa, the other beneath it, and almost attached to each other; a 
discal paler band of five conjoined bar-shaped spots from the costa, the last two a little 
inwards, and indistinct ; a sub-marginal rather indistinct row of smaller spots, the 
lower portion of the wing paler than the rest. Hindwing with all the spots larger 
than usual, four round ones sub-basal, three of them in a line, the fourth towards the 
abdominal margin near the base,-closely followed by a series of four larger spots in an 
outward curve, at equal distances apart right across the wing, the second from the top, 
inside the middle of the cell, oval ; two conjoined spots at the end of the cell, closely 
followed by a discal band of eight conjoined spots descending from the costa in a 
slightly distorted shape to vein 4, where the band curves round to the abdominal 


AMBLYPODIINE. 175 


margin, the spots forming the curve being lunular, a sub-marginal angular brown line, 
a series of very indistinct anteciliary lunules and some brown terminal suffusion. 

Female. Upperside. /orewing brighter purple than in the male, with very broad 
blackish costal and outer marginal borders. Hindwing nearly all suffused with 
blackish, the blue colour being confined more or less to the cell area. Underside as in 
the male. Antenne black, tipped with orange ; palpi black above, grey below; head 
and body blackish-brown above, white beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 13% to 1,8) inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam, South India, Burma, Philippines. 

Disrripution.—Bethune-Baker records it from the Philippines, he says the Indian 
examples are identical ; he also records it from Travancore and Kanara, Elwes from the 
Naga Hills and E. Pegu, Watson from Mysore, Moore from Nepal, de Nicéville from 
Cachar, Doherty from Margherita in Upper Assam, we have received many examples of 
both sexes from the Khasia Hills, and it is in the B. M. also from Karwar. 


ARHOPALA ALEMON. 
, Plate 680, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 
Arhopala alemon, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 371, pl. F, figs. 20, ¢; 21, 9; 
id. Watson, p. 48. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 133, pl. 5, figs. 24, 24a 


(genitalia). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull purple. Forewing with a costal blackish band, 
widening to the apex, then down the outer margin in an even band of moderate width. 
Hindwing with the costal space blackish, the outer margin more narrowly blackish ; 
abdominal fold grey. Cilia black, tipped with white, tail black, with a white tip. 
Underside pale greyish-brown, markings brown edged with white. orewing with a 
small sub-basal spot in the cell, another, slightly larger in the middle, and a larger 
spot at the end; an outwardly very oblique spot below it, and an erect spot in the 
next lower interspace, below the middle cell spot; a discal band of seven spots, the 
upper one very small, the next five conjoined and nearly straight down the wing to 
vein 2, the third and fourth being very slightly outwards, the seventh spot 
disconnected and somewhat inwards; a double series of sub-marginal spots, the outer 
one very pale, marginal line brown, with a pale inner line ; the hinder marginal space 
pale. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth slightly inwards, followed by 
three spots in a line, the upper one the largest, a lunular bar at the end of the cell, a 
discal, outwardly curved series of seven spots, in three irregularly shaped pieces, the 
. first two conjoined, the third commencing a little outwards, and joined in an irregular 
line to the fourth, fifth and sixth, the seventh, a curved spot somewhat inwards, a 
sub-marginal series of lunular marks, marginal line brown, with a whitish inner line, 


176 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with a series of pale lunular marks attached to it, a large black anal spot, a small black 
sub-terminal spot in each of the two following interspaces, powdered with pale blue 
metallic scales ; all the spots on both wings much smaller than usual. 

Female. Upperside of a lighter and brighter purplish colour. Forewing with 
the costal, apical, and outer marginal black bands broader, a black bar at the end of 
the cell, running into the costal band. Hindwing with the costal space broadly 
blackish, the outer marginal black band sometimes macular. Underside as in the male, 
the bands usually broader. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 153, to 1,8; inches. 

Hapirat.—Burma. 

DistripuTion.—The type came from Tilin Yaw; the description and figures are 
from examples from the same locality, kindly lent by Bethune-Baker; de Nicéville 
records it also from the Meplay Valley, the Donat Range and the Thoungyin forests ; it 
is in the B. M. also from the Shan States, Ataran Valley, Amherst Road and the 
Hawndraw Valley. 


ARHOPALA ATRAX. 
Plate 681, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, g. 


Amblypodia atrax, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 13 (nec pl. 7, figs. 80 and 82, 9) (1862). Moore, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 774. Hewitson, Il. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 13 (1869). 

Satadra atrax, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. 

Arhopala atrax, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 130, pl. 3, fig. 8, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purplish-blue, shining in certain lights. Forewing with 
a narrow costal black band, outer marginal black band about twice as broad. Hindwing 
with the costal space and outer marginal line black, tail black, tipped with white, 
indications of a blackish spot on the margin on each side of the tail, abdominal fold 
grey. Cilia black, with white tips. Underside pale brown, with a lilac tint, markings 
darker brown, edged with white. Forewing with three oval cell spots, increasing in 
size outwards, an outwardly oblique spot below the last, and another in the next lower 
interspace, slightly outwardly oblique below the middle cell spot, well separated 
from each other; a discal band of seven spots, the first four conjoined, outwardly 
oblique, the second and fourth a little outwards, the fifth inwards, its upper outer end 
almost touching the lower inner end of the fourth, and joined to the sixth outwardly 
obliquely, the seventh similarly inwards and similarly oblique, with a small mark 
attached to its lower end, the hinder marginal space below and between these spots 
pale. //indwing with four sub-basal spots almost in a line, the fourth being a little 
inwards, followed by three slightly larger oval spots in a line, the third of irregular 
shape, an outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, with a small spot attached to 
its lower end, a discal series of eight spots, the first two below the costa, the lower ends 


AMBLYPODIINEA. 177 


of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal bar and the third spot, this 
conjoined with the other four spots in an outward curve, the fourth and sixth shifted 
outwards, the seventh angular as usual, both wings with a brown marginal line, a sub- 
marginal, somewhat lunular band, and between them a series of smaller lunular 
marks. 

Female. Upperside brighter blue, and paler. orewing with a black spot at the 
end of the cell running into the broad black costal band which widens gradually from 
the base, is very broad at the apex and is continued broadly and evenly down the outer 
margin. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin very broadly black. Underside 
as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DistripuTion.—The type, a male, is marked India, which probably means Maulmein, 
both sexes are in the B. M. from Tavoy Valley, collected by Bingham, they correspond 
exactly with the type, and are herein described and figured. 


ARHOPALA HEWITSONI. 
Plate 681, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 


Arhopala hewitsoni, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 132, pl. 3, fig. 9, $; pl. 5, figs. 23, 
23a (genitalia). z 

Amblypodia atrax, Hewitson (part), p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 80, 82, ?. 

Satadra atrax, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. 

Arhopala atrax, de Nicéville (nec Hewitson), Butt. of India, iii. p. 246 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1892, p. 630. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Betham, id. p. 181. 
Watson, id. 1897, p. 662. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 382. Hannyngton, id. 1910, 
p. 366. 

Arhopala (Amblypodia) atrax, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull lilac colour. J vrewing, costal band blackish, 
narrow, outer marginal blackish band rather broad, even in width. MHindwing nearly 
all blackish-brown tinged with lilac, with a lilac-blue patch in the cell space ; filamen- 
tous tail of moderate length, brown tipped with white. Cilia white, with a brown base. 
Underside greyish-brown, markings a little darker than the ground colour, with pale 
whitish edges. Forewing with three spots, all sometimes more or less elongated, 
increasing in size outwards, near the base of the cell, in the middle and at the end, the 
last closing the cell, an outwardly oblique spot below the last two cell spots, a spot some- 
what elongated hindwards in the next lower interspace, and a small round spot above 
the middle of the two outer cell spots; a slightly outwardly curved, discal, even band 
of six conjoined spots followed by a disconnected spot; a marginal pale brown line, a 
sub-marginal band of rather thick lunular marks, and between them a band of paler 

VOL. VIII. 2A 


178 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


marks ; the lower portion of the wing pale in colour. Hindwing with the markings 
more indistinct; four sub-basal spots, followed by three similar spots, a lunular mark 
at the end of the cell, with two other lunular marks a little inwards connected with its 
lower end, an irregular discal band of eight spots, the first two from the costa and the 
seventh shifted a little inside the others, the eighth being a round spot a little more 
inwards on the abdominal margin ; the terminal line and sub-terminal series as in the 
forewing, anal lobe small, containing a black spot, capped narrowly with white, and 
some whitish and metallic blue scales at the ends of the three lowest interspaces ; 
indications of an anteciliary whitish line on both wings, plainest on the hindwing. 

Female. Upperside. orewing with the lilac colour brighter, the costal blackish- 
brown border very broad, a black spot at the end of the cell merged in it, the outer 
margin broadly suffused with blackish-brown, leaving the discal, medial, and sub-medial 
portions lilac-blue. Hindwing uniformly brown, but often with a lilac tint. Under- 
side as in the male. Antenne black; palpi black above, white beneath ; head and 
body concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, $ 2 144, to 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—India, Burma. 

Distripution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Orissa,-Chota Nagpur, Dehra Dun, 
Bholahat, in the Malda District, Sikkim, Jalpaiguri, Calcutta, Nilgiris (lower slopes) ; 
by Elwes from Bernardmyo, by Betham from the Central Provinces, by Watson from 
Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, by Mackinnon and de Nicéyille from Mussuri, by 
Manders from the Shan States, by Hannyngton from Kumaon. We took it at Pach- 
mari, a small hill-station near Poona, and it is in our collection from Simla and Ranchi. 

Nore.—This species has hitherto passed as A. atrax, Hewitson, in Indian collections. 
Hewitson described two species as male and female, he figured the female only ; this 
latter, a commoner furm, Bethune-Baker has described as hewitsoni ; we have examples 
of both sexes, it is no doubt quite distinct from Hewitson’s male atrax, of which there 
are examples of both sexes from Burma in the B. M. 


ARHOPALA AGRATA. 
Plate 681, figs. 3, g, 3a, ¢. 


Arhopala agrata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 251, footnote ; frontispiece, fig. 137, ¢ (1890). 
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1892, p. 632. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 123. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings extremely deep purple, almost black, of the 
exact shade of A. teesta, mihi, Cilia black. Hindwing with the abdominal margin pale. 
Underside, both wings dull brown, all the markings very indistinct, but very slightly darker 
than the ground, outlined obscurely with grey, orewing with the usual three spots in 


AMBLYPODIIN. 179 


the cell, two below it divided by the first median nervule, the discal band composed of five 
spots, the two lowest shifted inwards below the third median nervule. Hindiing with 
the usual bands and spots; the black anal lobe very small, with some metallic blue 
irrorations beyond ; tail probably of the usual length, but mutilated in my specimens, 
a portion of the base alone remaining ; is not closely allied to any species as far-as I am 
aware. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, $ 158; inches. 

Hasirat.—Singapore, Burma. 

We have not seen this species; the type from Singapore is in the Rafiles 
Museum, Singapore; the Burman examples in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; the 
female is not known; the figures are copies of de Nicéville’s figure. 


ARHOPALA ALEA. 
Plate 681, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, ¢. 


Amblypodia alea, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 12, pl. 7, figs. 79, 81, ¢ (1862). 

Satadra alea, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 38. 

Arhopala alea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 246 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 133. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings violet-blue. Forewing with the outer 
margin rather broad. JZindwing with the margins as broad as in the females of other 
species. Underside, both wings brown tinted with lilac. /orewing with the transverse 
band long and narrow, slightly curved. Hindwing with the band broken, ill-defined ; 
the anal angle irrorated with white. (Hewitson.) 

Hasirat.—India. 

Described from a specimen in the B. M. which is now lost; our figures are copies 
of Hewitson’s figures, 


ARHOPALA OPALINA. 
Plate 682, figs. 1, g, la, g. 


Nilasera opalina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 531, pl. 49, fig. 1, ¢. 
Arhopala opalina, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 257 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc, 1903, p. 51. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale violet-blue. Forewing with fine black costal and 
outer marginal line; the ground colour shading darker towards the costa and apex, a 
small space at the end of the cell whitish, with a grey spot in it at the cell end. 
Hindwing with the costal space narrowly blackish and a fine black line on the outer 
margin, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, black at its base. Underside pale 
chocolate-brown with a lilacine tint, markings dark brown with white edges. 
Forewing with three bars in the cell, increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique 

2A 2 


180 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


spot below the middle of the last two, another in the next lower interspace below the 
middle cell spot, the hinder marginal space beyond this whitish ; a discal series of six 
spots, the first inwards on the costa, very small, the next three outwardly oblique, the 
fifth a little inwards, the sixth under it a little inwardly oblique, a small dot under it, a 
sub-marginal band of thick conjoined spots. /Zimdwing with four sub-basal small 
spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, a bar at the end 
of the cell, a spot between the lower outer end of the bar and the third spot of the 
second series, touching both, a discal series of eight spots in four pairs in a nearly even 
outward curve, the fifth a little inwards, a sub-marginal series of conjoined lunules, 
black marginal line with inner white thread, with small lunular marks attached, the 
four nearest the anal angle black on a whitish ground. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam. 

DistRIBuTION.—The type came from the Khasia Hills, it is unique, and is in the 
B. M., it must be very rare, though we have received many thousands of Lyceenide 
from that locality, we have never received an example, our description and figures are 
from Moore’s type. 


ARHOPALA AIDA. 
Plate 682, figs. 2, g, 2a, g. 


Arhopala aida, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 168, pl. A, fig. 1, g. Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 64. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings shining bluish-purple of exactly the same 
tint as in A. selta, Hewitson, and A. rafflesii, mihi. Forewing with the outer margin 
broadly black (a little broader than in A. s-lta). JTindwing with the outer black 
margin even, as broad as on the forewing, the costa more broadly black. Underside, 
both wings are purplish-brown, strongly glossed with purple, all the markings 
prominent, a little darker than the ground colour, outwardly narrowly and clearly 
defined with whitish. orewing with the inner margin broadly paler; an oval spot 
near the base of the cell, an oblong one at its middle, with a costal spot above it; a 
quadrate spot closing the cell, also with a costal spot above it; a discal macular band 
dislocated below the third medial nervule, the fourth spot nearer the margin, the two 
spots which follow further removed from the margin, a large quadrate spot in 
continuation in the sub-median interspace, a pair of sub-marginal fasciz, but more 
prominent than usual. Hindwing with the usual basal annular spots, a spot closing 
the cell, a discal band formed of spots arranged more or less in pairs, the usual 
marginal lunular fascize ; the small anal lobe black, a small black spot im the first 


median interspace on the margin, the space between this spot and the anal angle 
sprinkled with metallic green scales. 


AMBLYPODIINA 181 


Female. Upperside, both wings of a lighter, more bluish shade than in the male, 
the outer margins much broader, otherwise as in the male. Described from a single 
male (the type) captured by Major C. T. Bingham on the Pegu Yoma, Burma, in 
December, 1887, and two males and a female captured by Mr. W. Doherty at Mergui 
and in the Tenasserim Valley in the cold season of 1888-89. One of these males 
differs slightly from the type in having all the markings of the underside rather larger 
and darker and consequently more prominent. 

Expanse of wings, f 14%, 14% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Mergui. (de Nicéville.) 

We have not seen this species, the types are in the Indian Museum, Calcutta ; our 
figures are copies of de Nicéville’s figure. 


ARHOPALA BASIVIRIDIS. 
Plate 682, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Arhopala basiviridis, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 373, pl. G, fig. 22, g. 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 108, pl. 2, fig. 27, g; pl. 5, figs. 15, 15a (genitalia). 
Arhopala horsfieldi, H. H. Druce (nec Pagenstecher), Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 591. 
Arrhopala horsfieldi, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 467. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing with very broad black margins, the inner 
portion, including the cell, and two-thirds of the lower area from the base, brillant 
metallic green, the hinder margin narrowly black. Hindwing all black except the cell 
and a little above it, and two or three streaks below it, which are brilliant metallic 
green; abdominal fold greyish. Cilia black, tail rather long, narrow, and tapering, 
black, tipped with white. Underside rich chocolate-brown, spots darker brown, pale 
edged. Jvrewing with three sub-quadrate spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards ; 
an outwardly oblique spot below the end spot, another in the next lower interspace 
below the centre cell spot, and indications of a spot immediately below the sub-basal 
cell spot ; a discal band of eight spots, the first four conjoined in an outwardly oblique 
line from the costa, the other four also conjoined in a straight line down the wing, the 
outer upper end touching lower inner end of the fourth spot. Hindwing with four 
sub-hasal spots, the upper three in a line, the fourth inwards against the abdominal 
margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the lowest somewhat bottle-shaped, a 
long bar with sinuous edges at the end of the cell, somewhat extended upwards and 
hindwards, a discal band of eight spots with its lower extremity well curved inwards, on 
to the abdominal margin, the second spot from the costa small and partly disconnected, 
all the others conjoined, the last but one curved as usual, terminal line of both wings 
brown, with inner pale line, a double series of sub-terminal spots ; a largish black anal 
spot, a small sub-terminal black mark in each of the two following interspaces, all 


182 LEPILOPTERA INTICA. 


three capped with metallic blue-green scales ; abdomen ochreous-white on the underside. 
Antenne black; frons with a white stripe on each side. 

Female. Upperside pale violet-blue, shining in certain lights, both wings with 
broad costal and outer marginal blackish borders, broadest at the apex of forewing, the 
outer marginal band on the hindwing narrowing hindwards. Underside asin the male. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 148; to 135 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

DisrriBution.—The type came from Johore in the Malay Peninsula; it is in the 
Druce coll. (from which our description and figures are taken) from Bankasoon and 
Meetan, Burma ; Druce records it from Borneo, and we have it from Perak. 


ARHOPALA MIRABELLA. 
Plate 682, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, g. 


Arhopala mirabella, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 420. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. 
Soc. 1903, p. 61. 


Imaco.—Male. Above bright violet-blue, dull violet in some lights, over fully 
five-sixths of the forewing, the marginal black band moderate and nearly equal on 
both wings; below bright fuscous, glossed with pale violet, the markings large, 
numerous, distinct and crowded, consisting of deep brown spots, paler in the middle, 
set in distinct violet-white rings or parenthetic lines. /orewing with the three usual 
cell spots large, a double series of costal marks, the transverse band much broken, the 
spot in the lower radial space (the fourth) extended, no distinct marks below the cell, 
two sub-marginal violet-whitish lines, the inner lunular, the outer straight, obscure. 
TTindwing with the basal spots annular, the basal-costal one obsolescent, the transverse 
discal band with only the first pair of spots continuous (the second touching the 
terminal cell spot which is large, parenthetic), the others irregular, the third dislocated 
outwardly, the fifth inwardly ; two sub-marginal lunular lines, the anal angle with 
three small black spots, bordered with metallic green, behind which is a narrow 
irrorated whitish fascia. 

Female. With the blue somewhat paler and covering only half the forewing and 
the hindwing from the costal vein (basally) to the upper sub-costal, almost to the 
sub-median, the dark border rather wide; both sexes have a slender tail, tipped with 
white, and a small distinct lobe. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14 inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

DistripuTion.—A male from Mergui and a female from Myitta. 

Nearest to A. aliteus, Hewitson, from Celebes, but seems to be darker below, 
with a broad black border above: from achelous, Hewitson, it also differs in the broader 


AMBLYPODIIN 4. 183 


black border, and the apex of the hindwing below is not lilac, the blue above seems 
also darker and richer; from aida, de Nicéville, it differs in the strong violet gloss and 
the large and crowded annulations, occupying most of the cell of the forewing and 
extending thence nearly to the costa on the underside; the upperside is very similar ; 
the figure of A. mirahella was omitted by accident. 

We have found both sexes in the B. M., standing unnamed, they came from the 
late Colonel Bingham’s collection, the male is from Mergui and the female from 
Tenasserim, and we figure them both; they are probably Doherty’s types, and 
correspond in description and locality. 


ARHOPALA SUBFASCIATA. 
Plate 683, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 2. 


Nilasera subfasciata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 532, pl. 49, fig. 2. 
Arhopala subfasciata, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 418. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 260 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 80. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale cobalt-blue, with a slight purplish tint. Forewing 
with the costal and outer marginal bands narrowly black, broadest at the apex. /7indwing 
with a similar but somewhat paler outer marginal band, abdominal fold whitish, tail 
blackish. Underside chocolate-brown, bands and spots rather darker than the ground 
colour, edged with white. vrewiny with the entire space below the median vein pale ; 
somewhat whitish ; a rather large, round, sub-basal spot in the cell, a bar across the 
middle, and another, a little larger, at the end; an outwardly oblique spot below the 
middle of the outer cell spots, with its lower end rounded, a somewhat square spot 
attached to its inner edge in the next lower interspace, a discal almost erect band of 
six square conjoined spots, the uppermost one near the costa small, the second and 
fourth with small, round, inner protrusions, the fifth a little outwardly placed, a small 
round spot below the sixth; a sub-marginal series of small lunular marks. /Zindwing 
with a white smear right across the upper part of the wing, four sub-basal spots, 
followed by four similar spots, a bottle-shaped spot at the end of the cell, four or five 
small spots between it and the costa, a large distorted spot attached below the 
discoidal spot, a discal, outwardly curved distorted series of seven spots, a large 
blackish sub-terminal spot in the first interspace, a small anal spot, a larger and paler 
spot between, all sparsely sprinkled with metallic blue scales and inwardly edged by a 
whitish line which becomes more or less obscure as it runs up inside the margin. 

Female, like the male above and below, the black marginal bands broader on 
the upperside. Antennz black; head and body concolorous with the wings above and 
below, 

Expanse of wings, $ 14% to 1485, ? 13%5 inches, 


184 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Hasirat.—Burma. 
DistripuTion.—The type came from Tavoy, de Nicéville records it from Beeling 
and Myitta in the Tenasserim Valley, we have it from Ataran. 


ARHOPALA ALBOPUNCTATA. 
Plate 683, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 


Amblypodia albopunctata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 14¢, pl. 3b, figs. 43, 44, g (1869). 

Narathura albopunctata, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. 

Arhopala albopunctata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 261, frontispiece, fig. 126, 9 (1890). 
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 60. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic light blue, almost morpho-blue. Forewing 
with the costal line narrowly black, a well defined apical and outer marginal black 
border broad at the apex, narrowing on the costa till about a third from the apex, and 
narrowing hindwards on the outer margin, its Inner margin being circular and well 
defined. Cilia brown. indwing with the costal space pale and somewhat greyish, 
outer marginal line black, tail black, short ; a black sub-terminal lunular mark in the 
interspaces on each side of it. Cilia greyish-rufous, with a black spot in it at the anal 
angle; abdominal fold greyish. Underside rich chocolate-brown, markings white. 
Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, six lines in pairs crossing the 
cell; the four first parallel with each other; of the outer two, one is just inside the end 
aud the other outside, their lower ends encircling towards each other, the third line has 
a spot above it, the fourth, fifth and sixth two, and there are two spots, in the space 
between the last mentioned four spots, there are four series of linear marks right across 
the outer portion of the wing and two linear marks below the fourth and fifth cell 
lines, all these marks cover the whole of the dark portion of the wing at almost equal 
distances apart, except the terminal and sub-terminal series which are paler than the 
others and are closer together. /indwing with three rather prominent sub-costal spots 
larger than the others, three small sub-basal spots, a pair of irregular lines across the 
middle of the cell and two similar ones at the end, and apparently six irregular 
outwardly curved series of short lines, some of which are little more than spots in pairs 
covering the whole surface of the wing and very difficult to describe ; a sub-marginal 
series of lunular marks, a small black anal spot, and two larger, somewhat lunular 
black sub-terminal marks in the next two interspaces outwardly edged by a white line 
and capped with metallic blue scales. Cilia grey, with whitish tips. Antennz black ; 
head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. 

Female. Upperside duller in colour than the male. Forewing with the black 
costal line and apical black band broader. //indwing with indistinct sub-terminal, 
blackish, lunular marks as in the male. 


co 


AMBLYPODIIN. 185 


Expanse of wings, S ? 13° to 1% inches. 

Hasitat.—Burma. 

DistTRIBUTION.—Elwes records it from the Karen Hills; de Nicéville says, in the 
Phayre Museum, Rangoon, there is also a female taken at Mergui in August ; Anderson 
obtained it at Mergui in November and December, at Pataw Island in January, and on 
Sullivan Island also in January ; Bingham took it on the Donat Range in April, and at 
Thoungyin in March and December ; the type came from Maulmein ; we have both sexes 
from the Ataran Valley, and it is in the B. M. also from Tavoy, Tenasserim, and 


the Hawndraw Valley. 


ARHOPALA ALESIA. 
Plate 683, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. 


Arhopala alesia, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 235, pl. 29, fig. 18 (1864). Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 102. 

Nilasera wimberleyi, de Niceville, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 462, pl. 40, fig. 4, 2. 

Arhopala wimberleyi, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 258 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, brilliant blue. Forewing with broad black costal 
band which gradually widens to the apex and runs broadly down the outer margin. 
Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal bands broadly and evenly black, 
abdominal fold dark grey, almost blackish ; a fine filamentous tail at the end of vein 2, 
black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings black, tipped with white on the hinder 
part of the hindwing. Underside chocolate-grey, markings dark chocolate-brown with 
whitish edges. orewing with the base, the entire cell, and the costal space above, up 
to the discal band suffused with chocolate-brown, three oval spots in the cell, slightly 
increasing in size outwards, an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two 
outer cell spots, with an erect spot in the next lower interspace, its upper part attached 
to the other spot in an angular form, a discal nearly straight band of six spots slightly 
divided by the veins, the upper one small, the next three the largest, their outer ends 
consequently protruding slightly outwards, a sub-marginal macular band, a dark and 
pale shade between the two bands, terminal line brown, the space between it and 
the sub-terminal band pale greyish, with a series of small lunular marks. Lindwing 
with a costal spot at the base, four sub-costal spots rather large, and consequently close 
together, the fourth inwards on the abdominal margin, followed by three slightly 
larger spots in a line, the third irregular in shape, a pale curved bar with brown edges 
at the end of the cell, all the outer spots with pale interiors, a discal series of eight 
spots, the lower ends of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal bar and 
upper inner end of the third spot, the fourth below the third and joined to it, the fifth 
and sixth joined together, both in curves and well separated from the fourth, the 
seventh small and round, attached to the inner end of the sixth and well inwards, the 


VOL. VIII. 2B 


186 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


eighth inwards and upwards, a sub-marginal series of conjoined, angulated lunules and 
brown terminal line, the entire wing, with the exception of a pale patch on the costa 
near the apex and another at the middle, more or less suffused with chocolate-brown 
and variegated with dark marks. 

Female, coloured and marked like the male above and below, but the blue colour 
above is somewhat paler. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 1455 to 14% inches. 

Hapirat.—Andamans, Philippines, Burma. 

Distripution.—Felder’s type male came from Luzon, de Nicéville’s type from 
Port Blair and is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we have not been able to get it for 
examination, but Bethune-Baker received it from de Nicéville and makes it a synonym 
to Felder’s species, and indeed de Nicéville’s excellent figure is sufficient evidence of its 
identity ; our female figure is from an example from Luzon, in coll. Druce. 


ARHOPALA DAMA, nov. 
Plate 683, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 9, 4b, $. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark lilac-blue, glistening in certain lights. ore- 
wing with the costa narrowly black, outer marginal black band a little broader and 
even, very slightly increased at the apex. Hindwing with the costal space black, outer 
margin as on the forewing, abdominal fold blackish-grey, tail black, tipped with white, 
outer margin evenly rounded, anal lobe quite small, a black spot on it with its fringe 
white. Cilia black, tipped with pale ochreous-grey. Underside rather pale ochreous- 
brown, markings a little darker than the ground colour, edged with ochreous-white. 
Forewing with a small sub-basal oval spot in the cell, a larger one in the middle, a 
squarish spot at the end, with a small square spot attached to its upper side, a smaller 
square spot above it near the costa, and an annular small sub-costal spot above the 
centre cell spot, an outwardly oblique spot below the end cell spot, another in the next 
lower interspace attached to it in an angular form, a discal series of six conjoined 
squarish spots in a slight outward curve, the first the smallest and a little inwards on 
the costa, the fourth shifted well outwards, a small disconnected spot below the sixth, 
the wing space below them pale. Hindwing with four sub-basal spots, the third a 
little outwards, the fourth inwards on the abdominal margin, followed by three some- 
what larger spots in a line, the first two oval, the third angular; a curved bar with a 
pale line in it, at the end of the cell, a small spot attached to its lower inner end, a 
discal series of eight somewhat square spots, the first six conjomed and in pairs, the 
lower ends of the second touching the upper ends of the discoidal bar and the third 
discal spot, the fourth a little outwards, the fifth half way imwards, the sixth rather 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 187 


elongated, the seventh angular, the eighth squarish, both disconnected, both wings with 
a marginal brown line and an inner pale line, a sub-marginal band of lunules more 
pronounced on the hindwing, three black anal spots, the first capped with a few metallic 
blue scales, the others with a mass of similar scales almost obliterating them. 

Female. Upperside paler and somewhat duller than the male. /orewing with a 
broad apical black band which narrows on the costa towards the base and down the 
outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin evenly and 
narrowly black. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2 158; inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

Described and figured from a pair in the B. M. from Bingham’s collection, taken 
in Mergui Island in April, 1893. 


ARHOPALA ADOREA. 
Plate 684, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Arhopala adorea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 238, frontispiece, fig. 139, g (1890). Swinhoe, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 299. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 67. 
Arrhopala adorea, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside deep purplish-blue. orewing with the costal and 
outer marginal line black. /7indwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer 
marginal line black, the abdominal fold pale; the small anal lobe black, with a whitish 
spot on its upper side, tail long, rather narrow, black, tipped with white. Cilia black. 
Underside, chocolate-brown, spots and bands darker brown, pale-edged, a roundish sub- 
basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, 
and above this is a small round spot on the costa, below it is an outwardly oblique spot, 
and a spot, well separated from it, in the next lower interspace, also outwardly oblique 
below the middle cell spot, a fairly uniform discal band of six conjoined spots from the 
costa to vein 2, with a disconnected small spot below it a little inwards. Hindwing 
with four small sub-basal spots, the third a little outwards, two or three small indistinct 
basal spots, three spots in a line following the sub-basal spots, the lowest triangular, a 
large, curved spot at the end of the cell, and an outwardly curved irregular discal band 
of eight spots; the first two conjoined, one above the other, the lower, inner end of the 
second touching the upper outer end of the discoidal spot, the third, fourth, fifth and 
sixth spots conjoined, the fifth shifted inwards, the seventh in a deep curve inwards 
joined to the eighth which is long and ends the curve of the series on the abdominal 
margin close to the fourth spot of the sub-basal series, marginal line of both wings 
brown, with a pale inner line, a sub-marginal series of conjoined spots, a large black anal 
spot, a small narrow, lunular, black sub-terminal mark in each of the next two inter- 
spaces, all three capped with metallic blue-green scales. Apex of forewing blunt. 

2B 2? 


188 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Antenne black, frons with a white stripe on each side; head and body above and below 
concolorous with the wings, except the abdomen, which is ochreous-white beneath. 
Cilia black, tipped with white. 

Female. Upperside paler than the male, with a violet tint. Forewing with the 
costa very broadly blackish, the outer margin narrowly so. Hindwing with a broad 
blackish costal space, and narrow outer marginal band. Anal lobe as in the male, the 
white spot capping the black one larger, and sometimes a small white spot at the root 
of the tail and two minute white dots in the cilia between the two white spots. Under- 
side as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. 

Distripution.—It is in the Druce collection from Kina Balu, Borneo ; the types 
came from Singapore, de Nicéville records it from Tenasserim, Sikkim and the 
Khasia Hills, Bethune-Baker from Malacca and Sumatra, and it is in the B. M. also from 
the Ataran and the Yoonyalin Valley. 


ARHOPALA ATOSIA. 
Plate 684, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 


Amblypodia atosia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 9, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9, 9 (1863). Druce, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. 

Arhopala atosia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 241, frontispiece, fig. 138, ¢ (1890). Elwes, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. H. H. Druce, id. 1895, p. 589. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. 
Soe. 1903, p. 87. 

Narathura atosia, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 265, pl. 23, figs. 6, ¢; 5, 2 (1885). 

Arrhopala atosia, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 465. 

Amblypodia aricia, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 124, pl. i. fig. 15. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue, with a large patch of differently 
arranged scales in the centre of the forewing, showing darkly through in certain lights, 
but not altering the colour of the wing. /vrewing with the costal and outer marginal 
lines black. Hindwing with the costa broadly black, and an outer marginal black line, 
tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings brown, with whitish tips. Under- 
side dark greyish-brown, markings slightly darker than the ground colour, with 
pale edgings. Forewing with the hinder marginal area broadly pale, an oval sub- 
basal spot in the cell, a larger similar spot in the middle and a still larger sub-quadrate 
spot at the end ; an oblique spot below the middle of the two outer spots, and an erect 
spot in the interspace below, its outer upper end touching the lower end of the 
oblique spot, a small sub-costal spot above each of the two outer cell spots, a discal 
band of seven spots, the uppermost one small, the second outwards attached to the third 
and fourth in an outwardly oblique line, the fourth being shifted somewhat outwards, 


AMBLYPODIIN. 189 


the fifth and sixth in a line from the inner part of the fourth, the seventh spot out- 
wardly oblique, a little inwards and smaller than the others. //indwing with four 
sub-basal spots, the third a very little outwards, the fourth well inwards, close to the 
abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the upper two somewhat 
oval, the third of irregular shape, a sub-quadrate spot at the end of the cell, with a 
smaller spot attached to its inner, lower end; a discal series of eight spots, the upper 
two one above the other, the inner, lower end of the second touching the upper, outer 
end of the discoidal spot, the third spot of the discal series is placed outwards, its upper, 
inner end just touching the lower, outer end of the second, the fourth a little more 
outwards, the fifth and sixth inwards one above the other, all the above are attached to 
each other, the seventh spot is angular and is detached and well inwards, and with the 
eighth, which is more or less square and is much inwards and near the abdominal margin, 
form a well turned curve to the series ; both wings with sub-terminal spots, more or 
less lunular, a terminal brown line, edged inwardly by a whitish line ; a black anal spot, 
black lunular sub-terminal marks in the two next interspaces, capped with metallic 
blue-green scales. 

Female. Upperside pale violet. Forewing with a black costal band suddenly 
expanding from the middle, the band very broad at the apex and running very broadly 
down the outer margin. /indwing with the costa broadly black, the outer margin 
with a moderately broad black band. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1435 to 14% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. 

Disrripution.—The type came from Sumatra, we have it from Borneo, de Nicéville 
records it from Singapore, Mergui and Tenasserim, Elwes from Eastern Pegu, and it is 
in the B. M. also from the Yé Valley. 

It closely resembles A. epimuta, Moore, but that species has no tails. 


ARHOPALA DIAS. 
Plate 684, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. 
Amblypodia zdias, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 36, g (1862); id. Il. Diurn. Lep. Lyc. 
p. 7 (1865). 
Arhopala xdias, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 124, pl. 3, fig. 4, ¢. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside pale lilac-blue, metallic in certain lights, the blue 
colour with a dark shading towards the margins making the wings look in certain lights 
as if they had broad marginal bands of a pale lilac colour, costal and outer marginal 
lines black, tails long, black, tipped with white, abdominal fold grey, a black anal spot 
with a small white spot on its fringe. Cilia blackish, with white tips on each side of 
the tails. Underside pale chestnut-brown, markings slightly darker brown with 


190 LEPIDGPTERA INDICA. 


pale, somewhat ochreous edges. J orewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger 
oval spot in the middle, and a still larger somewhat square spot at the end, two smaller 
spots above the cell, one over the end spot and the other inwards, an outwardly oblique 
spot below the discoidal spot, and another also outwardly oblique spot in the next lower 
interspace below the middle cell spot, well separated from each other, a discal series of 
six conjoined spots, the first small, the second and third outwardly oblique, the fourth 
outwards, the fifth and sixth from the inner side of the fourth, also slightly outwardly 
oblique, a small disconnected spot below the sixth; the outer half of the hinder 
marginal space paler than the rest of the wing. //indwing with four sub-basal spots, 
the fourth a little inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third somewhat 
bottle-shaped, a curved bar at the end of the cell, with a small spot attached below it, 
touching also the bottle-shaped spot, a discal series of eight spots in an almost even 
curve, the second slightly disconnected from the third, the fifth inwards, the seventh in 
a curve a little inside the sixth ; marginal line of both wings brown, with a pale inner 
line, a sub-marginal series of lunular marks, large on the hindwing, and between them a 
series of small lunular marks. 

Female. Upperside pale lilac-purple, darker than the male and of a very different 
and peculiar colour. Forewing with a costal black band commencing narrowly at the 
base and broadening rapidly from the middle to the apex, where it is very broad and 
running narrowly down the outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space broadly 
blackish, the outer margin with a narrow, even black band. Underside as m the 
male, but the spots darker and more pronounced. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 2 inches. 

Hapirar.—Burma, Java. 

Distripution.—The type male, which is in the B. M., came from Java ; there are a 
pair in the B. M. (which we figure), collected by Bingham in the Yé Valley, Burma, 
one from the Donat Range, and one from Tenasserim. 


ARHOPALA KHAMTI. 
Plate 685, figs. 1, g, la, ¢. 


Arhopala khampti, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 32, pl. fig. 5, ¢. Elwes, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1892, p. 630. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 129. 


Imaco.—Male. Near A. wnea, Hewitson, differing in the dark dull indigo-blue of 
the upperside and the darker shade of the underside, with the terminal cell spot remote 
from that on the lower median space of the forewing. Hindwing with a large sub-anal 
ocellus bordered with metallic green, which extends to the lower median vein, a dark 
spot edged with whitish on the lower median space ; lobe and tail large. (Doherty.) 

Female, unknown. 


AMBLYPODIIN. 191 


Expanse of wings, $ 2 inches, 
Hasirat.—Margherita, Upper Assam. 
We have not seen this species, but have copied Doherty’s figure and description. 


ARHOPALA GNEA. 
Plate 685, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ?. 


Amblypodia «nea, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14e, pl. 3c, fig. 55, g¢ (1869). 
Arhopala cenea, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 243 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 130, pl. 5, figs. 21, 21a (genitalia). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue, costal and outer marginal bands 
narrowly black. Cilia blackish, edged with whitish ; a very fine, rather long filamentous 
tail at the end of vein 2 of the hindwing, black, tipped with white ; a small anal lobe. 
Underside clear ochre-brown, all the markings very obscure. Forewing. In some 
examples none of the markings are visible except some faint indications of a nearly 
straight discal band of conjoined spots very slightly darker than the ground colour, in 
others there are indications of a small spot near the base of the cell, a larger transverse 
one in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, a narrow discal band and a sub- 
marginal band. Hindwing with a blackish sub-costal spot near the base and indications 
of the three cell spots as in the forewing and discal and sub-terminal bands. 

Female. Upperside much paler violet-blue. Forewing with very broad costal and 
outer marginal black bands, and a black spot at the end of the cell touching the costal 
band. Hindwing nearly all black, some slight blue colour in and about the cell, varying 
in extent in different examples. Underside like the male. Antenne black ; palpi 
black above, grey beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1}°5 to 14%; inches. 

GENITALIA.— With the tegumen excavated and open at the apex, and the hooks 
jointed at the elbow are from that point long and slender ; the clasps are very deep, 
_ excavated at the tips, forming a sort of jaw, the upper part of which is resolved imto a 
long, curved, sharp hook. The penis is long and slender. 

Hapirat.—Sikkim, Assam. 

DisTRIBUTION.—We have it from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills ; the species is 
local, but not uncommon where it occurs; it is in the B. M. also from Mussuri and 
Bhutan. 


ARHOPALA ABSEHUS. 
Plate 685, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, 9. 


Amblypodia abseus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 41, 42, 9 (1862) ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. 
Lye. p. 10 (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353. , 


192 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Satadra abseus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 


Arhopala abseus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 242 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
1891, p. 47, and 1897, p. 662. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 629. Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 112. 


Arhopala amphea, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. p. 234, pl. 29, fig. 19 (1865). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1895, p. 589. de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 46d. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark bright blue, veins more or less black. Forewing 
with broad black borders, gradually widening from the base of the costa to the apex of 
the wing, down the outer margin curving and broadening slightly at the hinder angle. 
ITindwing with the costal and outer marginal black band also broad and of a fairly 
uniform breadth, the black colour running as broadly up the abdominal margin ; a 
rather long filamentous tail, black tipped with white, at the end of vein 2, and short 
black projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3. Costa highly arched at base, then 
nearly straight to the apex, which is sub-acute, outer margin evenly rounded, except for 
the projections mentioned. Cilia black, with white tips towards the apices of both 
wings. Underside. J rewing with the ground colour shining pinkish-grey, the basal 
and upper half of the wing suffused with dark pinkish-brown, paling somewhat 
outwardly, markings darker brown, edged with whitish, two round spots of nearly 
equal size inside the cell, and two paler ones below them, a band of conjoined square 
spots from the costa, increasing in size hindwards, crossing the end of the cell to 
vein 2, the band containing two or three small projections on each side, a discal similar 
band of five conjoined spots from the costa to vein 3, the fourth spot the largest, its 
outer end projecting a little outwards, the band continued by two paler and narrower 
brown marks in the next two interspaces; terminal line blackish, a sub-terminal series 
of blackish lunules, the three middle ones most prominent, and between the line and 
the sub-terminal series is a darker line of conjoined lunular marks. /Tindwing nearly 
entirely suffused with dark pinkish-brown, a whitish mark on the middle of the costa, a 
sub-basal row of five conjoined spots, the four lower ones round, closely followed by a 
row of four round spots, the last one touching the fourth spot of the first row, an 
irregular, outwardly curved discal band, dislocated hindwards and obscured upwards by 
the white mark on the middle of the costa, followed by an irregular extra discal narrow 
band ; terminal line blackish, a sub-terminal series of indistinct pale brown lunular 
marks, a large narrow sub-terminal black spot in interspace 3, and a round one at the 
anal angle, both capped with metallic blue-green scales. Antenne black ; palpi black 
above, grey beneath ; head and body blackish above, with dark blue pubescence, thorax 
brown beneath, abdomen grey. 

Female, like the male above and beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13’5 to 1335 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Sylhet, Sikkim, Burma, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra. 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 193 


DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from Sylhet, Elwes records it from E. Peou, 
Watson from Chin Lushai and the Chin Hills, and it is in our collection also from the 
same locality, from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills; de Nicéville records it from 
King Island, Mergui, Doherty from Tenasserim, Hewitson from Singapore, 
Druce from Borneo and Sumatra, it is in the B. M. also from Chindwin, Tavoy and 
Salween. 


ARHOPALA RAMA. 
Plate 686, figs. 1, $, la, 9, lb, @, le, larva, 1d, pupa. 


Thecla rama, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 412, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, g (1848). 

Amblypodia rama, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 69, 70, 6; 71, 9 (1862). Leech, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 111. 

Panchala rama, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 252. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
p. 126. Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, p. 145. 

Arhopala rama, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 251 (1890). Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 
1891, p. 34. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 47. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, 
id. 1898, p. 382, pl. V, figs. 14a, 14b, larva, 1l4c, 14d, pupa. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 130. Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. 

Arhopala (Amblypodia) rama, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. 

Amblypodia querceti, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C, i. p. 43 (1857), 

Amblypodia violacea, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 6. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple. Forewing, apex pointed, there being a slight 
excavation immediately below it, with very broad costal and outer marginal black 
borders commencing from the middle of the costa, where the black spot at the end of 
the cell runs into it, the band is broadest at the apex and projects inwards a little 
above the hinder angle. Hindwing also with very broad blackish borders, but the 
blackish colour is altogether of a paler shade than the black of the borders of the fore- 
wing, the costal space palest, the outer margin smoothly rounded, a short rather thick 
tail at the end of vein 2, black, tipped with white. Cilia dark grey, darkest on 
forewing, becoming blackish upwards. Underside grey-brown, with a slight pinkish 
tint. Forewing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, markings slightly darker 
than the ground colour, three indistinct cell spots, a small round one near the base, a 
larger oval spot in the middle, and a bar-shaped still larger spot at the end, indications 
of an elongated spot below the last two in the next lower interspace, and another 
mark below this a little inwards, but all very indistinct and difficult to make out; a 
discal, even band of eight conjoined spots, in a very slight outward curve, and a 
sub-terminal series of very indistinct lunular marks, terminal line brown. Hindwing 
with some very indistinct marks on the basal portion, a bar at the end of the cell, a 
sub-costal spot above it and a discal outwardly curved band of conjoined spots ; all the 
markings visible on both wings are slightly tinged with ochreous. 

VOL. VIII. 2cC 


194 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Female. Upperside resembling the male, but paler, the marginal black bands are 
somewhat broader, leaving only the cell space and posterior base purple, the disc paler. 
/Tindwing with the purple interior more restricted. Underside like the male. Antenne 
black ; palpi black above, grey beneath ; head and body concolorous with the wings. 

GENITALIA not unlike those of @nea, Hewitson, but the tegumen hooks are short 
and not elbowed ; the clasps are broader, with the upper part of the jaw pointed, but 
broader. The penis is decidedly shorter. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 144 to 14% inches. 

Larva, feeds on the young leaves of the common oak at Mussuri, Quercus incana, 
Roxb. : of the usual Lyceenid shape, pink, almost hairless, and attended by ants; of the 
colour of milk and water till about half grown, when they become a little greenish- 
blue; just before they turn into pup, they become of a pink colour. The only 
marking is the dorsal stripe, which begins on the third segment, becoming wider to 
about the seventh segment, when it narrows gradually to the eleventh, on which it 
ends. The new leaves of the hill oak are covered with a white tomentum, and these 
larvee le on the inside of the leaves, and, being exactly the same colour as the fluff on 
the leaves, they are very difficult to see. The attending ant is always single, and 
seemed to be occupied in stroking the posterior end of the larva. 

Pura, brown with a pink tinge. (Mackinnon and de Nicéville.) 

Hasirat.—Himalayas, Burma, China. 

Distripution.— Recorded by Moore from Dharmsala, by Doherty from Kumaon 
and Margherita in Upper Assam, by Watson from Chin Lushai, by Mackinnon and 
de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Manders from the Shan States, by de Nicéville from 
the Meplay Valley, Donat Range, and Thoungyin, all in Upper Tenasserim, by Leech 
from Kiukiang, China, and we have it from Sikkim and the Kangra Valley ; Doherty 
says he took it at Ramgarh (7,500 feet) in December, when the ground was powdered 
with snow; it is a common and widely spread species, it is in the B. M. also from 
Landoor, Murree, Thundiani, Tilin Yaw and Sultanpore. 


ARHOPALA DODONGA. 
Plate 686, figs. 2, 6, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 
Amblypodia dodonea, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 43, pl. la, fig. 8 (1857). 
Panchala dodonea, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1882, p. 252. 
Panchala (?) dodonzea, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 364. 
Arhopala dodonxa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 258 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
1890, p. 386. Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 382. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, 
p. 674. Hannyngton, id. 1910, p. 366. 
Arhopala dodonea, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 134, pl. 5, figs. 25, 25a (genitalia). 


Imaco.—Male and Female. Sexes alike. Upperside pale-blue. orewing with a 
pale space in the upper dise, and very broad costal and outer marginal black borders, 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 195 


narrowing somewhat towards the base of the costa, broadest at the apex and at the 
hinder angle; a black spot at the end of the cell merged into the costal band. 
Hindwing with the costa broadly blackish ; the band narrowing somewhat hindwards 
on the outer margin; tail rather broad and of moderate length, blackish, tipped with 
white. Cilia white, with a blackish base; apex of forewing acute, being somewhat 
excavated immediately below it, outer margin sinuous; the outer margin of the 
hindwing nearly smooth, anal lobe small, somewhat pointed. Underside. Lorewing 
greyish-cream colour, markings pale brownish, cell marks somewhat elongated, a small 
one near the base, an outwardly oblique mark in the middle, larger, and a still larger 
mark or narrow bar closing the cell; an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of 
the two outer cell spots, and a suffused larger one inwards on the next lower interspace, 
a rather broad discal compact band of conjoined squarish spots from the costa to vein 1, 
its upper part curving slightly outwards, marginal line pale brown, a sub-marginal 
thin brownish band, and between them indications of a series of paler lunular marks. 
Hindwing with the ground colour uniformly darker, the markings rather indistinct, 
being only indicated by their edgings, which area little darker than the ground colour ; 
three minute indistinct dots near the base, followed by three other similar dots, a thin 
bar at the end of the cell, with some indistinct marks in continuation above and below 
it, a somewhat irregular outwardly curved discal band of eight conjoined squarish 
spots, the two upper ones and the fifth spot a little inwards, marginal line pale 
brownish, a sub-marginal rather acutely angled line, with indications of some pale 
markings between them. Antenne black ; head and body concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 145; to 1485 inches. 

Hasirat.—Western Himalayas. 

Distripution.—de Nicéville says it occursin oak woods from Murree to Naini Tal, 
he also records it from Chin Lushai, Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, Leslie 
and Evans from Chitral, Hannyngton from Kumaon ; we have it from Solon, Simla, and 
it is in the B. M. also from Dana, Narkundah, Ranikhet and Thundiani. 

Norr.—de Nicéville (p. 259) was doubtful as to whether this form was or was not 
a dimorphic female of A. rama, Kollar, all his examples being females; but Bethune- 
Baker says (p. 134), “I have examined several males and mounted dissections of the 
genitalia which show, I think, that the species are quite distinct, though very close, the 
claspers differ somewhat, and all the organs are very much larger and stouter.” 


ARHOPALA COMICA. 
Plate 686, figs. 3, 9, 3a, ?. 
Arhopala comica, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1900, p. 170, pl. E, E, fig. 18, 9. 
; Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 134. 
Imaco.—Female. Upperside. Morewing black, the whole of the disc from the 
202 


196 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


base of the wing to one-fourth from the outer margin and from the sub-costal 
nervure to the inner margin shining purple, the end of the discoidal cell marked with 
a wedge-shaped tooth of the black ground colour. Hindwing reddish-brown, the basal 
area occupying about one-third of the total area of the wing, shining purple, the anal 
lobe reddish, the tail very broad at the base, thence tapering to a fine point, reddish, 
without a white tip. Underside, both wings light reddish-brown, all the markings 
black, of a curious character and unlike any species of the genus known tome. forewing 
with the three usual increasing markings in the cell, and the two outer ones with a spot 
each anterior to them on the costa; two spots below the cell, divided by the first 
median nervule ; a discal highly irregular macular band which is broadest on the costa, 
tapering to a mere dot behind the first median nervule, a very obscure sub-marginal 
fascia. Hindwing with the six usual sub-basal spots, a prominent discal macular fascia 
commencing behind the costal nervule towards the apex of the wing, terminating on 
the middle of the abdominal margin in front of the internal nervure ; beyond this 
is another fascia on the disc, each spot of which is represented by several black dots in 
a ring, the sub-marginal fascia as on the forewing, but even more obscure, no anal 
metallic markings whatever. This very comical-looking species may be an aberration or 
“sport,” but I am at a loss to conjecture of what species it can be an aberration, more 
especially as the shape of the tail with its broad base is very aberrant, on the upperside 
it is coloured and marked as on the same sex of A. alemon, mihi, Journ. Bomb. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. vol. vi., page 371, n. 20, pl. F, figs. 20, male, 21, female (1891), which flies 
with it. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, ? 14% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

Disrripurion.—Described from a single example taken by Major F. B. Longe, R.E., 
on the 12th March, 1898. 

We have not seen this species ; the type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 


SECTION II. 


With tails and with the markings of the underside formed of solid bands and 
mottled variegations. 


ARHOPALA DIARDI. 
Plate 687, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, ¢. 


Amblypodia diardi, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 51, 52, g¢ (1862). Druce, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1874, p. 107. Butler, Trams. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. 

Satadra diardi, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 

Panchala diardi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 272, pl. 23, fig. 14, 2 (1885). 

Arhopala diardi, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 256 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 197 


p- 300. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 113, 
pl. 5, figs. 16, 16a (genitalia). 

Arrhopala diardi, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. 

Amblypodia capeta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 22, pl. 8, figs. 70, 71 (1878). 

Amblypodia viardi, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 130. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purple-blue, costal and outer marginal line very 
finely black. Cilia black, a rather broad pointed tail of moderate length at the end of 
vein 2, black, tipped with white, and short black projections at the ends of veins 1 
and 3. . Underside with the ground colour pale chocolate-grey, bands and spots dark 
chocolate-brown. Morewing with the outer middle portion suffused with darker 
chocolate-greyish-brown, somewhat darker than the ground colour, the basal third from 
the costa to vein 1 dark chocolate-brown, its outer edge outwardly oblique and 
rounded at its lower end, a broad band outwardly oblique and slightly curved from 
the costa, where it is broadly connected with the basal patch, down to vein 2, the 
colour running in to the base of interspace 2 touching the basal patch, this band has a 
slight projection outwards in interspace 3 touching the discal band which rather closely 
follows, and extends from the costa also to vein 2, and is somewhat elbowed in 
interspace 4, these bands are edged with white, and the spaces between them are 
somewhat whitish, and there are several pale brown diffused streaks in the interspaces 
from the outer third to the outer margin, and there is some trace of a whitish suffusion 
near the apex of the wing. Hindwing with a basal, dark chocolate-brown patch, its 
upper end deeply excavated, its lower inner end rounded ; inside the excavation is some 
whitish suffusion, and above the blunt lower end of the patch there are two elongated 
spots touching each other on the costa, and then separating in a A shape with their 
ends rounded ; an inner discal somewhat narrow band from the costa near the apex, 
inwardly oblique to vein 6, then straight down across the end of the cell when it 
becomes dislocated, there being a conical spot filling the base of interspace 2, and from 
its inner end a bar-shaped spot in the next lower interspace; also an outer discal 
narrow band from the costa in a straight line hindwards to vein 2, then straight 
inwards, broadly to the abdominal margin beyond its middle, with some little white 
suffusion at the bend, below the broad band there is another somewhat similar but 
narrower band parallel to it, crossing the anal area of the wing, the space between it 
and the margin being sparsely covered with minute black and bluish-white scales, a 
sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 and a larger round black spot at the anal angle 
with an anteciliary line from the anal angle to the end of vein 2; all the bands and 
spots edged with white. Cilia black, tipped with white. Antenne black ; palpi, head 
and body blackish, abdomen below greyish. 

Female. Upperside violaceous blue. orewing with costal and outer marginal 
broad blackish bands, broadest at the apex, narrowing on the costa towards the base, 


198 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


evenly broad on the outer margin, running narrowly for a short distance up the inner 
margin ; a short thick black bar across the upper end of the cell joining the costal 
band. /Tindwing with the costal space blackish, the outer margin with a fairly broad 
suffused blackish band, abdominal fold grey. Underside paler than the male, the bands 
narrower and consequently well separated, the dark patches at the base of both wings 
are generally only faintly indicated, and on the forewing the discal and post-discal 
bands are wide apart from each other and are not usually in any way connected. 

Expanse of wings, S$ 9 133, to 2 inches. 

GrnITaLia. —The tegumen is very simple with hardly any hood, and the sides very 
broad almost to the juncture with the clasps; the hooks are long, angled almost at 
45° above their centre, and fixed very close to the top of the tegumen ; the clasps are 
small; the penis is rather like that organ in the ewmolphus group, but much shorter, 
not having the internal narrow portion as in that section. 

Hasrrat.—Assam, Naga and Karen Hills, Siam, Penang, Malacca, Singapore, 
Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines. 

Disrripution.—We have received many males from the Khasia Hills, but males 
only; the above description and figures of the male is from one of these examples. 
Elwes records it from the Naga and Karen Hills, Druce from Siam, Moore from Penang, 
Butler from Malacca, Distant from Singapore, and Bethune-Baker from the other 
localities ; it is in the B. M. also from Salween and the Shan States. 


ARHOPALA FULGIDA. 
Plate 687, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 

Amblypodia fulgida, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 11, pl. 5, fig. 31, ? (1863). 

Nilasera(?) fulgida, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 80, pl. 9, figs. 3, ¢; 3a, 9. 

Satadra fulgida, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 

Arhopala fulgida, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 254 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, 
p- 300. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 114. 

Arhopala (Amblypodia) fulgida, Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 532. 

Panchala singapura, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 273, woodeut 84 (1885). 


Iaco.—Male. Upperside rich dark purple-blue, the costal and outer marginal 
line finely black, much as in A. diardi. Underside rather pale rich chocolate- 
brown, bands and spots dark chocolate-brown, with pale edges. Forewing with the 
basal fourth dark chocolate-brown, with its inner edge nearly straight, this colour 
extended narrowly along the costa and joining an outwardly curved rather broad 
band which curves round the cell, from the middle of the centre to vein 2, and has 
irregular edges, an outwardly curved discal band from the costa to vein 2 where it 
narrows to a point, terminal line dark brown, a double sub-terminal series, rather 


AMBLYPODIIN. 199 


indistinct. Hindwing with the centre parts suffused with dark chocolate-brown, two 
narrow bands near the base, a sub-basal very dark patch, swollen in its middle, from 
the costa ending at the end of the cell, with one or two paler spots below it, a 
recurved narrower band across the wing, a little beyond the middle, sometimes more 
or less continuous, sometimes broken into three pieces ending in a disconnected 
spot in the second interspace, a discal narrower band, its upper part suffused and 
obliterated by a large dark patch in the upper disc, indications of a sub-terminal 
band, darkest towards the anal angle, a black spot at the anal angle, another in the 
second interspace, somewhat removed from the margin, both capped with greenish- 
yellow metallic scales. 

Female. Upperside paler purple than in the male. Forewing with a broad costal 
blackish border and a still broader outer marginal border. /indwing with very broad 
marginal borders. Underside like the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1455 inches. 

Hasirat.—India, Burma, Singapore, Philippines. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type is recorded as from the Philippines, we have received 
many examples of both sexes from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills where it is common, 
Watson records it from the Chin Hills, Manders from the Shan States, Distant from 
Singapore; it is in the B. M. also from Fort Stedman, Amherst Road, and Maymyo, 


Upper Burma. 


ARHOPALA ASOKA. 
Plate 687, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, 6. 
Nilasera (?) asoka, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 78, pl. 9, fig. 6, g; 6a, 9. 
Arhopala asoka, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 252 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 


1903, p. 118. 
Satadra chola, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 39. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark glossy purple-blue. orewing with the costal 
and outer marginal line finely black. Hindwing, costa broadly black, outer margin 
with a black band of about half the breadth, its inner edge uneven and somewhat 
diffuse. Cilia white, with a brown base, a moderately sized tail at the end of vein 2, 
black, tipped with white ; slight black projections at the ends of veins 3, 4, 5 and 6. 
Underside with the ground colour pale chocolate-grey, markings dark chocolate-brown. 
Forewing with the hinder marginal space below vein 5 nearly white ; costal space from 
the base to the discal band broadly paler than the bands, with a somewhat reddish tint, 
a broad sub-basal band from the costal band to vein 1, closely followed by a somewhat 
narrower similar band, which touches the sub-basal band at the base of interspace 2, 
and protrudes outwards in interspace 3 and is completed by a square spot a little 
outwards in interspace 1, the discal band, which is a little narrower than the medial 


200 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


band, runs outwardly obliquely from the costal edge, is elbowed outwards somewhat in 
interspace 4, and then runs down straight to vein 2, a sub-terminal band, commencing 
from the costa in the form of a waved line, and begins to thicken hindwards from 
vein 5, an indistinct series of terminal, whitish lunular marks with dark centres. 
Hindwing suffused with brown, a broad sub-basal band, edged on both sides with 
whitish, its outer edge irregular, as if containing some conjoined spots, the medial and 
discal bands paler and very irregular and difficult to describe, the outer one containing 
some brown suffusion at both ends, terminal line brown, a sub-terminal line of more or 
less disconnected, fine lunules, and between them three black spots in interspaces 1, 
2 and 3, more or less covered with iridescent blue-green scales, the middle spot often 
completely covered. Z 

Female. Upperside rather pale ultramarine-blue. J orewing with very broad costal 
and outer marginal black borders, the latter broadest at the hinder angle, a black spot 
at the end of the cell, sometimes more or less merged in the costal border. Hindwing 
almost entirely black, the blue area being confined to the cell and to the space below 
it, varying in extent in different examples. Underside as in the male, but the ground 
colour much whiter, making the bands more prominent. Antennz black; palpi black 
above, grey beneath ; head and body above and beneath concolorous with the wings, 
but the abdomen beneath is ochreous-grey. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14% to 15% inches. 

Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Burma. 

DistripuTion.—Common in Sikkim, we have received many examples; Bethune- 
Baker records the receipt of a pair from Staudinger, taken at Bhamo, Burma. 


ARHOPALA APIDANUS. 
Plate 688, figs. 1, ¢, la, 2, 1b, 9, le, larva and pupa. 


Papilio apidanus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 137, figs. F, G, ¢ (1777), Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 119 
(1781) ; id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 69 (1787). 

Hesperia apidanus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 280 (1798). 

Polyommatus apidanus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 652 (1823). 

Amblypodia apidanus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.I.C. p. 100 (1829). Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. 
Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 39, pl. i. figs. 5, larva; 5a, pupa (1857). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 180 
(1869) ; id. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. 

Satadra apidanus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 

Panchala apidanus, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 273, woodeut, 85, ¢ (1885). 

Arhopalu apidanus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 253 (1890). H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1895, p. 590. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 115, pl. 5, figs. 17, 17a (genitalia). 

Thecla appidanus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. pl. 4, fig. 3, larva, 3a, pupa (1829). 

Amblypodia aphidanus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 353, 

Payilio dorimond, Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pl. 37, fig. 4, 4D, 9 (1790). 


AMBLYPODIINA. 201 


Arrhopala apidanus, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466. 
Amblypodia apidanus, var. palawanus, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 130. 
Flos ahanus, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 33, pl. i. fig. 6, 2. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark purple, with a cyaneous gloss in certain 
lights. Forewing with black costal and outer marginal line. Hindwing with the 
costal space narrowly somewhat paler than the rest of the wing, the outer margin 
sometimes with a black line, which has some obscure blackish on its inner side, tail at 
the end of vein 2 blackish, tipped with grey, slight productions near the anal angle 
(which generally has a blackish spot on it), and at the end of vein 3. Cilia black, with 
erey tips. Underside chocolate-brown, band and spots darker brown, with pale 
edges, the costal base of both wings with a short, dull scarlet streak. Forewing with 
the hinder marginal space pale, the basal half above the median vein dark brown ; 
having in it, near the end of the cell, an elongated narrow pale space, a rather broad, 
outwardly curved discal band, from the costa to vein 2 narrowing hindwards, a large 
sub-quadrate spot across the interno-median space, its upper inner edge touching the 
lower outer edge of the basal patch, a sub-marginal series of brown marks. —_Hindwing 
with the basal fifth dark brown, a pale curved bar at the end of the cell, indicated by 
its brown edgings; above this, but a little on its outer side, is a recurved similar mark 
from the costa to near the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, this mark is really the 
upper part of the usual discal band, which is continued on vein 6, well outwards and 
well separated from its upper portion, and consists of six conjoined spots in an even 
curve which narrows towards the abdominal margin, marginal line brown with a pale line 
inside it, a sub-marginal lunular line, and between this and the discal band is a diffused 
dark brown band, a black spot at the anal angle, another in the second interspace, both 
capped with metallic blue scales. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing, cyaneous-blue with broad costal and_ outer 
marginal blackish bands. Hindwing nearly all blackish, the centre portion cyaneous, 
varying somewhat in extent in different examples. Underside as in the male, but all 
the bands narrower. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 1,48; to 14% inches. 

GENITALIA.—Specialised in every point, the tegumen with its extraordinary beak- 
shaped hook and projection below this, the hooks recurved at their tips; the clasps 
small and evenly oblong ; the penis stout, curved, with a globose orifice, at the tip of 
which is a strong thorn-like spur. 

Larva.—Limaciform, black, marked with longitudinal reddish-brown and _ pale 
yellow stripes; the segments well defined, the sides furnished with numerous short 
bristly hairs; the head small; the second segment usually large, pale yellow, marked 
with a median fine black line, then on each side a U-shaped mark, and lastly a small 
round dot placed posteriorly ; each segment bearing laterally a prominent round dot 

VOL. VII. 2D 


202 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


placed on a pale yellow patch ; the third to the penultimate seement inclusive of nearly 
equal size, the last segment anteriorly cut off or flattened. 

Pupa.—Rather elongated, smooth, the head rounded, the thorax but slightly 
humped, the tail pointed ; colour pale reddish, streaked and marked with dark brown 
and black. Described from the figures in Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue. Dr. Hors- 
field says that in Java “ the larva feeds on the leaves of several species of Eugenia and 
Calyptranthes, and that the insect occurs commonly in the Island.” (de Nicéville.) 

Hasirat.—Mereui, Burma, Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Nias, Sambawa, 
Celebes, Philippines. 

Disrripution.—Taken by Doherty in Mergui, Java, Celebes and Sambawa ; recorded 
by Butler from Maulmein; we have it from Lawang and North Borneo; it is in the 
B. M. also from Yungzaleen Valley, Burma. 


ARHOPALA ADRIANA. 
Plate 688, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 2. 


Nilasera (?) adriana, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 79, pl. 9, figs. 5, ¢, 5a, 9. 
Arhopala adriana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 253 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1891, p. 47. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 117, pl. 5, figs. 18, 18a (genitalia). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue. Forewing with a black costal line 
and a black outer marginal band of fairly even and moderate width: Hindwing with 
the immediate costal space, narrowly, somewhat paler than the rest of the wing, a 
broad costal and outer marginal band broader than on the forewing, tail at the end of 
vein 2, black, tipped with white, slight projections at the ends of veins 1 and 3. 
Underside. Jorewing coloured and marked exactly as in A. asoka. Hindwing brown 
glossed with greyish, varying in shade in different examples, the basal portion dark, 
well glossed with grey, a large dark, sub-basal patch on the costa with two large round 
spots, pale edged, one above the other on its basal side, an irregular paler coloured 
band of spots (pale edged) across the middle of the wing, of which a large, curved, sub- 
quadrate spot at the end of the cell is the centre, an outwardly curved and much 
suffused broad discal band, darker than the ground colour, inwardly limited by an 
irregular line of curves, a sub-marginal similar line, brown terminal line, with a small 
black sub-terminal spot in the second interspace; these marks are fairly prominent in 
examples where the ground colour is pale, but in most specimens the ground colour is 
dark and hardly any of these marks are traceable. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing ultramarine-blue, generally brighter than in 
A. asoka, with similar broad black marginal bands and black discoidal mark. Hindwing 
with very broad black costal and outer marginal bands, the ultramarine-blue portion of 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 203 


the wing varying somewhat in extent in different examples. Underside paler than in 
the male, the markings as in the male, but generally fairly prominent. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14° to 14% inches. 

GENITALIA.—Most peculiar ; the tegumen is elevated into a high saddle-back ridge, 
and then carried forward into two strong, curved, pointed tusks, jointed at the base 
with the tegumen, below which are the usual hooks. The clasps are composed of two 
portions, the hinder portion extending upwards with a hammer-shaped head, the fore 
portion small, sub-triangular, joined at its lower hind extremity to the other part. 
The penis is. stout, strongly curved in its whole length. 

Haprrat.— Sikkim. 

DisTRIBUTION.—Appears to be confined to Sikkim, where it is common; we have 
received many examples. 


SECTION III. 
Without tails. 


ARHOPALA BELPHGBE. 
Plate 688, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, g. 


Arhopala belphebe, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 421, pl. 33, fig. 18, and 1891, p. 34. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 272 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 632. Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 142. 


Imaco.—Male. Above light, rather dull purplish-blue over about half of the 
Forewing, the darker border wide in the Hindwing; below much like mirabella, but the 
costal markings of the Forewing are absent, and the transverse discal band is composed 
of spots, nearly annular on the Morewing and entirely so on the Hindwiny; the three 
upper spots in the Morewing form a line outwardly oblique, the next two are united. 
Hindwing with the three basal spots small and crowded together, the others large, 
distinctly outlined with violet-white, that at the end of the cell irregular, produced 
outwardly to a point in the lower median space as in A. duessa; the transverse band 
annular, nearly regular, composed of slightly united pairs, the middle pair out of line ; 
a double line of obscure pale sub-marginal lunules on both wings: the species is some- 
thing like the female of the preceding one (mirabella), but the blue is paler and more 
lilacine ; it has no tail, and scarcely any lobe; it has some resemblance to A. ayesias, 
from Borneo. (Doherty.) 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. 

Hasirat.—Myitta, Burma ; Margherita, Upper Assam. 

We have not seen this species, and have been unable to ascertain where the type 
is; the female is not described. 

2D 2 


204 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ARHOPALA CHINENSIS. 
Plate 689, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, @. 

Arhopala chinensis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 231, pl. 29, fig. 10, g (1865). de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, iii. p. 279 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 118, pl. 3, tig. 1, g; 
pl. 5, figs. 19, 19a (genitalia). ; 

Amblypodia chinensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 774. Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14g 
(1869). 

Satadra chinensis, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 

Nilasera (?) melleri, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 80, pl. 9, figs. 4, 6: 4a, ?. 

Arhopala moelleri, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 266 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p. 632. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. 

Flos melleri, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. 

Satadra lazula, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 40. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside ultramarine-blue, with a beautiful shining gloss in 
certain lights. Forewing with the costal and outer marginal line black. Hindwing 
with the costal space black and a black outer marginal line, no tail, but there are slight 
black productions at the ends of all the veins, abdominal fold blackish. Cilia black, 
with white tips. Underside with the ground colour greyish-white, with a slight 
chocolate tint, markings chocolate-brown. Forewing with the basal third chocolate- 
brown, a pale spot in it in the middle of the cell, not always present, but generally 
some indication of it; in the type specimen it is somewhat prominent; a broad band 
from a little beyond the middle of the costa crossing the end of the cell to vein 2, 
connected broadly on the costa to the costal patch, and running in on vein 2, in 
connection with the patch, leaving another pale patch nearly square before the end of 
the cell, the lower outer end of this band touches the discal band, which is rather 
nearer the margin than usual, is broad and fairly uniform, and is very deeply outwardly 
curved, and ends in a square spot in the interno-median interspace, its upper part 
joining the two bands together, leaving a discal pale space from vein 7 to vein 2, the outer 
portion of the wing more or less suffused with chocolate-brown, a double sub-marginal 
brown line in it, obliterated by the dark suffusion in the type specimen. Hindwing 
with the ground colour darker than in the forewing, a small brown patch at the base, 
a broad sub-basal dark band broken on its outer margin in the type specimen, more or 
less broken in others, but sometimes its outer margin is complete and sinuous, a medial 
hand of five spots, the first from the costa pale, with brown edges, the second, third 
and fourth conjoined and running across the end of the cell, the first and second 
inwardly curved, the second much larger than the first, its outer upper end protruding 
outwards, a black angular spot fillmg up the base of the second interspace, a blackish 
square spot in the first interspace, its lower outer edge touching the base of the last- 
mentioned spot, its inner side narrowing and continued to the abdominal margin where 
it touches the lower end of the sub-basal band, a broad suffused brown discal fascia, 


AMBLYPODIINA. 205 


inwardly limited by a series of somewhat spear-shaped marks with pale edges, a sub- 
marginal sinuous brown line and brown terminal line ; a row of five more or less 
conjoined, black, sub-terminal spots from the anal angle, all capped with metallic blue 
scales; all these bands and markings very difficult to describe, and they are not 
altogether constant, in some examples the central band commences from the costa with 
disjointed spots, and though the arrangement of them all is the same, they vary 
somewhat in their detail in different examples. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing pale purple in the middle with very broad 
marginal black borders. Hindwing nearly all blackish, the purple colour being limited 
to a little more than a streak down the middle of the wing. Underside as in the 
male. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 15% to 2 inches. 

GENITALIA.—The tegumen highly excavated, so that the apex is produced into a 
strong curved hook, the hooks themselves are sharply angled, the clasps are in two 
portions, the fore portion receding within the hinder portion to a large extent, the 
latter being rather small. The penis is very stout and strongly curved. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 1745 to 145 inches. 

Hapitrat.—Sikkim, Assam, South China. 

DisrriBuTion.—Elwes records it from Margharita and Bernardmyo, de Nicéville 
from Sikkim and Sibsaghar ; we have received several examples from the Khasia Hills ; 
the type came from Shanghai, the type of mlleri from Sikkim ; our figure of the male 
is from Felder’s type, and the female from a Khasia Hill specimen ; it is in the B. M. 
also from Bhutan. 


ARHOPALA ARESTE, 
Plate 689, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 


Amblypodia areste, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 10, pl. 5, figs. 43, 44, 9 (1862). 

Nilasera (?) areste, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 97. 

Satadra areste, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 

Arhopala areste, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 271 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 119. 

Satadra patuna, Moore, l.c. p. 40. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside similar in all respects to A. chinensis. Underside. 
Forewing coloured and marked also as in chinensis. Hindwing darker, the basal fourth 
dark chocolate-brown, its inner margin a little diffuse but very even; a medial band 
of five conjoined spots, of the ground colour, indicated by their darker brown edgings, 
the first two are both inwardly curved, the third, which is divided by vein 4, crosses the 
end of the cell and is slightly outwardly oblique, the fourth, divided by vein 2, is a 


206 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


little inwards, the fifth continues the curve to the abdominal margin ; the upper two 
are really the commencement of the usual discal band, which is here represented by a 
curved series of four conjoined spots of the ground colour with brown edges in the 
middle of the disc and well separated from the others, and are almost obliterated by a 
very broad and diffuse brown fascia which is darkest and broadest at the apex of the 
wing ; marginal and sub-marginal somewhat lunular brown lines, the latter becoming 
more separated from the margin as it approaches the anal angle, indications of a fine 
grey line between them, no anal spots or metallic scales. 

Female. Upperside similar to the female of chinensis. Underside as in its own 
male. 

Expanse of wings, 3 1355 to 14%; inches. 

Gen1TALIA.—Bethune-Baker says the genitalia are very close to the previous 
species, but the clasps are more pointed and differently placed ; but the very different 
marking on the underside of the hindwings differentiates it clearly. 

Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Assam. 

DisTRIBUTION.—Said to be a rare species in Sikkim, but seems to be fairly common 
in the Khasia Hills, from whence we have received many examples of both sexes; it is 
in the B. M. also from Bhutan. 


ARHOPALA ANNIELLA. 
Plate 689, figs. 3, $, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 
Amblypodia anniella, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 10, pl. 8, figs. 83, 84, ¢ (1862). 
Narathura anniella, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 269, pl. 21, fig. 20 (1885). 
Arhopala anniella, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 592. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soe. 


1903, p. 114. 
Arrhopala anniella, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 468. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark rich violet-blue, very dark and very rich in 
colour. Forewing with very fine black costal and outer marginal line. Hindwing with 
the costal space black, outer marginal black line as fine as in the forewing, no tail. 
Underside. orewing with the upper portion very dark chocolate-brown, with a slight 
purplish tint gradually paling hindwards, the usual three spots in the cell, merged into 
the costal band, speckled and decorated with white and throwing three large rounded ends 
across the cell, and a fourth band from the costa closely adjoining, extending to the third 
interspace, outwardly curved and narrowing hindwards, the usual two spots below the 
outer part of the cell, the first outwardly oblique touching the other in the next lower 
interspace, the apex of the wing rather prominently smeared with white marks, 
indications of a marginal band, obsolete hindwards. //indwing very dark chocolate- 
brown, the markings indicated by their pale blue linings, and very difficult to 
determine, there appear to be four sub-basal spots, close together, followed closely by- 


AMBLYPODIINA. 207 


three larger spots, a bar at the end of the cell with an attached spot above it and 
another below it, and a discal, outwardly curved rather narrow band of conjoined 
lunules arising from some dark brown suffusion in the upper disc ; indications of sub- 
terminal marks, an indistinct black anal spot, another in the second interspace with a 
few metallic blue-green scales in them, and a whitish suffusion across the wing above 
the anal angle. 

Female.--Upperside paler violet-blue, both wings with broad marginal borders. 
Underside like the male, but paler, the bands more distinct, the discal band of the 
hindwing traceable to the upper end, where there are two round separated spots. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 13 to 2 inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 

DistrisutTion.—The types came from Singapore, our descriptions are from them. 
Distant records it from Province Wellesley, Perak and Sungei Ujong; Druce from 
Borneo, Bethune-Baker from Java, Sumatra, and Tenasserim (Donat Range). 


ARHOPALA EPIMUTA. 
Plate 690, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 


Amblypodia epimuta, Moore, Cat, Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 42 (1857). 

Arhopala epimuta, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 593. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 88, pl. 2, fig. 9, g, pl. 5, figs. 6, 6a (genitalia). 

Arhopala antimuta, de Nicéville (nec Felder), Butt. of India, iii. p. 277 (footnote) (1890). 

Arrhopala antimuta, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 469. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violaceous-blue. orewing with the costa and 
outer margin with a very fine black line, a patch of differently arranged scales in the 
centre of the wing. Hindwing with the costal space blackish, the outer marginal black 
line very fine, abdominal fold blackish-grey. Cilia brownish-grey. Underside brown, 
markings not darker than the ground colour, indicated by their pale ochreous-grey 
edges. Forewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the middle, 
and a still larger bar-shaped spot at the end; an outwardly oblique spot below the 
middle of the last two cell spots, and another spot in the next lower interspace below 
the centre cell spot, their two upper ends meeting together and forming an angle; a 
discal series of seven conjoined spots, the first inwards on the costa, very small and 
indistinct, the fifth shifted half way outwards, a smal] mark below the seventh. 
Hindwing with four sub-basal spots at equal distances apart, the fourth inwards, but 
separated from the abdominal margin, followed by three larger spots in a line, the 
third largest and irregularly shaped, a somewhat straight bar at the end of the cell, a 
discal series of eight conjoined spots, the second not immediately below the first as is 
usual, but a little outwards, its lower ends touching the upper outer end of the cell bar 


208 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and the upper inner end of the third spot, the fourth spot well outwards, the others in 
an even curve ;. both wings with brown terminal line, a sub-terminal series of lunules, 
and between them another series of smaller lunular marks, two black spots at the anal 
angle, rather heavily capped with metallic blue scales, outer margin quite smooth. 

Female. Upperside paler than the male. /orewing with very broad costal and 
outer marginal black borders. J/indwing with the costal space blackish, the band 
narrowing gradually round the apex and down the outer margin. Underside as in the 
male. 

Expanse of wings, $ 2 14% to 13’ inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

DisrrRiBuTION.—The type locality is simply India, Bethune-Baker records it from 
Mergui and Tenasserim, it is in Doncaster’s collection from Labuan and Singapore, 
and in coll. Druce from Kina Balu and Sandakan ; it resembles A. atosta, Hewitson, in 
its sex mark, colour and markings, but it has no tail, and its genitalia is somewhat 


different. 


ARHOPALA ANTIMUTA. 
Plate 690, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 2, 2b, g. 


Arhopala antimuta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 233 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 98. 

Arhopala davisonii, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 280, frontispiece, fig. 135, g (1890). Doherty, 
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419. 

Arrhopala davisoni, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p, 469. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark purple-blue, costal and outer marginal line finely 
black. Cilia black, with pale tips, abdominal fold pale brown. Underside dark brown, 
with a purplish tint, markings very slightly darker than the ground colour, very 
indistinct. Forewing with the hinder area pale, the usual three spots in the cell, with 
a sub-costal spot above each of the two outer ones, a discal series of six spots, the 
second and fourth well outwards, a sub-marginal double series of still more indistinct 
spots. Zindwing with four sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three 
spots in a line, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a discal series of eight spots, in a 
nearly even, outward curve, the first two disconnected, the rest touching each other, 
the fifth well inwards, being the only irregularly placed spot of the series, the seventh 
angular as usual just touching the sixth and joimed to the eighth which is near the 
abdominal margin, a double series of sub-marginal marks, the outer one very obscure, a 
black anal spot, and a black spot in each of the two following interspaces, all capped 
with metallic blue scales ; marginal line brown, with a pale inner line, no tails. 

Female. Upperside paler purple-blue, with a violet tint. orewing with broad 
blackish costa and outer margin. J/indwing nearly all blackish, the blue colour in the 


AMBLYPODIIN 2. 209 


middle of the wing very limited, but varies somewhat in extent in different example’ 
Underside as in the male, but the ground colour slightly paler and the markings 
consequently more distinct; all the spots in both sexes are small and do not vary 
much in size. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 13 inches. 

GENITALIA.— With scimitar-shaped hooks on the tegumen, the clasps are very 
narrow, with the extremity bluntly pointed ; the penis is very small. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

Distripution.—Felder’s type, which is now before us, came from Malacca, 
de Nicéville’s types from Singapore, Druce records it from Borneo, Doherty from 
Myitta and Mergui, we have it also from Perak, and from Kuching in Borneo. 


ARHOPALA MOOLATANA. 
Plate 690, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 2. 


Narathura moolaiana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835. 

Arhopala moolaiana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 274 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 89, pl. 2, fig. 6, g. 

Amblypodia epimuta, Hewitson (nec Moore), Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 59, 60, 9 (1862). 

Arhopala pastorella, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 418, pl. 23, fig. 12. de Nicéville, Le. 
p- 274, 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside, dark morpho-blue, shading towards the costa and 
outer margin of both wings into purplish-blue. orewing with the costal and outer 
marginal line black. J/indwing with the costal space narrowly blackish, outer 
marginal line black, no tails. Underside ochreous-brown, spots darker brown, with 
pale edging. J vrewing with a small sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger one in the 
middle and a still larger sub-quadrate spot at the end ; a spot below between the latter 
two, and a spot in the uext lower interspace beneath the centre cell spot, these two 
spots well separated ; a discal row of six separated spots almost in a straight line, the 
upper one small, the others of even size and nearly round, the fourth spot very 
slightly outwards, a sub-marginal series of spots, and between this series and the discal 
series are indications of another series, terminal line brown, and a series of marginal 
lunular marks. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the second and fourth 
slightly inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the middle one slightly 
inwards, a curved spot at the end of the cell, with a small spot below it, a discal band 
of eight rather distinct spots, the second well outwards, just touching the outer edge of 
the first, the third still further outwards, touching the fourth below it, the fifth inwards, 
the sixth outwards, the seventh angular and well inwards not disconnected, touching 
the irregular-shaped eighth spot, sub-marginal and marginal series more or less distinct, 
a black spot at the anal angle, with a sub-terminal spot in each of the two following 

VOL. VIII. 25 


210 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


interspaces, all three capped with metallic blue-green scales. Cilia of both wings 
black. 

Female. Upperside paler blue.  orewing with broad black costal margin 
increasing in width to the apex, and narrowing gradually on the outer margin. 
TTindwing with the costal space broadly blackish and a narrow outer marginal blackish 
band. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 15%5 to 14%) inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma, Penang. 

DiIsTRIBUTION.—The types came from Taoo and Moolai, 3,000 to 6000 feet, both in 
Upper Tenasserim, Doherty’s type from Myitta in Lower Tenasserim, Bethune-Baker 
records examples in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Bheeling, Mergui and Penang, 
and we have it from the Yé Valley; it is in the B. M. also from Lankawi, Salween 
Valley, Ataran Valley and the Amherst Road. 


ARHOPALA DUESSE. 
Plate 691, figs. 1, g, la, g. 
Arhopala duessa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419, pl. 23, fig. 6. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 271 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 143. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing bright blue, with costal and outer marginal 
black bands, narrow on the costa, broadening outwards, very broad at the apex, 
narrowing gradually hindwards on the outer margin, veins black. Mindwing uniformly 
dark brown, with a purple tint; marginal line dark brown. Cilia dark brown, no tails. 
Underside grey, glazed, markings chocolate-brown, with whitish edges. /vrewing 
with all but the hinder marginal space suffused with brown, two small spots in the cell, 
an outwardly curved bar at the end, a small spot below its inner side, a discal very 
broad band of conjoined spots, slightly outwardly curved above its middle, and 
increasing in size hindwards, some brown suffusion below it. Mindwing with the spots 
large, four sub-basal, the fourth a little inwards, followed by three in a line, slightly 
larger, an outwardly curved bar at the end of the cell, an indistinct spot between it and 
the third of the second series, touching both, a discal well curved series of eight spots, 
the two first from the costa large, conjoined, and of equal size, the lower inner end of 
the second touching the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, the others in three pairs 
of much smaller spots, commencing from close to the lower outer end of the second, the 
fifth and outer portion of the curved seventh somewhat inwards, marginal line of both 
wings brown, a sub-marginal band of lunules, and between them some indistinct lunular 
marks, the entire hindwing more or less variegated with pale and dark shadings, the 
upper part being darkest, 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 14 inches. 

Haszirar.—Burma. 


AMBLYPODIINL. 211 


DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from Myitta, Tenasserim, the description is from 
an example from the Donat Range, in the B. M. 


ARHOPALA ARTEGAL. 
Plate 691, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 6. 
Flos artegal, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 423, pl. 23, fig. 9 (¢ ex errore). 


Arhopala artegal, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 255 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p. 631. Bethune-Baker, Trans, Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 115. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside very dark lilac-blue. Forewing with fine costal and 
outer marginal black line. Hindwing with the costal space black, the outer margin 
with a fine black line. Cilia black, no tails, but there are short productions at the 
ends of all the veins, abdominal fold grey. Underside chocolate-brown, variegated in 
parts with pale brownish-grey. /rewing with the lower half very pale, a square bar 
in the middle of the cell, suffused into the dark basal patch which is triangular, a very 
large dark square spot at the end of the cell, with two conjoined angular spots attached 
to its lower side, a highly curved discal dark band, thickest in its middle, fining hind- 
wards almost to a point, a white smear at the apex partially covering a dark apical 
space, which extends a little down the outer margin. //indwing darker than the fore- 
wing, a pale shade across the lower middle, basal area very dark, with a still 
darker, squarish, large patch from the costa before the middle, with a spot on its 
inner side and some spots below it, a bar closing the cell, with two conjoined spots in 
continuation inwards to the abdominal margin, a discal sinuous blackish line, lost 
upwards in a very large dark patch below the costa near the apex, and ending 
near the abdominal margin in a prominent dark linear mark, a black anal spot, another 
in the next interspace, both capped with metallic blue-green scales, with a suffused 
dark band crossing the wing above them, terminal line of both wings brown. 

Female. Upperside pale lilac-blue, shining. Forewing with a very broad black 
apical band, extending along the costa to the end of the cell, where it suddenly narrows, 
does not enter the cell, but runs narrowly along the costa to the base, the outer 
marginal black band is very wide, and becomes still wider at the hinder angle. 
Hindwing with the costal and outer marginal black bands very broad and even, 
abdominal fold blackish, paling a little upwards. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, 1449, 2 14°5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DistrrBuTion.——Doherty’s type came from Mergui, he has certainly figured and 
described the female, not the male; there are a pair in B. M. from Tavoy Valley, 
taken by Bingham in April, 1893, which are undoubtedly artegal. The female 
corresponds with Doherty’s description and figure, and the male on the underside is 

252 


212 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


identical with the underside of the female; it is not unlike a small fulgida without 
tails, there is a male in Tytler’s collection from the Shan States. 


ARHOPALA HYPOMUTA. 
Plate 691, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. 


Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 63, 64, g (1862); id. Ill. Diurn. 
Lep. Lye. p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 13, g (1863). Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354. Butler, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 549. 

Arhopala hypomuta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 276 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 99, pl. 2, fig. 15, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, bright purple-blue. Forewing with the costal and 
outer marginal line thickly black. Hindwing, costal space broadly black, outer 
margin with a thick black line. Cilia black, no tails. Underside brown marking con- 
colorous, formed by their ochreous-grey pale edgings. orewing with three bars in the 
cell, increasing in size outwards, a well separated small spot near the costa above the 
last, an outwardly oblique spot below its inner side, a well separated spot im the next 
lower interspace below the middle cell spot, a discal series of six conjoined spots, the 
first small, near the costa, inwards, the fourth pushed outwards, a sub-marginal double 
row of rather square spots separated by the veins. Hindwing, with four sub-basal 
spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three larger spots, a bar at the end of the 
cell, slightly constricted at its middle, a small spot adjoining its upper inner end, another 
between its lower inner end, and the third spot of the second series touching both, a 
discal series of eight spots in an almost even, outward curve, the first separate, the 
next five touching each other, the fifth shifted inwards, the sixth outwards, the seventh 
and eighth in a sinuous curve to the abdominal margin, a donble series of sub- 
marginal marks, the inner ones lunular, three black spots at the anal angle, 
partly covered by a sinuous band of metallic blue-green scales, generally fractured 
between the second and third spot, marginal line of both wings brown, with a pale 
inner thread. 

Female. Upperside rather pale violet-blue. /orewing with a narrow costal black 
band for half its length, which then suddenly expands to the apex, the outer marginal 
band broad, gradually narrowing hindwards. Hindwing with the costal space broadly 
black, the outer marginal band narrow. Underside as in the male. 


Expanse of wings, ¢ ?, 1435 to 13° inches. 

Haprrat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

DisrriBuTion.—Hewitson’s type is marked ‘ India,” it is in the B. M. from Burma, 
we have it from Tenasserim. 


AMBLYPODIIN 4. 213 


ARHOPALA METAMUTA. 
Plate 691, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢g. 


Amblypodia metamuta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. Lye. p. 13, pl. ii. figs. 14, 15, g (1863). Butler» 
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 548. 

Narathura metamuta, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 267, pl. 23, fig. 19, $5; (mec fig. 18, ¢, var. ) 
(1885). Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 44. 

Arhopala metamuta, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
p. 275 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 100, pl. 5, figs. 12, 12a (genitalia). 

Arrhopala metamuta, de Nicéville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 469. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing dark violet-purple, with a narrow costal 
black band and a broader outer marginal band. Hindwing morpho-blue, shining in 
certain lights, costal space broadly black, an outer marginal black band about as broad 
as in the other wing, abdominal fold grey, no tails. Underside ochreous-brown, 
markings indistinct, being very slightly darker than the ground colour, with pale 
edges. Forewing with the hinder marginal space pale, the usual three cell spots, a 
discal series of six spots, the first two conjoined, the others separate, the first four in 
an outwardly oblique row, the fifth inwards, the sixth below it. ITindwing with four 
sub-basal spots, the fourth only slightly inwards, followed by three spots in a line, the 
lowest the largest, a bar at the end of the cell with marks above and below it, and 
what looks like a double discal series of spots, and a sub-marginal series covering the 
whole outer surface of the wing; marginal line brown, two small black anal spots 
capped and almost obliterated by metallic blue scales. 

Female. Upperside, both wings morpho-blue, the blue colour gradually merging 
into black at the borders. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1,45 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. 

Distripution.—The type came from Sumatra, Moore records it from the Mergui 
Archipelago, Doherty from Myitta and Mergui, Butler from Malacca, de Nicéville from 
Tenasserim, and Bethune-Baker from Penang; it is in the B. M. also from Yé Valley 


and the Amherst Road. 


ARHOPALA PARAMUTA. 
Plate 692, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, ¢. 


Panchala (?) paramuta, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1883, p. 81, pl. 9, figs. 7, ¢, 7a, Q. 

Arhopala paramuta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 268 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p. 632. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Dudgeon, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. x. 
1895, p. 144. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 135, pl. 4, figs. 22, 22a (genitalia). 

Darasana paramuta, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 34. 

Darasana newarra, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 165, 
figs. 4, 4a, g (1886). 


214 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rick glossy purple. Forewing with broad costal and 
outer marginal black bands, broadest at the apex. Hindwing with the costal 
space broadly black, the outer marginal band also broadly black, the purple central 
area very limited, very slight productions at the ends of all the veins; no tail, 
abdominal fold grey. Underside brown, in fresh specimens with a slight purple tint, 
markings slightly darker than the ground colour, double edged, the inner edging being 
darker brown, the outer dull whitish, all very obscure. vrewing with three oval 
spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards, two small spots on the costa above the 
discoidal spot, a discal band of six conjoined spots in a gentle outward curve, all more 
or less lunular, a seventh small disconnected spot below the last ; the uppermost spot 
quite small, the others of fairly equal size. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, 
the third a little outwards, the fourth inwards, followed by four larger spots in a line, 
the two upper ones elongate, the third sub-quadrate, the fourth round and a little 
inwards, a bar at the end of the cell with a small spot attached to its inner lower end, 
connecting it with the lowest of the second row of three spots; a discal, well curved 
series of eight spots, the upper two conjoined, the lower inner end of the second, 
touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the third spot some space outwards, 
connected with the next five spots, the fifth and seventh being shifted somewhat outside 
the others ; a sub-marginal line of angulated lunules; both wings with brown terminal 
line, a pale inner line and a series of indistinct lunular marks attached. 

Female, like the male above and below, the purple area on the upperside being 
rather more restricted. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 1+% inches. 

Larva.—Two lyczenid larvae were found on the Fagoo Tea Estate in the Western 
Duars at 2,500 feet elevation above the sea. Length about ¢ of an inch. Onisciform, 
flattened, covered with downy bristles, semi-transparent, dull whitish, becoming more 
opaque and white dorsally ; an olive-brown medial dorsal line throughout ; two short 
white protrusible brush-like tentacles on the twelfth segment, a medial small orifice on 
the eleventh segment, probably exuding a fluid, as it is vigorously attended by a small 
black ant, the latter apparently tickling the larva with its antenne to make it do so, 
The larva is very similar to that of Arhopala abseus, Hewitson, which I discovered on 
Sal trees attended by a large red ant in 1890. Before pupating the larva becomes 
pinkish with a tinge of purple. It feeds on the leaves of Castaneopsis sp. 

Pupa.—Pale brown, with a darker dorsal streak and irrorated shghtly on the back 
with dark brown. Abdomen rather flattened. Emerged on 19th May, 1895, both 
females. (G. C. Dudgeon.) 

Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Assam. 

DistRIBUTION.—We have received many examples from Sikkim and from the 
Khasia Hills, where it seems to be a common species; the type came from Sikkim, 


AMBLYPODIIN A. 215 


Moore’s type from Nepal, Doherty records it from Margherita in Upper Assam, Elwes 
from the Karen Hills, Dudgeon from the Western Duars, and it is in the B. M. also 
from Bhutan. 


ARHOPALA ROONA. 
Plate 692, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, ¢. 
Narathura roona, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42. 


Arhopala roona, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p, 268 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc, 
1903, p. 136. 


Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside dark violet-blue. Forewing with fine 
black line on costa and outer margin. Hindwing with the costal space blackish, outer 
marginal line also narrowly black, abdominal fold blackish. Cilia greyish-brown. 
Underside dark brown, with an ochreous tint, markings slightly darker than the 
ground colour, edged with pale ochreous. Forewing with a sub-basal spot in the cell, 
nearer the base than usual, a larger spot beyond the middle, and a still larger one at the 
end, closer together than usual, a smaller round spot below the end spot, a discal series 
of six conjoined spots, of nearly equal size, the first four from the costa outwardly 
oblique and slightly outwardly curved, the fifth a little inwards; the sub-marginal 
markings very indistinct, but there seem to be indications of three narrow bands, 
filling up the outer space between the discal series and the marginal line which is dark 
brown. /Tindwing with four sub-basal spots followed by three larger ones, a bar at 
the end of the cell, with a small spot outside its upper end, very indistinct ; a discal 
series of eight spots in an almost even curve, the first two separated from each other 
and from the others, the fifth small and slightly inwards, a sub-terminal double band 
divided .by the veins, three small black spots near the anal angle almost entirely 
smothered by metallic blue-green scales, no tails, the outer margin smoothly rounded. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 1 to 14%; inches. 

Hasirat.—Andamans. 


ARHOPALA ZETA. 
Plate 692, figs. 3, 2, 3a, 9. 
Amblypodia zeta, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 590, pl. 58, fig. 6, 9. 
Satadra zeta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 41. 


Arhopala zeta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii, p. 268 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, 
p. 135. 


Imaco.—Female. Upperside glistening blue-green with broad costal and outer 
marginal black bands, abdominal fold blackish. Underside brown tinged with lilac, 
markings darker brown with pale edges. orewing with sub-basal and medial small 
spots in the cell, a broad square spot at the end, a discal band of six conjvined almost 


216 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


square spots, the first three inclining outwards, the other three straight down, a 
small dot below the lower end of the band, a sub-marginal pale brown, rather broad 
band broadening hindwards. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the fourth 
inwards followed by three larger spots in a line, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a 
discal series of eight spots in four pairs, the first two from the costa outside the cell 
bar, the next two well outwards, the next two inwards, the last two curved inwards as 
usual, a series of sub-marginal conjoined lunules, a marginal brown line with small 
lunular marks attached, margin of wing slightly scalloped. 

Male unknown. 

Expanse of wings, ? 1715 inches. 

Hasprrat.—Andamans. 

The type specimen is in the B. M. and is unique. 


ARHOPALA PERIMUTA. 
Plate 692, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, @. 

Amblypodia perimuta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 42 (1857). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. 
p- 12, pl. 6, figs. 65, 66, g (1862) ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 21, pl. 7, Suppl. fig. 61, g 
(1878). 

Darasana perimuta, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42; id. Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool. Lond. 
1886, p. 44. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 423, and 1891, p. 34. 

Arhoyala perin.uta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 270 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p- 632. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 300. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, 
p. 139. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside glossy purple-blue, costal and outer marginal line 
black. Cilia black, no tails. Underside chocolate-brown with a purplish tint. ore- 
wing with the hinder marginal space broadly pale, markings slightly darker than the 
ground colour, with pale edges, three oval spots in the cell, increasing in size outwards ; 
indications of the two usual spots beneath the two outer cell spots; a discal rather 
broad band of six conjoined spots, the first small, in a row with the next three, 
inclining outwards, the fifth straight down, the sixth very slightly outwards, the whole 
forming an almost even, outward curve; a double series of sub-marginal conjoined 
rather square spots. //indwing with a very broad, dull pale ochreous fascia across the 
wing, broadest in its middle, occupying nearly half the wing surface, four small 
sub-basal spots, the fourth inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the two 
upper ones oval-shaped, a curved bar at the end of the cell of the pale ochreous 
colour of the fascia, indicated by its brown edges, some dark spots below it, an 
irregular outwardly curved line of lunular marks, its lower portion obscured in the 
dark ground colour of the outer portion of the wing, which is often somewhat nebulous 
on its inner side and darkens towards the margin, marginal line brown. 


AMBLYPODIINEA. 217 


Female. Upperside paler than the male and more blue, the black margins of both 
wings very broad. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 15%; to 144; inches. 

GENITALIA with the tegumen short and of a heavy scimitar shape; the clasps are 
bilobed, and the penis is a straight tube. 

Hasrrat.—Sikkim, Sylhet, Assam, Burma. 

DistRIBUTION.—The type came from Sylhet, Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, 
de Nicéville from Rungamutti in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Doherty from Margherita 
in Upper Assam, Mergui and Myitta ; we have received a good many examples of both 
sexes from the Khasia Hills; it is in the B. M. also from Darjiling, the Yé Valley and 
Rangoon. 


ARHOPALA ANDAMANICA. 
Plate 693, figs. 1, g, la, 9, lb, ¢. 


Amblypodia (? Narathura), fulla, var, andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Proce, As. Soc. 
Bengal, August, 1881, p. 143. 

Narathura fulla, var. andamanica, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, 
p- 251. 

Arhopala andamanica, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 267, pl. 27, fig. 199, ¢ (1890). Bethune 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 151, pl. 4, figs. 25, 25a (genitalia). 

Narathura subfasciata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Sept. 1881, p. 312. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue, darker than in A. fudla, and more 
blue. /vrewing with the marginal black bands broader, especially at the apex. [Hind- 
wing with the costal space very broadly black, gradually narrowing round the apex and 
down the outer margin. Cilia black, with dark grey tips, not white tips as in /w/la. 
Underside more ochreous than in fulla, the lower half of the forewing pale, indications 
of two pale brown thin bands, discal and sub-marginal rather close together, an obscure 
rather broad brownish band across the wing a little beyond the middle, the space 
beyond it to the outer margin slightly paler, with indications of a pale brown sub- 
marginal thin band. 

Female, bright violet-blue, of a much more beautiful blue than the male 
and very different in colour to the female of A. fulla, marginal black bands broader 
than in the male and very clearly black and well pronounced. Underside as in the 
male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14 inches. 

Hasirar.—Andamans. 

Bethune-Baker says this species is quite distinct from fulla; the genitalia have 
the tegumen hooks stoutish and the clasps are heavy and broad, terminating in short 
upturned points, 

VOL, VIII. 2 


218 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ARHOPALA FULLA. 
Plate 693, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 
Amblypodia fulla, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 10, pl. 6, figs. 67, 68, g (1862) ; id. Ill. Diurn. Lep. 


Lye. p. 11 (1865). 
Arhopala fulla, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 150. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark violet-blue, shining. Forewing with narrow, 
costal and outer marginal black borders. Hindwing with the costal area broadly black, 
outer marginal black band narrow, abdominal fold greyish, very slight productions at 
the ends of all the veins. Cilia black, tipped with white. Underside pale ochreous 
greyish-brown. J orewing without markings in the internal area, an obscure and rather 
narrow pale brown discal band from the costa to below vein 2, nearly straight, a 
similar but broader sub-marginal band which extends to the hinder margin. Hindwing 
with an obscure pale brown spot in the cell and a still more obscure lunular line closing 
the end, discal and sub-marginal bands as on the forewing, but broader, more complete 
and further apart from each other; both wings with the space between the bands pale, 
sometimes somewhat whitish-grey, clearest on the hindwing, marginal line brown, with 
a whitish inner thread, with greyish-white lunular marks attached, more prominent on 
the hindwing. 

Female. Upperside somewhat paler than the male, with the black marginal bands 
broader. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 1555 inches. 

Hapirat.—Andamans, Amboina, Bouru. 

Disrrisution.—The type from Bouru is in the B. M.; Bethune-Baker records it 
from Amboina and the Andamans. 


ARHOPALA ARVINA. 
Plate 693, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 
Amblypodia arvina, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17, ¢ (1865). 


Arhopala arvina, Bethune-Baker, Trahs. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 147. 
Arhopala aboé, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 281, pl. O, fig. 26, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark ultramarine-blue. orewing with very fine costal 
and outer marginal black line. Hindwing with tbe costal space broadly black, outer 
marginal line black, abdominal fold blackish-grey. Cilia black, no tails, outer margin 
smoothly rounded. Underside purple-brown, somewhat glossy, markings darker red- 
brown, with blue-grey edges. orewing with three spots in the cell, increasing in size 
outwards, the first round, the centre one oval, the end spot like an irregular outwardly 
curved bar, the usual two spots below the two outer cell spots, well separated from each 


AMBLYPODIIN. 219 


other, the hinder marginal space from these spots to the hinder angle very pale, almost 
whitish ; a discal series of six conjoined squarish spots forming an almost even, out- 
wardly curved band, the fifth spot being a little inwards. Hindwing with the four 
sub-basal spots and the usual three in a line of the second series, apparently present, 
but very indistinct, a bar at the end of the cell, a square spot between it and the third 
spot of the second series touching both ; a discal band of eight spots, the second larger 
than the others, its lower edges touching both the cell bar and the upper inner edge of 
the third spot, all the spots more or less square, the fourth and the sixth shifted rather 
outwards, marginal line of both wings dark red-brown, a sub-marginal band, lunular on 
the hindwing and between them a series of small lunular marks. 

Female. Upperside, both wings pale sub-lustrous azure-blue. Forewing with a 
broad brown costa, very broad outer margin and yet broader apical area. Hindwing 
with very broad margins all round, broadest at the costa. Underside like the male, but 
much paler and not so rich in colour, pattern just the same, but inclined to be rather 
obscure. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 13%) inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Assam, Java. 

DistrIBUTION.—-The type came from Java, de Nicéville’s type from Tenasserim ; 
it is in the Berlin Museum from Assam, and we have several examples from the 


Khasia Hills. 


ARHOPALA AGELASTUS. 
Plate 694, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. 
Amblypodia agelastus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 12, pl. 6, figs. 61, 62, 9 (1862). 
Narathura agelastus, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 44. 


Arhopala agelastus, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 278 (1890). 
Arhopala agelastus, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 136. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright purplish-blue. Forewing with the costal band 
narrowly black, the apex broadly black, narrowing gradually to little more than a thick 
line before it reaches the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, 
the outer marginal black band narrow and fairly uniform, abdominal fold blackish. 
Cilia black, no tails. Underside pale ochreous-brown, markings slightly darker than 
the ground colour, edged with greyish-ochreous. Forewing with three small cell spots, 
the one at the end of the cell the largest, a small outwardly oblique spot below it, 
another well separated small spot below the centre cell spot, a discal band of six con- 
joined even-sized spots, the first smaller than the rest, the band very nearly straight 
down, very slightly outwardly curved above its middle. Hindwing with four sub- basal 
spots, the fourth a little inwards, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third 


largest and somewhat triangular, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a spot between it 
2F 2 


220 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


and the triangular spot touching both, a discal series of eight spots, the second the 
largest, its lower inner edge touching the upper outer edge of the cell bar, the remaining 
spots conjoined in an almost even curve, the upper one well separated from the first 
two, the fifth spot a little inwards; both wings with brown marginal line, sub-marginal 
band, and between them a series of indistinct lunular marks, three black anal spots, 
smothered with metallic blue-green scales. 

Female. Upperside purplish-blue, rather paler than in the male, the margins 
broadly black. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 1355 to 148 inches. 

Hasrrat.—Burma. 

Distripution.—The type is labelled India (probably from Maulmein), it is in 
the Druce collection from Malawoon, Burma; de Nicéville records it as having been 
taken by Watson at Beeling and by Anderson at Yimiki, King Island, Mergui. Archi- 
pelago ; the description of the male is from the type in the B. M.; our figure is from 
an example from the Druce collection, our description and figure of the female from an 
example in our own collection from the Ataran Valley. 


ARHOPALA PERISSA. 
Plate 694, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, S. 
Arhopala perissa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p. 419, pl. 23, fig. 11. de Nicéville, Butt. 
of India, iii. p. 278 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 633. Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. 
Soe. 1903, p. 137, pl. 3, fig. 11, ¢. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich purple-blue, varying in some examples to brilliant 
pale lustrous blue. /orewing with the costal border narrowly black to the middle, then 
suddenly expanding to the apex, where the border is very broad, and gradually narrows 
hindwards to the hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal black band moderately 
broad, continued round the apex and narrowing gradually to the anal angle. Cilia 
black; very slight productions at the ends of all the veins; no tails. Underside 
chocolate-brown, with a slight ochreous tint; markings slightly darker than the ground 
colour, pale edged. orewing with the hinder marginal area broadly pale, a small oval 
sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger one in the middle, a still larger spot at the end, with 
a small spot attached to its upper inner side, an outwardly oblique spot -below it, with 
a larger sub-quadrate spot in the next lower interspace, its upper outer end attached 
to the lower inner side of the oblique spot; a discal fairly broad band of six conjoined 
spots, almost straight down, the first small, the others of uniform size, its lower end 
rather close to the sub-marginal series, terminal line brown, with a series of pale brown 
lunular marks on it. Hindwing with four small sub-basal spots, the fourth well inwards, 
followed by three larger spots in a line, a curved bar at the end of the cell, with two 
spots in continuation, the first curved, the other running in on to the abdominal 


AMBLYPODIINA. 231 


margin, a discal series of eight spots, the first two well separated from the others, the 
lower inner end of the second spot touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, 
the others in an almost even outward curve, the fifth spot only out of place, being 
shifted slightly inwards, the seventh as usual is curved, and the eighth inwards on to 
the abdominal margin ; a sub-marginal series of conjoined angular lunules, terminal line 
brown, with a pale inner line, most apparent towards the anal angle, with a series of 
pale brown small lunular marks attached, a black spot at the anal angle and another 
in the next interspace, both almost obliterated by a short curved band of metallic pale 
blue scales. 

Female. Upperside like the male, but somewhat paler and duller in colour, the 
black borders broader. Underside like the male. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 148, to 14%; inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DistTRiBUTION.—The type came from Myitta ; it is in coll. Bethune-Baker from the 
Donat Range, who has kindly lent us an example for figuring; Elwes records it 
from Eastern Pegu. 


ARHOPALA ADALA. 
Plate 694, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 
Arhopala adala, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 282, pl. O, fig. 27, ¢. Bethune- 


Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 148. 
Arhopala adulans, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 284, pl. O, figs. 28, g, 29, 9. 


Imaco.—-Male. Upperside, both wings rich shining deep blue, distinctly turning 
to purple in some lights. orewing with the costa up to the costal nervure, the 
apex widely, the outer margin somewhat widely and decreasingly black, the inner 
edge of this black area is irregular as it is penetrated by the blue ground-colour 
beyond the end of the discoidal cell and again towards the apex of the wing. 
Hindwing with the costa, outer and abdominal margins broadly black. Underside, 
both wings glossy reddish-lilac-brown, all the spots darker, dull reddish-brown, out- 
wardly defined by a fine pale violet line. orewing with the inner margin broadly up 
to the sub-median fold and the first median nervule whitish ; a small oval spot towards 
the base, a larger one at the middle, and a still larger quadrate one closing the discoidal 
cell ; a costal spot; a rather large spot in the sub-median interspace placed at the point 
where the first median nervule arises; another oblique spot at the base of the first 
median interspace; a discal outwardly curved continuous unbroken chain of seven 
spots, the spots slightly and gradually increasing im size from the anterlormost one on 
the costa to the fourth, the fifth and sixth the same size as the fourth, the seventh a 
mere dot ; a prominent sub-marginal fascia divided from a marginal series of oval spots 
by a pale broken line. Hindwing with four small round spots acruss the base ; a sub- 


222 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


costal spot ; a spot posterior to the last in the middle of the cell ; a large spot posterior 
again to the latter ; an elongated spot at the end of the cell; a small spot posterior to 
this; the discal band much dislocated, the two anteriormost spots well separated and 
shifted inwardly from the six spots which follow, touching the elongated spot at the 
end of the cell; the second portion of the discal band consists of six spots, which are 
all conjoined, but are placed in pairs somewhat, the posteriormost of these just touches 
the last spot of the discal series, which is placed on the abdominal margin ; a rather 
prominent lunulated sub-marginal band; a marginal series of oval dark spots; the 
anal angle produced, but hardly forming an anal lobe. 

Female. Upperside, both wings with the blue areas smaller than in the male. 
Forewing with the costal black border reaching to the sub-costal nervure, and closing 
the cell with a wedge-shaped projection; the outer margin of the blue area quite 
regular; the outer margin of the wing nearly twice as broadly black as in the male. 
Hindwing has the blue colour confined to a much smaller area on the middle of the 
disc ; the discocellular nervules marked with a black line. Underside, both wings as 
in the male, except that the ground-colour is a trifle paler. 

This species is a little like A. asotria, Hewitson, from Maulmein, which is still 
unknown to me except from Hewitson’s description and figure, but the blue coloration 
of the male on the forewing is less extensive and has anteriorly an irregular edge; the 
shape of the hindwing is also different in A. asotria, the anal angle is quite round in 
A. adela; it is produced to a point so that the abdominal and outer margins together 
form an exact right angle. The markings and coloration of the underside are very 
close indeed to A. arvina, Hewitson, and A. aboé, de Nicéville. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 135 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

We have not seen this species; de Nicéville sent his whole collection of Arhopalas 
to Bethune-Baker when the latter was writing his Monograph of the Amblypodiinz. 
After de Nicéville’s death his collection was purchased by the authorities of the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, and as the rules and regulations under which they lend specimens 
for scientific purposes are absolutely prohibitive, we have not been able to 
examine any of the rarer species. After describing A. aduluns, de Nicéville 
makes the following remarks :—‘ On the upperside both sexes of this species agree 
almost precisely with A. adalu, de Nicéville, described above. On the underside, how- 
ever, the ground-colour of A. adulans is distinctly darker and less reddish; the pale 
inuer marginal area of the forewing is more extensive, reaching to the median nervure 
instead of to the sub-median fold ; and A. adala possesses in the forewing a small costal 
spot placed midway between the end of the cell and the discal band, which is wanting 
in A. adulans. The female of A. adala (which I have not thought it necessary to 
figure) has the blue coloration of the upperside considerably less extensive than in the 


AMBLYPODIIN.E. 223 


same sex of A. adulans, so that in the forewing the black area broadly covers the disco- 
cellular nervules, and in the hindwing occupies about half the surface, in A. adulans 
the black colour occupies the outer third of the wing only. 

* Described from three males and one female in my collection.” 

Bethune-Baker says that after examining de Nicéville’s specimens, he could not but 
consider them as one and the same species. Our figures are copies of de Nicéville’s 
figures of adala $ and adulans $. 


ARHOPALA TOUNGUVA. 
Plate 695, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 
Amblypodia tounguva, Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 268. 
Arhopala tounguva, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 269, pl. 27, fig. 198, ¢ (1890). Watson, 


Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Lyc. pt. 44, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5 
(1898). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 138, pl. 3, fig. 12, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue. Forewing with the black costal band 
broad, the outer margin with its black band not quite so broad. Hindwing with the 
costal space broadly black, the black outer marginal band somewhat narrower than it 
is in the forewing; in shape and outline it is similar to A. perissa. Underside 
ochreous-brown, markings much as in A. perissa, but the bands are somewhat 
broader. Forewing with the discal bands decidedly broader. Hindwing with the 
discal band much broader, the upper inner end of the third spot touches the lower outer 
end of the second, whereas in perissa it is well separated from it, but otherwise all the 
markings are similarly disposed. 

Female. Upperside paler blue, all the marginal black bands broader. Underside 
as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, f 14%, 2 14% inches. 

Hapirat.—Burma, Andamans. 

DistriputTion.—The type came from Toungu; we have it from Ataran Valley ; 
de Nicéville records it from Rangoon and the Andamans, and Watson from Chin 


Lushai. . 


ARHOPALA ASOPIA. 
Plate 695, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 


Amblypodia asopia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14f, pl. 3c, figs. 50, 51 (1869). 
Arhopala asopia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 270 (1890). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 
1903, p. 138, pl. 3, fig. 13, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, lilac-blue, sub-lustrous. Forewing with the costal 
and outer marginal bands moderately broad and dark brown, broadest at the apex. 


224. LEPIDOPTERA’ INDICA. 


Hindwing with the costal space broadly brown, narrowing rapidly round the apex and 
down the outer margin. Underside ochreous-brown, markings darker brown with 
pale edgings. Fvrewing with two small round spots in the cell, sub-basal and medial, 
a bar at the end; a discal, rather broad, nearly straight band of six conjoined spots, 
the first small, the fifth a little inwards, an outwardly oblique spot or dash below the 
outer cell spot, the four lower spaces outside this mark pale, almost whitish; a some- 
what broad sub-marginal band of conjoimed lunular marks, the margin pale with 
small, indistinct lunules. Hindwing with the usual four sub-basal spots and the three 
following spots all unusually small, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a discal series 
of eight spots in pairs, the lower ends of the second touching the upper ends of the 
discoidal and of the third spot, the upper outer end of the fifth touching the lower 
inner end of the fourth, the seventh curved, running into the eighth, which runs into 
the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal rather broad band of angular conjoined lunular 
marks, terminal line pale, with sub-terminal small lunules. 

Female. Upperside purple-blue, much brighter blue than the male, bands some- 
what broader. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ? ? 145 to 155 ches. 

Hasirat.—Barma. 

DistripuTion.—The type came from Maulmein; it is in the B. M. from Tilin Yaw 
and Tenasserim ; in Bethune-Baker’s collection from Bhamo, and in ours from Ataran. 


ARHOPALA HETA. 
"Plate 695, fies. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b. 


Arhopala xeta, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, vol. vii. p. 333, pl. H, fig. 17, 9. 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 139. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull bluish-purple. / crewing with a black spot at the 
end of the cell running into the broad black costal band which commences obscurely 
at the base, becomes well marked at the middle and expands on to the apex where 
it is very broad, runs broadly down the outer margin and expands somewhat at the 
hinder angle. Hindwing with the costal space broadly black, the outer margin with 
a black line, with very slight productions at the ends of all the veins, abdominal 
fold grey. Cilia black. Underside rather pale chocolate-grey, markings brown. 
Forewing with a very small sub-basal spot in the cell, a larger oval spot in the 
middle, a rather large, somewhat square spot at the end with a small spot attached 
to its upper inner end, and a large spot attached to it below, which is somewhat 
obscured by a broad brown smear which runs from it for more than half the length 
of the cell below the median vein; a discal, rather broad band of six conjoined 
spots, outwardly curved below the costa, then running straight down to vein 2, a 


AMBLYPODIINAL. 225 


sub-marginal less broad but rather prominent band which becomes diffuse hindwards 
and narrows upwards, a brown marginal line and between them a series of small 
lunular marks, the hinder marginal space below these bands paler than the rest of the 
wing. /7indwing rather darker than the forewing, four sub-basal spots nearly in a 
line, followed by three larger spots in a line, the third somewhat triangular, a curved 
bar with a pale centre at the end of the cell, a spot between its lower end and the 
triangular spot, a very irregular discal series of eight spots, the first pair from 
the costa conjoined, the lower inner end of the second spot touching the upper outer 
end of the discoidal bar, the next two conjoined and well outwards, the fifth and 
sixth together in echelon to the third and fourth, the upper outer end of the fifth 
touching the lower inner end of the fourth, the seventh curved, its outer part inside 
the lower end of the sixth and just touching it, the eighth annular and well separated 
from the seventh, and placed well inward and upward close to the abdominal margin, 
marginal line brown, a sub-marginal band of conjoined lunules, and between them a 
series of small lunular marks. . 

Female. Like the male above and below, but darker, the spots below more 
prominent. 

Expanse of wings, $ ?, 14% inches. 

Hasirat.— Burma. 

Distripution.—The type, a female, now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, was 
taken by Bingham in the Thoungyin Valley; there are both sexes in the B. M. from 
Bingham’s collection, taken by him later in the Haundraw Valley, from which our 
descriptions and figures are taken ; the underside of de Nicéville’s figure is very incorrect 
and does not correspond with his description. 


ARHOPALA OBERTHURI. 
Plate 696, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, 6. 


Amblypodia oberthiiri, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 132, pl. 2, fig. 4. 
Arhopala oberthiivi, Bethune-Baker, Trans, Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 101, pl. 2, fig. 16, @. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue. Forewing with broad black costal 
border, which joins the black discoidal bar and from thence is broader to the apex, 
where it is broadest, the band being continued broadly and almost evenly down the 
outer margin. /indwing with costal and outer marginal border, broadly and evenly 
black ; abdominal fold grey. Cilia black, anal lobe very slightly represented ; no tail, 
but there is a short production of the wing at the end of vein 2. Underside with the 
ground colour chocolate-grey, markings dark chocolate-brown. Forewing with- some 
chocolate-brown suffusion above and below the cell, three cell spots with pale centres, 
increasing in size outwards, the two usual spots below the middle of the two outer cell 

VOL, VILL. | one 


226 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


spots formed of two bars in an angle with their upper ends joined together, brown 
marks across the cell between the cell spots, a similar short mark from the costa, 
outside the outer cell spot, the whole lower space of the wing from the median vein some- 
what suffused with brown, a discal series of six conjoined spots, in almost a straight 
band, the uppermost one small, the others gradually decreasing in size hindwards, 
a sub-marginal series of dark and separate lunular marks, stopping at vein 2, and a 
series of pale brown marks between the bands. /Hindwing with a brown costal spot at 
the base, a sub-basal series of four spots, the fourth well inwards, followed by three 
spots in a line, a narrow, curved bar, constricted at its middle at the end of the cell, a 
discal series of eight spots, the first two from the costa large, the lower ends of the 
second touching the discoidal bar, and the upper inner end of the third spot, the 
fourth immediately below the third, the fifth small and inwards, the sixth and seventh 
curved, the eighth inwards and upwards on the abdominal margin, all these spots with 
pale centres and all the series with small dark chocolate-brown marks between them, 
so that the whole surface of the wing is mottled with dark chocolate marks of various 
kinds, very difficult to describe; a sub-marginal series of acutely angled conjoined 
lunules, two at the middle filled in with very dark, nearly black-brown ; both wings 
with brown terminal line and sub-terminal, dark blackish-brown lunules, small in the 
forewing, large in the lower part of the hindwing, decreasing in size upwards. 

Female. Upperside paler than the male. Forewing with the costal and outer 
marginal black bands similarly shaped, but broader, and there is a large black spot on 
a small whitish ground at the end of the cell which runs into the broad costal band. 
Hindwing with the costal space and outer marginal band very broadly blackish, and 
also like the male there is a short projection at the end of vein 2. Underside with 
the markings exactly as in the male, but the general coloration is much paler. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 13%, $ 14%) inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Philippines. 

DistRiputIon.—The type came from the Philippines. Bethune-Baker, who has 
kindly lent us an example for figuring, records it from Tounghas, Central Burma, and 
from the Donat Range; it very closely resembles A. alesia, Felder, but has no tail. 
The female is described and figured (for the first time) from an example in the B. M. 
from the Shan States taken by Watson in January, 1897. 


ARHOPALA GANESA. 
Plate 696, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 
Amblypodia ganesa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 44, pl. la, fig. 9 (1857). Hewitson, Cat. Lye. 
B. M. p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 72, g (1862). 


Panchala ganesa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 252. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 
p. 126. 


AMBLYPODIINZ. 22°77 


Arhopala ganesa, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 273 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663, pl. A, fig. 6, ¢. 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 383. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. Bethune- 


Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 146, pl. 4, figs. 24, 24a (genitalia). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p. 366. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, greyish-violet-blue. Forewing with the costa grey 
along the basal half, from thence it is black, expanding rapidly to-the apex where the 
black band is very broad, and then broadly down the outer margin, but narrowing 
slightly hindwards, a small white patch on the inner side of the apical band, being in 
and beyond the end of the cell, and divided into two by a large black spot at the 
end of the cell which is attached to the costal band. Hindwing with the costal space 
broadly blackish, the outer margin with a narrow blackish-grey band, sometimes 
macular, the spots running a little way inwards on the veins. Cilia white, with a little 
black at the base ; no tails, the outer margin evenly rounded, the costa sinuous, its apex 
acute and anteriorly produced. Underside. Forewing cream colour, markings dark 
chocolate-brown, edged with darker brown, a pale sub-basal spot in the cell, a narrow 
dark bar across the middle and a larger one at the end, joined to two spots beneath it, 
divided by the vein, filling the bases of the two interspaces, the lower the larger, another 
spot beneath the central cell bar, a discal series of six conjoined squarish spots of fairly 
equal size, the upper one separated from the costa, where there are two minute pale 
spots, the third and sixth spot shifted half outwards; the sixth spot is a little suffused 
and is inwards and somewhat larger than the others; a sub-marginal row of dark 
lunules. Sindwing grey, darker than the forewing, the markings slightly darker than 
the ground colour, edged with chocolate-brown, two costal spots at the base, one above 
the other, four sub-basal spots, the fourth slightly inwards, followed by three larger 
ones in a line, a bottle-shaped spot at the end of the cell, and a curved series of eight 
spots in four pairs, the fifth and seventh being a little inwards; a sub-marginal lunular 
line and a series of small lunular marks close to the margin, all these markings on this 
wing often very indistinct and difficult to make out. 

Female. Upperside with the blue colour generally darker and brighter than in 
the male, the black marginal bands broader, the white patches in the upper disc of the 
forewing larger. Underside as in the male, but the markings are usually more 
distinct. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 1,2, to 143; inches. 

Hasirat.— Western Himalayas. 

Distripution.—It has a wide range from Kashmir on the west to Kumaon on 
the east, 5,500 to 6,500 feet elevation, always in oak forests; the type is marked 
N. India. Hannyngton and Lang took it in plenty at Kumaon, Leslie and Evans in 
Chitral, Mackinnon and de Nicéville at Mussuri, and Watson in the Chin Hills; we 

262 


228 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


have it also from Simla and Kulu. It is the type of Moore’s genus Panchala and is 
certainly more worthy of differentiation than any other of the so-called separate genera. 
It is in the B. M. also from Sultanpore and Ranikhet. 


SECTION IV. 
With tails = Acesina, Moore. 


ARHOPALA ABERRANS. 
Plate 696, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. 


Acesina aberrans, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 279, pl. 14, figs. 3, ¢, 4, 9; id. Butt 
of India, iii. p. 281, pl. 25, figs. 142, ¢, 143, @ (1890). Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, 
p. 532. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634. 

Amblypodia aberrans, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. 

Arhopala aberrans, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 144. 


Imaco.— Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing with black costal and outer 
marginal line.  /7indwing with the costal area narrowly blackish, a black outer 
marginal line, abdominal fold pale, tail black, tipped with white, a suffused, narrow 
pale blackish sub-terminal streak on each side of the tail edged outwardly by a white 
thread close to the black margin, an indistinct blackish anal spot ringed with whitish. 
Cilia black, with its lower part on both wings tipped with white. Underside white, 
with some pale chocolate suffused marks on the upper and outer portions of the 
forewing and over the whole of the hindwings ; markings chocolate-brown, with white 
edges. orewing with the spots and bands rather large, three bar-like spots across the 
cell, increasing in size outwards, with paler bands between them, some irregular spots 
above the two outer cell spots, from thence to the base the costa is suffused with pale 
chocolate colour, an outwardly oblique spot below the middle of the two outer cell 
spots, a larger spot joined to it, in the next lower interspace, below the middle cell 
spot, a discal band of seven spots in two pieces, the uppermost small, joined to three 
larger spots in an outwardly oblique line, two large and one smaller spot joined together 
in echelon with the upper series, its upper end well separated from it, its lower end 
touching the lower end of the sub-marginal band which is diffuse near the hinder angle 
and runs up in a fine line to the costa, Mindwing with a rather large costal spot at 
the immediate base, four sub-basal spots close together, the upper one well separated 
from the costa, the fourth inwards near the base of the abdominal margin, followed by 
four larger spots, three in a line touching each other, the fourth well separated and 
uear the middle of the abdominal margin, a curved bar at the end of the cell, a spot 
between its lower end and the third spot of the second series, touching both, a discal 


AMBLYPODIINA. 229 


series of eight spots, the first two from the costa, the second large, its lower inner end 
touching the outer upper end of the discoidal bar, the third and fourth outwards, the 
fifth inwards, the sixth outwards, the seventh in a curve, the eighth well inwards and 
very small, a sub-marginal line of thick lunules joined together, both wings with brown 
terminal line, with small pale lunular marks against it, a small black anal spot, a small 
black lunular mark in each of the three following interspaces, capped with pale blue. 

Female. Upperside pale blue. Mvrewing with broad black costa and outer 
margins, a black spot at the end of the cell, touching the broad costal band, a white 
patch at the end of the cell, one beyond it in the lower discal interspace and two smaller 
ones below divided by the second medial nervule; in some examples all these white 
spots are more or less fused together. /indwing with the costal space very broadly 
blackish, the outer marginal black band narrow, the black colour running up on some 
of the veins, a black sub-terminal lunular mark in each of the three anal interspaces 
with a fine white line on their outer side. Underside as in the male, the metallic blue 
scales at the anal angle sometimes absent, sometimes slightly indicated. 

Expanse of wings, $ 2 14 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Sikkim. 

Disrrisution.—The male type came from the Meplay Valley and the female from 
the Donat Range, Watson records it from the Chin Hills, Elwes from the Karen Hills, 
Manders from the Shan States, there is a male in coll. Druce from Maymyo and a 
female from Sikkim ; it is in the B. M. also from Tilin Yaw, Ataran Valley, Haundraw 
Valley, Amherst Rvuad, and Dudwatong in Upper Burma. 


ARHOPALA BIRMANA. 
Plate 696, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, g. 


Panchala birmana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 531. 

Arhopala birmana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 274 (1890). Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. Lye. 
pt. 44, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2, 3 (1898). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 144. 

Acesina arisba, de Nicéville, MS. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. de Nicéville, id, 
p. 369, pl. F, fig. 19, g. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blue. orewing with costal and outer marginal 
pands narrowly black. Hindwing with the costal space broadly, the outer marginal 
band narrowly black ; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia black, outwardly edged with 
white; a black spot at the anal angle, another in the first interspace, and a small one 
between them, not very prominent. Underside chocolate-brown, markings a little 
darker than the ground colour, with white edges. /orewing with a somewhat narrow 
sub-basal bar in the cell, a larger one in the middle, and a still larger one at the end, 
a spot on the costa touching the inner end of the last, and three other costal spots 


230 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


touching each other between it and the upper spot of the discal series, a short 
outwardly oblique spot touching the lower end of the discoidal spot, another but 
longer outwardly oblique spot below its inner end, and a spot in the next lower 
interspace all touching each other, the space outside all these spots up to the discal 
series and the entire space below them whitish. //indwing with a rather large costal 
spot at the base, four sub-basal spots, the upper one well separated from the costa, all 
four rather close together, the fourth well inwards near the abdominal margin, followed 
by three larger spots also rather close together, the upper one nearly touching the costa 
and limiting and half obliterated by a large square whitish patch, which on its other 
side is limited by and half obliterates the upper spot of the discal series, a curved bar, 
slightly constricted at its middle, at the end of the cell, with a spot between its lower 
inner end and the third spot of the second series, touching both ; a discal, well curved 
series of eight spots, the first two from the costa, the lower inner end of the second 
touching the upper outer end of the discoidal bar, the next two below well separated 
from the two upper ones, placed well outwards, and nearer the outer margin than is 
usual, the upper outer end of the fifth touching the lower inner end of the fourth, 
joined to the sixth, which is long with a thin end curving below the seventh, which is 
curved as usual, and joins the eighth, which runs inwards and upwards to the abdominal 
margin below its middle, both wings with a sub-marginal lunular series, terminal brown 
line, with a whitish inner line, with small lunular marks attached, a black spot at the 
anal angle, a smaller black spot in each of the following interspaces, all capped with a 
few metallic blue scales. . 

Female. Upperside pale blue. Forewing, with the costal and outer margins broadly 
black, a black spot at the end of the cell touching the black costal band, a white patch 
within the end of the cell, and another beyond the black discoidal spot. Hindwing 
with the costal space broadly black, the outer marginal black band narrow. Underside 
as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1535 to 14% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Tilin Yaw, de Nicéville also records it from 
Maulmein, and Bethune-Baker from Tenasserim. 


ARHOPALA AMMONIDES. 
Plate 697, figs. 1, g, la, @. 


Acesina ammonides, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1890, p. 34. 

Arhopala ammonides, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 630, pl. 44, fig. 7. Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 143, pl. 3, fig. 31, ¢. 

Arhopala ammon, de Nicéville (part), Butt. of India, iii. p. 243 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant blue, or dark morpho-blue; the borders very 


AMBLYPODIINA. 231 


deep black. Forewing with costal margin for one-third narrowly black, then expanding 
rapidly to the apex and narrowing a little on the outer margin to the hinder angle, its 
inner margin in a fairly well rounded curve. Hindwing with the costa and outer margin 
broadly and evenly black, a moderately long, narrow, black tail, tipped with white. 
Cilia black, with some white at the tips on the upper part of the hindwing only. 
Underside very dark rich chocolate colour, markings indicated by their pure white 
edgings ; three large bars of increasing size outwards, in the cell, the second and third 
white edgings run up above the sub-costal vein, and have a dark patch between them, a 
white oblique short line above the vein between the fourth and fifth edgings and three 
above the sixth; a discal series of six conjoined spots, the first the smallest, a little 
inwards on the costa, the fourth a little outwards, a small patch of white with a short 
white line above it, connecting the lower part of the band with the lower end of the 
discoidal bar, a double series of sub-marginal, much angulated white conjomed lunules, 
nearly obliterated at the apex by a large white smear. Hindwing with a large round 
white spot on the middle of the costa, four sub-basal spots in a line, the upper three 
conjoined, followed by three slightly larger spots in a line attached to each other, a bar 
at the end of the cell, constricted in its middle, a discal series of eight spots, the fifth 
and seventh a little inwards, the seventh curved with a small spot attached to it, sub- 
marginal double series of white lunules as in the forewing more or less obliterated at 
the apex by a large white smear. 

Female. Upperside paler and duller blue, marginal black bands a little broader. 
Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ $ 14%; to 15% inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma. 


ARHOPALA PARAGANESA. 
Plate 697, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, 9. 

Amblypodia paraganesa, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1882, p. 63. 

Panchala paraganesa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 530. 

Acesina paraganesa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 42. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 
p- 281 (1890). 

Arhopala paraganesa, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 663. Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 144, pl. 4, figs. 23, 23a (genitalia). Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1910, p. 366. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside violet-blue. Forewing with very broad costal and 
outer marginal black bands, occupyiug all but the middle, basal, and lower portions of 
the wing, the costal band narrows a little towards the base, and the outer marginal band 
runs in narrowly on the hinder margin for a short distance, a black spot at the upper 
end of the cell, joined to the costal band, and some small white marks in the blue 
space outside the cell. Hindwing nearly all blackish, the blue space, which is powdered 


232 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with blackish atoms, being confined to the cell and for a little distance beyond and below 
it ; avery small black anal spot, and a black sub-terminal lunule in each of the next three 
interspaces, a white anteciliary thread, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia on both 
wings black, with white outer edge. Underside white, markings chocolate-brown, with 
white edges. orewing with base and costa up to the discal band suffused and spotted 
with chocolate-brown, this marking running down between the cell spots, which are 
oval and increase in size outwards, a discal band of seven conjoined spots, the first very 
small, with another similar one on the costa close to its inner side, the others in a 
gentle even curve, with the exception of the fourth spot, which is pushed a little 
outwards ; the seventh is small and has a small dark smear below it, and is near the 
outer marginal double series of lunular marks. Hindwing with a basal spot on the 
costa, with the base of the wing below it suffused with chocolate-brown, four sub-basal 
spots as in A. aberrans, a smeared spot above the upper one, a spot in the middle of the 
cell, a broken thin band running across the wing inside it, a bar at the end of the cell 
with three spots between its lower end and the abdominal margin, a discal series of 
seven spots, the first two from the costa, the second the largest, the next three joined 
together, outside and well separated from the upper two, the sixth curved, the seventh 
small, nearly all the spots with white centres, a sub-marginal series of white angular 
marks with small black lunules inside them, all the bands with pale chocolate-brown 
marks between them, on the lower half of the wing. Both wings with the terminal 
line brown. Cilia white, brown on the upper two-thirds of the forewing. 

Female, like the male above and below, but on the upperside it is duller in colour, 
and the white marks in the upper disc of the forewing are a little more extensive. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2 142; to 144; inches. 

Hasirat.—Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet. 

Distripution.—The type came from Nepal, Watson records it from the Chin 
Hills, de Nicéville says it is rare in Sikkim, and that he has seen one example taken in 
Sylhet, we have it from Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, Hannyngton records it from 
Kumaon. 


ARHOPALA ZEPHYRETTA. 
Plate 697, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, 9. 
Acesina zephyretta, Doherty, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 33. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, 
p- 634, pl. 44, fig. 8, ¢@. 
Arhopala zephyretta, Bethune-Baker, Trans, Zool, Soc. 1903, p. 145. 

Imaco,—Male. Upperside blackish-brown. Forewing with a very small space in 
the middle of the wing obscure blue. Hindwing without any blue, but with a blue 
tint towards the base; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings with white 
tips. Underside with all the markings as in A. paraganesa, but almost the entire 


AMBLYPODIIN 2. 238 


surface of both wings is suffused with chocolate-brown, the lower dise of the forewing 
and the upper disc of the hindwing being palest. 

Female. Upperside. Forewing with the cell and a small portion outside and 
below it purple-blue. //indwing blackish, with a small space near the base with some 
purple-blue colour visible. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 142; to 14% inches. 

Hapirat.—Assam. 

Disrripurion.—The types came from Margharita, Upper Assam; it is in our 
collection from the Khasia Hills. 


ARHOPALA ARIEL. 
Plate 697, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, g. 
Acesina ariel, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1891, p. 33. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634, 


pl. 44, fig. 9, g. 
Arhopala ariel, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 145. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-blue. orewing with a broad outer marginal 
black border, which runs narrowing down the costal margin beyond its middle and is 
continued in a fine line to the base. Hindwing with the margins broadly blackish, the 
blue colour limited to a small space in the middle of the wing; tail black, tipped with 
white. Cilia of both wings black, with white tips on the hindwing and lower portion 
of the forewing. Underside chocolate-brown ; except for a white space on the lower 
dise of the forewing and a very large white spot attached to the middle of the costa of 
the hindwing all the markings are similar to those in A. paraganesa and are very little 
darker than the ground colour, which has suffused chocolate-brown marks between the 
bands on both wings, making the entire surface of both wings (except the white 
patches) very dark and densely packed. 

Female similar to the male above and below, except that the black outer marginal 
bands are broader. 

Expanse of wings, f ¢ 15°; to 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—Assam. 

DistrisutTion.—The types came from Margharita, it is in our collection from the 
Khasia Hills. 


INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. 


Arhopala meander, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Ent. p. 76 (1832). Synonyms, Arhopala adherbal, 
Grose-Smith, Rhop. Exot. iii. p. 10, pl. 25, fig. 3 (1902). Arhopala appianus, Grose-Smith, id. 
p. 11, pl. 25, fig. 4. Habitat, South-east Borneo, New Guinea, and the Islands to Queensland. 

Arhopala pseudo-centaurus, Amblypodia pseudo-centaurus, Doubleday, List. Lep. B. M. u. p. 24 
(1847). Habitat, Java. 


VOL. VIII. 2H 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Arhopala eridanus, Amblypodia eridanus, Felder, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 453 (1860), 
Arhopala eridanus, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 229, pl. 29, figs. 16, 17 (1865). Bethune- 
Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 14, g, and pl. 4, figs. 13, 13a (genitalia). 
Synonyms, Amblypodia polita, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 199, pl. 9, fig. 14. Amblypodia eridanus, 
var. dilutior, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 123. Habitat, Palawan, Cagayan Isl. N. Borneo, and 
Balabak. 

Arhopala annulata, Amblypodia annulata, Felder, Lep. Amboin. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xl. p. 452 
(1860). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 21 (1865). Synonyms, Amblypodia 
tristis, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 200, pl. 60, fig. 9. Amblypodia erebina, Staudinger, id. 1889, 
p- 123, pl. i. fig. 14. Habitat, Banka Island, Philippines, Amboina. 

Arhopala lycenaria, Amblypodia lycenaria, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860) ; id. Reise, 
Nov. Lep. ii. p. 232, pl. 29, fig. 13, ¢ (1865). Synonym, Amblypodia olinda, Druce, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1873, p. 354, pl. 33, fig. 5, 9. Habitat, Malacca, Penang, Borneo, Sumatra. 

Arhopala amphimuta, Amblypodia amphimuta, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860). Arhopala 
amphimuta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 232, pl. 29, fig. 8 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. 
Zool. Soe. 1903, p. 90, pl. 2, fig. 7, 6. Habitat, Malacca. 

Arhopala inornata, Amblypodia inornata, Felder, Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396 (1860). Arhopala 
innorata, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 234, pl. 29, fig. 12, § (1865). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 91, 
pl. 2, fig. 8, ¢. Habitat, Malacca, Philippine Islands. 

Arhopala hercules, Amblypodia hercules, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 3, pl. 8, figs. 92, 93, g 
(1862). Habitat, Celebes, Java, N. Guinea, Halmaheira, Waigece. 

Arhopala acetes, Amblypodia acetes, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 5, pl. 3, figs. 14, 15, y (1862). 
Arhopala acetes, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 45, pl. 3, fig. 18, g. Habitat, 
Celebes. 

Arhopala aliteus, Amblypodia aliteeus, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, pl. 5, figs. 45, 46, g (1862). 
Synonym, Amblypodia viviana, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 200, pl. 9, figs. 13, 14. Habitat, 8. Celebes, 
Banka Island, Mindoro. 

Arhopala adatha, Amblypodia adatha, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. pl. 4, figs. 29, 30, 31, g (1862). 
Habitat, Malacca, Celebes, Philippines, Amboina. 

Arhopala achelous, Amblypodia achelous, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 7, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8, g (1862). 
Habitat, Singapore, Borneo. 

Arhopala agesias, Amblypodia agesias, Hewitson, Cat. Lep. B. M. p. 2, pl. 6, figs. 55, 56 (1862). 
Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra, Pulo Laut, Malacca. 

Arhopala muta, Amblypodia muta, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 11, pl. 6, figs. 57, 58, ¢ (1862). 
Habitat, Java. 

Arhopala adonias, Amblypodia adonias, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. B. M. p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 32, 33 (1862). 
Synonym, Amblypodia grynea, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 20, pl. (suppl.) 7, figs. 59, 60 
(1878). Habitat, Java, Philippines. 

Arhopala ammon, Amblypodia ammon, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 49, 50, 2 (1862). 
Habitat, Malacca, Sumatra. 

Arhopala aurea, Amblypodia aurea, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. B. M. p. 8, pl. 8, figs. 87, 88 (1862). 
Habitat, Borneo. 

Arhopala araxes, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. iii. p. 224, pl. 29, figs. 3,4, §; 5, 2 (1865). Habitat, 
Celebes, Banka Island, Sula Island. 

Arhopala aglais, Felder, l.c. p. 223, pl. 29, fig. 11, g (1865). Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala asinarus, Felder, l.c. p. 235. Synonym, Lycena japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 167 


AMBLYPODIINE. 235 


(1874). Arhopala japonica, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 134, pl. 3, fig. 10, g, and 
pl. 4, figs. 21, 21a (genitalia). Habitat, Cochin, Japan. 

Arhopala elfeta, Amblypodia elfeta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 14b, pl. 3a, fig. 40, 9 (1865). 
Habitat, Celebes. 

Arhopala tephlis, Amblypodia tephlis, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14c, pl. 3a, figs. 57, 58, 3 (1865). Synonym, 
Amblypodia bicolora, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 71, pl. 5, fig. 7. Habitat, Celebes, Gilolo, 
Halmaheira. 

Arhopala theba, Amblypodia theba, Hewitson, lc. p. 6, pl. 5, figs. 29, 30 (1865). Habitat, 
Philippines. 

Arhopala aronya, Amblypodia aronya, Hewitson, l.c. p. l4e, pl. 3b, figs. 45, 46 (1865). Habitat, 
Mindanao. 

Arhopala arsenius, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 236, pl. 29, fig. 18 (1865). Habitat, Luzon. 
Batchian. 

Arhopala phzenops, Felder, l.c. p. 227 (1865). Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p- 68, pl. i. 
fig. 27, g. Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala auxesia, Amblypodia auxesia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 5, pl. i. figs. 1, 9; 2, 3, 
g (1865). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 80, pl. 3, fig. 23. Habitat, Sumatra, New Guinea. 

Arhopala hesba, Amblypodia hesba, Hewitson, l.c. p. 142, pl. 3b, fig. 47 (1865). Bethune-Baker, l.c. 
p- 95, pl. 3, fig. 28, §. Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala alaconia, Amblypodia alaconia, Hewitson, 1.c. p- 14, pl. 3, figs. 52, 53 (1865). Habitat, 
Borneo. 

Arhopala ocrida, Amblypodia ocrida, Hewitson, loc. p- 146, pl. 3a, figs. 38, 39 (1865). Habitat, 
Philippines. 

Arhopala amphea, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 234, pl. 29, fig. 19 (1865). Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala corinda, Amblypodia corinda, Hewitson, Le. p. 14c, pl. 3a, figs. 34, 35, 3, 33, 2 (1865). 
Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 121, pl. 3, fig. 2, g. Synonym, Arhopala acestes, 
de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 330, pl. H, fig. 14, g. Habitat, Philippines, 
Penang, Perak. 

Arhopala cnotria, Amblypodia cnotria, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14a, pl. 3c, fig. 56 (1865). Habitat, 
Philippines, Nias, Borneo. 

Arhopala myrzala, Amblypodia myrzala, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14c, pl. 3b, figs. 41, 42, g¢ (1865). 
Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala czca, Amblypodia cxca, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14, pl. 4, fig. 28, g (1865). Habitat, 
Borneo. 

Arhopala canulia, Amblypodia canulia, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14f, pl. 3c, fig. 54, g (1869). 

Arhopala anunda, Amblypodia anunda, Hewitson, l.c. p. 14a, pl. 3a, fig. 32 (1869). Bethune-Baker, 
Trans. Zool. Soc. p. 76, pl. 3, figs. 19, 20, 21, and pl. 5, figs. 2, 2a (genitalia), Synonym, 
Amblypodia anthelus, var. saturatior, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p- 122. Habitat, Philippines, 
Sumatra, Java. 

Arhopala trogon, Panchala trogon, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p- 201; id. Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 275, woodcut, 87, g (1885), and p. 464 (1886). Arhopala trogon, de Nicéville 
and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 467. Habitat, Perak, Sumatra. 

Arhopala morphina, Panchala morphina, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1884, p- 201; id. Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 274, woodcut 86, g (1885). Arhopala morphina, de Nicéville and Martin, 1.c. 
p. 468. H.H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 666. Habitat, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, 
Silam. 


2H 2 


bo 
for} 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Arhopala kurzi, Narathura kurzi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 682, pl. 21, fig. 1, g (1885). Habitat, 
Malacca, Penang. 

Arhopala quercoides, Amblypodia quercoides, Rober, Iris, 1886, p. 72, pl. 5, fig. 9. Arhopala 
quercoides, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 68, pl. i. fig. 26, g. Habitat, Celebes. 
Arhopala loomisi, Amblypodia loomisi, Pryer, Rhop. Niphon. p. 11, pl. ii. fig. 15 (1886). Arhopala 
ganesa, var. loomisi, Leech, Butt. China, &e. ii. p. 343, pl. 30, fig. 11 (1893). Synonym, 
Arhopala ganesa, var. seminigra, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 44 (1890). Habitat, China, 

Japan. 

Arhopala kuhni, Amblypodia kuhni, Rober, Iris, 1887, p. 200, pl. 9, figs. 5, 8. Arhopala kuhni, 
Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 113, pl. ii. figs. 28, ¢, 29, 9. Habitat, Banka Island. 

Arhopala argentea, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 281, pl. 96 (1888). Synonym, Arhopala clarissa, 
Grose-Smith, Nov. Zool. iv. p. 366 (1897); id. Rhop. Exot. Lye. pl. 14, figs. 4, 5 (1898). 
Habitat, Celebes. 

Arhopala davaona, Semper, Schmett. Philipp. Ins. v. p. 204 (1888). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 96, 
pl. ii. fig. 12, ¢. Habitat, Philippines. 


’ Arhopala staudingeri, Semper, l.c. p. 195. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 109, pl. ii. fig. 25, ¢. Habitat, 


Philippines. 

Arhopala anamuta, Semper, l.c. p. 203. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 128, pl. 3, fig. 6, g. Habitat, 
Philippines. 

Arhopala viola, Semper (non viola, Rober), l.c. p. 196. Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 51, pl. i. fig. 7, g, 
pl. 3, figs. 29, 30, 9. Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala myrtha, Staudinger, Iris, 1889, p. 127. Bethune-Baker, lc. p. 61, pl. i. fig. 23, ¢. 
Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala myrtale, Staudinger, l.c. p. 126, pl. i. fig. 17 (mon 16). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p- 63, 
pl. i. fig. 25, 6. H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 592. Habitat, Borneo, 
Philippines. 

Arhopala pseudomuta, Amblypodia pseudomuta, Staudinger, l.c. p. 125. Arhopala pseudomuta, 
Bethune-Baker, lc. p. 87, pl. i. fig. 30, ¢. Habitat, Malacca, Borneo. 

Arhopala agesilaus, Amblypodia agesilaus, Staudinger, l.c. p. 127, pl. i. fig. 16 (non 17). Bethune- 
Baker, l.c. p. 93, pl. ii. fig. 10, g, pl. 5, figs. 7, 7a (genitalia). Habitat, Perak, Malacca, 
Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines. 

Arhopala detrita, Staudinger, l.c. p. 129. Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala allata, Staudinger, l.c. p. 125, pl. 2, fig. 1. Bethune-Baker, lc. p. 128, pl. 3, fig. 7, g. 
Habitat, Philippines, Borneo. 

Arhopala epimete, Amblypodia epimete, Staudinger, l.c. p. 128, pl. 1. fig. 2, g. Bethune-Baker, l.c. 
p. 141, pl. iii. fig. 16. Habitat, Philippines. 

Arhopala horsfieldi, Arablypodia lorsfieldi, Pagenstecher, Jahrb. des Nass. Ber. fiir Naturk. xliii. 
pp- 96 and 106 (1890). Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 107 pl. ii. fig. 26, g. Habitat, Java. 

Arhopala asia, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1892, p. 333, pl. H, fig. 16, g. Habitat, 
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra. 

Arhopala area, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 331, pl. H, fig. 15, 9. Habitat, Celebes. 

Arhopala ace, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 329, pl. H, fig. 13. Habitat, Perak, Sumatra. 

Arhopala elopwra, H. H. Druce, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1894, p. 9; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 590, and 
1896, p. 670, pl. 29, fig. 6. Habitat, Borneo. 

Arhopala azata, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 466 ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soe. 
1896, p. 172, pl. T, figs. 32 ¢,33 9. Habitat, Perak, Sumatra. 


AMBLYPODIIN 4. 237 


Arhopala similis, H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 592. Synonym, Arhopala anila, de Nicéville, 
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1895, p. 469. Habitat, Borneo, Sumatra, Salangor. 

Arhopala anella, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1895, p. 289, pl. P, fig. 32. Habitat, 
Perak. 

Arhopala azinis, de Nicéville, l.c. p. 3, pl. T, fig. 31. Synonym, Avhopala kounga, Bethune-Baker and 
H. H. Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 662, pl. 30, fig. 4, 2 (nee fig. 3, g). Habitat, Sumatra, 
Borneo. 

Arhopala labuana, Bethune-Baker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 667, pl. 30, figs. 12, g, 13, 9. 
Habitat, Borneo, Philippines. 

Arhopala sandakana, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, lec. p. 671, pl. 31, fig. 2, g. Habitat, 
Borneo, Java, Silam, Pulo Bai. 

Arhopala drucet, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 661, pl. 30, figs. 1, g, 2, 9. Habitat, 
Kina Balu, Borneo. 

Arhopala havilandi, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 665, pl. 30, figs. 8, g, 9, 9. Habitat, 
Kina Balu. 

Arhopala auzea, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896, p. 169, pl. S, figs. 29, g, 30, ?. 
Habitat, Java. 

Arhopala avatha, de Nicéville, lc. p. 174, pl. T, fig. 34, ¢. Habitat, Sumatra. 

Arhopala moorei, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 669, pl. 31, fig. 1, ¢. Habitat, Malacca, 
Borneo, Sumatra. 

Arhopala waterstradti, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, lc. p. 668, pl. 30, figs. 10, g, 11, 9. 
Habitat, Borneo. 

Arhopala deva, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, le. p. 669, pl. 31, fig. 3. Habitat, North 


Borneo. 

Arhopala borneensis, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 666, pl. 30, fig. 5, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, 
Malacca. 

Arhopala bella, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 664, pl. 30, figs. 6, g, 7, 9. Habitat, 
Kina Balu. 

Arhopala tameanga, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 568, pl. 29, figs. 7, g, 8, 9. Habitat, 
S.E. Borneo, 

Arhopala semperi, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 659, pl. 29, figs. 9, g, 10, 9. Habitat, 
Borneo. 

Arhopala dajagaka, Bethune-Baker and H. H. Druce, l.c. p. 660, pl. 29, figs. 11, g,12, 9. Habitat, 
Borneo. ; 


Arhopala sangira, Bethune-Baker, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 202; id. Trans. Zvol. Soc. 1903, p. 57, 
pl. i. fig. 20, g. Habitat, Sangir. 

Arhopala ijauensis, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 203 (1897). Arhopala ijauensis, id. lc. p. 80, pl. 1. 
fig. 28, g (1903). Habitat, Perak. 

Arhopala fruhstorferi, Rober, Ent. Nachr. xxiii. p. 6 (1897). Habitat, Java. 

Arhopala gunongensis, Bethune-Baker, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 205; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 97, 
pl. ii. fig. 13, g. Habitat, Perak. 

Arhopala brahma, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 203 (1897) ; id. l.c. p. 99, pl. ii. fig. 14, g (1903). Habitat, 
Perak. 

Arhopala dohertyi, Bethune-Baker, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 64, pl. i. fig. 8, g. Habitat, 
Celebes. 

Arhopala malayica, Bethune-Baker, 1.c. p. 71, pl. ii. fig. 2, g. Habitat, Philippines, Java. 


238 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Arhopala brookei, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 84, pl. i. fig. 29, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, Pulo Laut. 

Arhopala sceva, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 85. Habitat, Sumatra. 

Arhopala catori, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 93, pl. 2, fig. ll, ¢. Habitat, Philippines, Borneo, 
Bilit. 

Arhopala irregularis, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 111, pl. u1. fig. 18, 9. Habitat, Celebes. 

Arhopala barami, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 126, pl. ui. fig. 5, ¢. Habitat, Borneo, Perak. 

Arhopala buddha, Bethune-Baker, l.c. p. 148, pl. iii. fig. 25, g. Habitat, Java. 


Sub-Family CURETINZA. 


Containing but one genus, Curetis, which is quite aberrant and stands alone ; 
eyes hairy ; in venation it is aberrant, the sub-costal nervure of forewing terminating 
on the outer margin below the apex of the wing, in both sexes; with three sub-costal 
nervules, the arrangement of the medial nervules being, however, much as in the genus 
Arhopala; both wings vary much in outline, the forewing is sometimes very acute, 
sometimes ordinary, the hindwing in some forms angulate, in others rounded and 
entire ; no tail, body robust, legs stout, wings short and broad, indicating rapid powers 
of flight; colour on the upperside in the males coppery-red or orange-red of various 
shades, with black margins of varying width, the females have this colour replaced by 
ochreous or by white; the underside of the wings in both sexes is shining silvery- 
white with somewhat indistinct pale greyish fascize, which vary in their position in the 
different forms, the genus is strictly confined to the Indo-Malayan region and to China 
and Japan. 

Larva anteriorly somewhat humped, the twelfth segment furnished with two 
long upright hollow cylindrical processes or “ pillars,” from which, at the will of the 
animal, can be thrust forth long tentacles; when the larva is touched or frightened 
these are instantly protruded; each has a brush of long parti-coloured hairs as long as 
itself; these hairs open out into a rosette. and the tentacle is whirled round with 
immense rapidity, producing a most curious effect, probably so used to frighten away 
their enemies, the worst of which are ichneumon flies; the larvee are not attended by 
ants, not having the organ on the eleventh segment, consisting of an oval opening with 
lips like a mouth which exude some drops of sweet liquid as in many other forms of 
the Lyczenide. 

Pura is as aberrant as its larva, almost half a hemisphere im shape, with a short 


projection at one end, and looks very like a lump of jelly. (Extracts from de 
Nicéville.) 


CURETINZ. 239 


Genus CURETIS. 


Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816). Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 73 (1881). Distant, 
Rhop. Malayana, p. 201 (1884). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 284 (1890). Bingham, 
Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 435 (1907). 

Phzdra, Horstield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 123 (1829). 

Anops, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pl. 23, fig. 1 (1836). Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 473 (1852). 


Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted at one-third before 
end, 10 at one-fourth before the end, 9 out of 7 from its middle, 7 ends on outer 
margin below the apex of the wing, 8 absent, 6 from upper end of cell, 4 from lower 
end, 5 from the middle of discocellulars, 3 from before lower end. Hindwing with the 
cell about half the length of the wing; middle and lower discocellulars obsolescent, 
oblique, vein 8 strongly curved at base and ends at the apex of the wing, 3 and 4 
emitted close together from the lower end of the cell. Antenne short, less than half 
the length of the costa of forewings, without a distinct club, very gradually incrassate, 
bluntly rounded at apex, palpi porrect, densely clothed in front with short scales, 
third joint thick and short in the male, longer in the female. 

Type, #sopus, Fabricius = thetys, Cramer. 


SECTION I. 
With rounded hindwings. 


CURETIS THETYS. 


Plate 698, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, g¢, le, larva and pupa, natural size, 1d, larva and pupa enlarged, 
with brush on twelfth segment extended. 


Papilio thetys, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. p. 16, pl. 9, figs. 3, 4, 9 (1773). Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. 
p- 77, pl. 238, fig. D, 9 (1779). 

Anops thetys, Horstield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 52, pl. 12, fig. 5, larva, 5a, pupa 
(1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 15 (1863). 

Curetis thetys, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 74, pl. 34, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9 (1881). Doherty, Journ. As. 
Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1888, p. 165, pl. 26, larva, 
pupa, and tentaculum. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, pl. 96, g, 2 (1888). Hampson, 
Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 356. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 287 (1890). Manders, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 531. Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 33. Betham, id. 
1891, p. 181. Aitken and Comber, id. vol. xv. 1893, p. 48. Bingham (part), Fauna of Brit. 
India, Butt. ii. p. 437, woodeut, figs. 93, a, b (1890). 

Papilio cinyra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. p. 76, pl. 238, fig. C, g (1779). 

Anops cinyra, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 53 (1857). 

Papilio xsopus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781). Mant. Ins. ii. p. 79 (1787). Herbst, Pap. pl. 
325, figs. 3, 4, 2 (1804). 

Hesperia xsopus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 307 (1793). 

Curetis xsopus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 202, 
pl. 24, fig. 12, g (1884), and p. 451, pl. 44, tig. 14, 9 (1886). 


240 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Anops xsopus, Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 160 (1869). 

Papilio phedrus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781); id. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 79 (1787). 

Hesperia phzdrus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (1), p. 307 (1793). 

Candalides phzdrus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 73 (1816) ; id. Zutrage, Ex. Schmett. figs. 263, 
264, g (1823). 

Polyommatus phedrus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 675 (1823). 

Anops pheedrus, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. i. pl. 23, fig. 1, ¢ (1836). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 160 
(1869). Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 135. j 

Curetis Phedrus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 605. Kheil, Rhop. Nias, p. 33 (1884). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 286, pl. 27, fig. 201, g (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. 
p. 439 (1907). 

Phedra terricola, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 124 (1829). 

Anops santana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 54 (1857). 

Curetis arcwata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 523, pl. 48, fig. 3, ¢. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii, p. 289 (1890). 

Curetis thetys, var. arcuata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 439 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside coppery-red. Forewing with a narrow black costal 
band, very narrow at the base and very gradually increasing in width to the apex, 
and then narrowing gradually to the hinder margin to a thick line; the inner margin 
of the costal band is generally more or less irregular, and the outer marginal band has 
usually a few very short black lines running in on the veins. Hindwing with a very 
narrow black costal band, and outer marginal black line, with some short black lines 
running up the veins, abdominal fold greyish, some greenish-grey basal irrorations on 
both wings. Underside, pure white, somewhat shining, both wings with two transverse, 
indistinct greyish, somewhat sinuous bands, post-discal and sub-marginal. Antenne 
black, tipped with red; palpi black above, white beneath ; head and body brown above 
with some greenish-ochreous hairs, white beneath, outer margin of the hindwing evenly 
rounded. 

Female. Upperside blackish-brown, nearly black. orewing with the central 
space white, including the outer half of the cell (a black spot at the upper end 
running into the black costal border) and the outer and lower dise. Hindwing with 
a white curved broad band in the upper dise, from the costa near the apex to the 
middle of the wing, the base of both wings and the abdominal portion of the hindwing 
paler than the rest of the wing. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ 2 145 to 148, inches. 

The black borders on the upperside vary a little in the males (but not much), the 
grey indistinct bands on the underside seem to be quite constant in their dispositions 
in each form, and enable one to separate one form from another. 

Eee.—China white; an oblate sphere, flatter below than above, or turbinate, 
being shaped like many Echini, covered with very coarse hexagonal reticulations, the 
apex of the egg having a deep central depression. 


CURETINZ. 241 


Larva, on emergence, eats a hole through the top of the egg about equalling 
one-third of its upper surface, and crawls out. The empty shell has a close superficial 
resemblance to an echinous shell. The larva is pale ochreous in colour, and is furnished 
with long stout hairs, of which a sub-dorsal series is on each side, with one long hair 
springing from the apex of each tubercle; there are besides other lateral series, and 
numerous hairs projecting forwards in front of the head and backwards over the anal 
segment. The full-grown larva is the most beautiful known to me among the 
Lycenide. It is about +4 of an inch in length, of the exact shade of the green of the 
leaves on which it feeds, the head pale ochreous and more completely hidden than in 
any larva I have ever seen, and even when the animal eats it is not visible from above, 
the second segment entirely enclosing it. The second segment is half as wide as the 
following, the third, fourth and fifth rapidly and progressively enlarging, the next 
three segments as rapidly decreasing in size, the remainder sub-equal. The second 
segment is quite unmarked, the third to the thirteenth have a sub-dorsal series of 
short oblique pale yellowish-green lines, between which the ground colour is paler than 
the rest of the body; there is a dark green dorsal line; on each side of the ninth 
segment there is a prominent pure dead white somewhat diamond-shaped mark. The 
twelfth segment bears two most extraordinary structures, which consist of two 
diverging cylindrical rigid pillars arising from the sub-dorsal region and of a pale green 
colour. When the insect is touched or alarmed, from each pillar is everted a deep 
maroon tentacle as long as the rigid pillar, bearing at its end two long parti-coloured 
hairs, the basal third of each hair being black, the upper two-thirds white. I made 
the following notes when breeding this species :—‘ June 24th, eggs laid. June 27th, 
larvee hatched ; placed on young leaves of Derris scandens, Benth. (they also eat Heynea 
tryuga, Roxb.,in Calcutta). June 28th, larvae grown enormously. June 29th, changed 
skins ; when first hatched they are pale ochreous and hairy, just before changing their 
skins they turn green, and are without any protuberances ; after their first moult they 
are quite naked, green, with two black horns on the twelfth segment. Before 
changing they fasten themselves with silk to a leaf on the underside near the midrib. 
July Ist, changed skins again, appearance much as before, only that they have a kind 
of white saddle-mark on the ninth segment, horns the same colour as the rest of the 
body. They devour their old skins. July 3rd, changed their skins again, their colour 
now chocolate-brown marked with green and white. July 5th, probably changed their 
skins again to-day, colour green. July 7th, changed to pupe. Before changing they 
lose all their bright colouring and markings, becoming a dull uniform green of the 
same shade as the leaves of their food plant. Butterflies emerged in three or four 
days.” 

Pupa almost as curious an object as the larva, reminding one of a lump of green 
jelly. Its colour is pale transparent light green, the wing cases being bluish-green and 


VOL. VIII. a i 


242 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


quite smooth, the rest of the pupa covered with tiny pits, giving it a rough appearance 
under a magnifying glass. It is entirely without angulations or processes, its widest 
portion is the very broad and flat base on which it rests; its length is about 7% of an 
inch, breadth about 33,, height 2;, the anal end produced into an obtuse point. There 
is a conspicuous, heart-shaped, pale ochreous mark on the top of the thorax, the pits 
upon it above mentioned being filled in with reddish pigment, there are also three 
regular rows of tiny ochreous dots on the abdominal segments on each side, the 
divisions between the segments hardly visible. 

Hasirat.—Central and Southern India, Ceylon, Java. 

Distrrpution.—Never very common, but fairly well distributed, all over the 
plains and lower hills of Central and Southern India where there are plenty of trees. 
We have taken it in Bombay and at Khandala, Poona and Mhow, Watson records it 
from Mysore, Hampson from the Nilgiris, and de Nicéville from Kandy, Trincomali 
and from many parts of Central and Southern India. 


CURETIS STIGMATA. 
Plate 698, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢. 


Anops stigmata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138. 

Curetis stigmata, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 34. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iti. 
p. 295 (1890). 

Curetis bulis, var. stigmata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 466 (1907). 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark blackish brown. orewing with a broad orange- 
red patch in the middle of the wing, occupying the outer lower half of the cell, and 
rather more than the basal half of the two medial interspaces, with a little of the red 
colour extending hindwards into the next lower interspace. Hindwing with a curved 
orange-red patch in the upper disc, very much of the same shape as the white patch on 
the hindwing of the female of C. thetys; abdominal fold pale. Underside white. 
Forewing with a pale grey thin and straight band of somewhat lunular marks from 
near the costa near the apex to the hinder margin beyond the middle, edged outwardly 
by thin brown Junular marks, which bend inwards at the upper end and then turn 
abruptly towards the costa, a sub-marginal indistinct thin grey band. Hindwing with 
an indistinct thin grey discal band in continuation of the inner band of the forewing, 
which runs straight for a short distance, then curves well outwards and inwards to the 
abdominal margin, and a sub-marginal band as on the forewing. Antenne black, with 
red tips; palpi, head and body black above, white beneath. 

Female. Upperside dark blackish-brown. crewing with a rather small white 
patch in the middle of the wing, which is broadest in its middle, and is angled on its 
outer side. Hindwing with a small nearly round white spot in the upper disk below 


CURETINZ. 243 


the apex of the wing, with a smaller and somewhat diffuse white spot on its lower 
inner side, abdominal fold a little paler than the rest of the wing. Underside 
as in the male, but in most examples both wings have a series of black sub-terminal 
dots. 

The interior patches on the upperside in both sexes vary a little in extent (but 
not much) in different examples; the contour of the wings in both sexes is similar to 
that of C. thetys. 

Expanse of wings, S $ 14% to 1485 inches. 

Hapritrat.—Bhutan, Burma. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type came from Burma, it has been recorded from Maulmein, 
we have it from Akyab and from Buxar in Bhutan. 


CURETIS GLORIOSA. 
Plate 698, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Curetis gloriosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 522, pl. 48, fig. 1, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii. p. 289 (1890). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. 
Curetis thetys, var. gloriosa, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 440 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark coppery-red, darker and brighter than in C. thetys, 
contour of the wings similar, but the insect in both sexes is altogether larger and the 
apex of forewing more acute; the base of both wings and the abdominal third of 
hindwing more heavily irrorated with greyish-greenish-brown scales. orewing with a 
broader and more even black costal and outer marginal band, broadest at the apex, the 
inner margin of the band rounded below the apex, and somewhat sinuous throughout, 
gradually narrows on the outer margin hindwards and runs in very shortly on the 
hinder margin. Hindwing with an almost even costal and outer marginal black band, 
narrower than in the forewing, with its inner margin somewhat irregular throwing out 
black lines for a short distance up the veins. Underside white, with the two transverse 
pale grey bands as in thetys. 

Female. Upperside blackish-brown. J orewing with the central space smaller 
than in thetys, the white replaced by ochreous-orange. Hindwing with an ochreous- 
orange curved space in the upper disc much narrower than the white patch in thetys. 
Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 2 to 24/5 inches. 

Hasitat.—Sylhet, Assam. 

DistRIBUTION.—The types came from Sylhet, we have both sexes from that locality 
in our collection, and have also received it from the Khasia Hills. 

212 


244 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


CURETIS SARONIS. 
Plate 699, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 
Curetis saronis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. 
Bengal, 1886, p. 364. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 289 (1890). 
Curetis thetys, var. saronis, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 440, woodcut, fig. 94, a, b, 
$, 2 (1907). 
Curetis felderi, Moore (nec Distant), Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 39. 
Curetis nicobarica, Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1890, p. 451. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside bright, dark bronzy red, brighter and darker than 
gloriosa. Forewing with the apex less acute than in gloriosa or thetys, basal area 
irrorated with greenish-brown atoms, costal and outer marginal black bands much as in 
gloriosa, but their inner margins more even. Hindwing with the basal and abdominal 
areas broadly irrorated with greenish-brown atoms, costal and outer marginal black 
bands narrow, with black lines running shortly in on the veins, outer margin rounded, 
anal angle sub-acute. Underside white, with the transverse fascize as in gloriosa. 

Female. Upperside blackish-brown. orewing with the central space varying in 
extent in different examples, also varying much in colour from golden yellow to dull 
ereyish-orange-red. Hindwing with the curved patch in the upper disc usually narrow 
and also varying much in colour, usually almost whitish. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 14 to 1,8; inches. 

Haprrat.—Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

DIsTRIBUTION.—The type came from the Andamans, the type of nicobarica from 
the Nicobars, we have both sexes from both localities, it appears to occur in all the 
islands of both groups. 


SECTION IL. 
With angulated hindwings. 
CURETIS BULIS. 


Plate 699, figs. 2, $, 2a, 9, 2b, $ (bulis form), 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, g (discalis form). 


Anops bulis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 473, pl. 75, fig. 5, g (1852). Horsfield 
and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 53 (1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 15, pl. 4, 
figs. 1, 2, male variety (1863). 

Curetis bulis, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 127. Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 279, 
pl. 96, g (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 293 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. 
Hist. Soc. 1890, p. 33. de Nicéville, id. pp. 279 and 386. Betham, id. 1891, p.181. Mackinnon 
and de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 383. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. Bingham, Fauna of 
Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 441, woodcut, fig. 95, g (1907). 

Curetis discalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 138. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 295 (1890). 

Curetis bulis, var. discalis, Bingham, l.c. p. 446. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dark brownish-black. orewing with a dark orange- 
red centre varying much in extent in different examples ; in some examples it is large 


CURETINZ. 245 


and occupies the whole of the central space, leaving the wing with very broad brownish- 
black margins, and some blackish-brown irrorations on the basal portions, in typical 
discalis the red portion is confined to a small space in the middle of the wing, but in a 
large series one finds a general gradation from one to the other, the contour of the 
wing is somewhat different to that of the thetys group, the wing being shorter, the 
apex more blunt and the hinder angle more acute. Hindwing with the orange-red 
curved patch in the upper dise also varying much in extent in different examples ; the 
outer margin slightly angled in its middle, the anal angle sub-acute. Underside white. 
Forewing with a narrow pale grey band, outwardly edged with thin black lunules from 
the costa near the apex, in an almost straight line to the hinder margin a little beyond 
the middle, a sub-marginal series of pale grey lunular marks. Hindwing with a short 
band from the middle of the costa in continuation of the inner band of the forewing, a 
post-discal almost straight band of somewhat disconnected pale greyish lunular marks, 
and a sub-marginal pale band. 

Female. Upperside dark brownish-black. Forewing with a pure white space in 
its middle which varies in extent in different examples, in some examples it runs 
broadly to the lower part of the base of the wing, where it is covered with blue-grey 
irrorations, and has a black spot at the end of the cell joined to the costal border, in 
others it is of an oblong oval shape in the middle of the wing. Hindwing with a 
narrow curved white patch in the upper disc, its upper part joining a narrow white 
costal border. Underside as in the male, but there are usually some black sub- 
marginal dots on both wings. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 14% to 1385 inches. 

Hasirat.—Northern India. 

DistripuTiIon.—Common in Sikkim and Assam, we have received many examples 
of both sexes from Sikkim and from the Khasia Hills, Doherty records it from Kumaon, 
Moore from Darjiling, Sylhet and Bhutan, de Nicéville from the Chin Ilills, and 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri. 


CURETIS DENTATA. 
Plate 700, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, g. 


Curetis dentata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 137, and 1882, p. 244. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, 
iii, p. 293 (1890). Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1891, p. 49. Mackinnon and 
de Nicéville, id. 1898, p. 383. de Rhé-Philipe, id. p. 886. 

Curetis bulis, var. dentata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 443, woodcut, fig. 96, g (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside orange-red with a slight bronzy gloss. Forewing 
with broad black margins, broadest at the apex and at the hinder angle; the inner 
border of the black margin almost evenly rounded, the black marginal band 


246 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


running inwards also on the hinder margin, narrowing rapidly basally and terminating 
about the middle ; a black spot at the end of the cell running into the costal black band ; 
some greenish-brown irrorations at the base of the wing; apex very acute, the outer 
margin being somewhat concave below it, hinder angle triangular, hinder margin 
nearly as long as the costa, the outer margin consequently erect, though slightly 
sinuous. /Zindwing with greenish-brown irrorations at the base and brvadly on the 
abdominal area ; a black streak along the upperside of the sub-costal nervure from the 
base to the middle of the wing where it thickens ; costal space narrowly, nearly white, 
an outer marginal black band, which commences narrowly on the costa before the apex, 
widens very gradually round the apex, widens suddenly at the middle and then 
becomes diffuse hindwards ; apex and outer margin evenly rounded to the middle, then 
with a series of slight scallops obliquely straight to the anal angle which is much 
produced and acute; abdominal fold nearly white. Underside white, bands grey, 
more distinct, more complete and broader than in the other Indian forms. orewing 
with the inner band commencing on the costa near the apex, straight down to the 
hinder margin beyond the middle, the other band sub-marginal. Hindwing with a 
grey bar across the end of the cell, a short band from the costa in continuation of the 
inner band of the forewing, stopping short of the discoidal bar, a post-discal straight 
band from the apex to near the abdominal margin above the anal angle; a sub- 
marginal band, and indications of a short inner band from the costa parallel to the first 
mentioned band; both wings sparsely irrorated with minute black atoms in fresh 
specimens. Cilia orange, with some white at the tips on the upper part of the 
hindwing. 

Female. Upperside white. Forewing with the bands as in the male, the basal 
irrorations blackish-brown. Hindwing with the streak from the base paler and broader, 
with some blackish-brown suffusions and irrorations hindwards, joining the blackish- 
brown irrorations of the abdominal area, the outer marginal band broader than in the 
male, paler and more diffuse, broadening greatly downwards until it is lost in the 
irrorations of the abdominal area. Underside as in the male. Antenne black 
with pale red tips; head and body brown above, with greenish-brown hairs, white 
beneath. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1585 to 14% inches. 

Hapirat.—India, Burma. 

DisTRipuTION.—Always rare, but apparently distributed all over India, except the 
desert tracts; we have it from Sikkim, the Khasia Hills and from Pachmari, a small 
hill-station near Poona; it is recorded from Chin Lushai by Watson, from Mussuri by 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville, frem Khandalla by de Rhé-Philipe, the type came from 
Dehra Doon in the N.W. Himalayas, and de Nicéville records it also from the Central 
Provinees, Orissa, the Wynaad and Burma. 


lo 
re 
~I 


CURETINA. 


CURETIS ANGULATA. 
Plate 700, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 


Curetis angulata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 522, pl. 48, fig. 2, g. de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 292 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 383. 
Curetis bulis, var. angulata, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 443, woodcut, figs. 97, a, b, 


$ 2 (1907). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, brownish-black, a largish orange-red space in the 
middle, duller in colour than in C. dentata, the orange-red colour fills the cell and a 
little above it at the base, the space outside the end of the cell is however black, the red 
space is outwardly evenly rounded, and extends to the base above the sub-median vein, 
with some brown irrorations at the base; the hinder margin is thus very broadly and 
almost evenly black. Hindwing with a rather broad curved short orange band in the 
upper disc, its inner edge being filled in with the termination of a broad black streak 
which runs out from the base, the orange-red being continued round it on to the costa ; 
abdominal space pale, apex of forewing sub-acute, outer margin concave in its middle, 
hinder angle blunt but triangular, the hinder margin being long, the outer margin of 
the hindwing is evenly rounded from the costa to its middle where it is slightly 
angulated, and is somewhat concave from thence to the anal angle which is produced, 
but blunt. Underside white, with the bands much as in C. dentata. 

Female. Upperside brownish-black, the hindwing much paler than the forewing, 
markings exactly as in the male, the orange-red being replaced by white; the apex of 
the forewing is more produced and much sharper, so also is the hinder angle; on the 
hindwing the outer margin is highly angled in its middle, and the anal angle is more 
produced and sharper. Underside as in the male. Cilia brown with white tips. 
Antenne black with pale reddish tips; head and body brown above and white 
beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ $ 17% to 14%5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper India, Upper Burma. 

DistRIBUTION seems to be confined to the upper parts of India and Burma, 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, we have it from Sikkim, and 
have received many examples of both sexes from the Khasia Hills; the type is marked 
N.W. Himalayas ; it was taken by Adamson at Bhamo in Upper Burma, and Betham 
is said to have taken it in the Central Provinces. 


CURETIS MALAYICA. 
Plate 700, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 2, 3b, g. 


Anops malayica, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 221, pl. 28, fig. 18, g (1865). Butler, Trans. Linn. 
Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 546. 


248 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Curetis malayica, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 202, pl. 22, fig. 28, ¢ (1884). Moore, Journ. Linn. 
Soc. Zool. Lond. 1886, p. 39. Elwes and de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 428. 
de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p- 294 (1890). Frihstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1896, p. 304. 

Curetis bulis, form malayica, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 644. 

Curetis bulis, var. malayica, Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 444, woodcuts, figs 98, ¢, 
OO mON CLIO): 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside orange-red with a slight bronzy gloss. Forewing 
with black costal and outer marginal borders, commencing narrowly at the costal base, 
broadening gradually to the end of the cell, where there is a black tooth-like 
mark attached, then rapidly expanding towards the apex, where the band is very 
deep, moderately broad at the middle of the outer margin, then expanding again 
broadly at the hinder angle, where it runs inwards on the hinder margin, narrowing 
rapidly to the middle, where in some specimens it ends, in others it is carried on 
narrowly and diffusely to the base, the outer margin of the orange portion being 
somewhat rounded, but more or less irregular. Hindwing with a narrow black outer 
marginal band, commencing narrowly at the apex, widening hindwards, varying 
somewhat in width in different examples, somewhat diffuse towards the anal angle, 
where it becomes absorbed in the abdominal suffusion, which is broadly brown; 
abdominal fold pale, a thin black streak above the sub-costal vein from the base 
to a little beyond the end of the cell, the wing slightly angular in the middle 
of outer margin, anal angle somewhat produced. Cilia black; head and body 
brown above, with ochreous-green pubescence, white beneath. Underside white. 
Forewing with a thin grey band from the costa near the apex to the hinder 
margin beyond the middle, a sub-marginal similar band. MHindwing with a short 
band from the costa beyond the middle in continuation of the discal band of the 
forewing, a post-discal band from vein 6, becoming obsolete hindwards and a sub- 
marginal band; the inner bands on both wings edged outwardly by fine black lunular 
lines, and both wings with minute black sub-marginal dots, the hindwing with very 
minute black dots sparsely spread all over it, almost invisible to the naked eye, but 
quite distinct under a magnifying glass. 

Female. Upperside white. orewing with the outer black bands as in the male, 
but broader. //indwing with the width of the outer black bands varying much in 
different examples, but paler in colour than in the male, usually somewhat diffused 
blackish-brown, but the extent of the white is usually much more than in the females 
of any other species of Curetis except dentata, the basal and abdominal areas thickly 
irrorated with blackish-brown atoms. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, $ 2 1,8; to 2+); inches. 

Larva about 16 m.m. long, colour velvety green; head dark brown, 3rd and 
4th segments with narrow obliquely placed lateral stripe of crimson, edged posteriorly 


CURETIN. 249 


with yellow, 6th to 11th segments with a slender, longitudinal dorsal stripe of the 
same colour; the spiracles on each side surmounted by a slender lunulated pale yellow 
line ; on the 9th segment a conspicuous quadrate patch of white between the spiracular 
yellow lunule and the crimson dorsal line; 12th and remaining segments dark green ; 
on the 12th two greenish-yellow, erect, rigid processes slightly divergent at their 
apices, the tentacles protruded from their processes seem to be pinkish-brown in colour, 
with a tuft of black and white hair at their apices; but it is not easy to note the 
colour of the hairs, as they are protruded, whirled round, and withdrawn with great 
rapidity. There is no opening or honey gland on the 11th or other segment as in 
many Lycznid larve. In shape also these do not resemble the larvee of the Lycenide, 
which as a rule are onisciform ; in these the head is small and almost completely hidden 
under the 2nd segment; the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments slope upwards posteriorly, 
from each a well-shaped transverse ridge. 

Pura.—A rounded, slightly convex disc with a protrusion posteriorly, colour 
translucent dark green. Seen under a magnifying glass, they seem to be studded with 
tiny pits, except in the lateral areas, on the anterior portion there is an oval yellowish- 
white mark. (Bingham.) 

Hasirat.—Burma, Malacca, Java. 

DistriBuTIoN.—Moore records it from the Mergui Archipelago, de Nicéville from 
Tavoy, the type came from Malacca interior, our figure of the male is from Felder’s 
type, our female figure is a copy of Bingham’s ; Friihstorfer records it from Java. 


INDO-MALAYAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE ALLIED SPECIES. 


Curetis zsopus, Papilio zsopus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 125 (1781). Curetis zsopus, Distant, Rhop. 
Malayana, p. 202, pl. 24, fig. 12, ¢ (1884), and p. 451, pl. 44, fig. 14, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malay 
Peninsula, Java. 

Curetis insularis, Phedra insularis, Horstield, Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 125 (1829). Anops insularis, 
Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 53, pl. la, fig. 14, ¢ (1857). Curetis insularis, 
Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 451, pl. 41, fig. 6, g, 7, 9 (1886). Habitat, Malay Peninsula, Java. 

Curetis tagalica, Phedra tagalica, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. vi. p. 289 (1862). Anops tagalica, Felder, 
Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 221, pl. 28, figs. 19, 20 (1865). Habitat, Luzon. 

Curetis nesophila, Phaedra nesophila, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. vi. p. 289 (1862). H. H. Druce, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 594. Habitat, Borneo, Philippines. 

Curetis obsoleta, Phzedra obsoleta, Felder, l.c. Habitat, Mindanao. 

Curetis celebensis, Anops celebensis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, pl. 28, figs. 14, 15 (1865). 
Habitat, Celebes. 

Curetis sperthis, Anops sperthis, Felder, lc. p. 222 (1865). Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 203, 
pl. 22, fig. 27, 9 (1884). Habitat, Malacca. 

Curetis acuta, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 50. Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 11, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2 
(1887). Habitat, Shanghai, Japan. 

Curetis truncata, Moore, l.c. p. 51. Habitat, Shanghai. 


VOL. VIII. Dik 


250 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Curetis felderi, Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 203, pl. 24, fig. 3, g, and pl. 22, fig. 26, 9 (1884). 
Habitat, Malay Peninsula. 

Curetis minima, Distant and Pryer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1887, p. 265. Habitat, North Borneo. 

Curetis paracuta, de Nicéviile, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, vol. xii. p. 248. Habitat, Japan. 


Sub-Family LIPHYRINZ. 


Containing a single very extraordinary genus, and far and away the largest 
butterfly of the Indian Lycenidx, the wings expanding over three inches, its structure 
is very interesting, its eyes are naked, it has four sub-costal nervules in the forewing ; 
its great size, extremely short and stout abdomen, minute palpi, thick, short legs, stout 
antenn, the coarseness of the wing scales and very moth-like appearance make it 
quite the most unique example of the family Lyceenide. 


Genus LIPHYRA. 


Liphyra, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 31. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 204 (1884). de Nicéville, 
Butt. of India, iii. p. 489 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 451 (1907). 
Sterosis, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219 (1865). 


Forewing, vein 12 ends on the costa beyond the upper end of cell, 11 emitted 
from a little beyond the middle of the cell, 10 from a fourth before the end, 9 from 
one-eighth before the end, 8 from 7 beyond its middle, 7 ends on the outer margin 
below the apex of the wing; 6 from 7 a very little beyond the cell end; cell very 
narrow ; discocellulars nearly erect, the lower one suddenly bears outwards at its lower 
end, rather longer than the middle discocellular ; 5 from the middle of the discocellulars, 
4 and 3 from the lower end, 2 from the middle, costa slightly arched, outer margin 
from the apex to vein 4 nearly straight, in the male it is then slightly concave to 
vein 2, then straight to the hinder angle, which is well pronounced; in the female it 
is slightly convex from vein 4 hindwards, the hinder margin slightly curved outwards 
near its base. Hindwing with the cell very broad, divided into two by a strong fold 
which joins the upper discocellular a little before its middle, the upper portion of the 
cell narrower than the lower ; upper discocellular very concave, much shorter than the 
lower, which is strongly outwardly oblique; vein 3 emitted a little before the lower 
end of the cell ; costa strongly angled a third from its base, then straight to the. apex 
which is acute, the outer margin evenly rounded, abdominal margin excavated above 
the anal angle. 


Type, L. brassolis, Westwood. 


LIPHYRINZ. 


Lo 
OU 
— 


LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. 
Plate 701, figs. 1, g, la, 2, 1b, 3. 


Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. 1864, p. 31; id. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1888, p.470. Butler, 
Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1877, p. 546. Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 204, pl. 22, fig. 18, ? 
(1884). Staudinger, Ex. Schmett. p. 269, pl. 94, ¢ (nec female) (1888). de Nicéville, Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 491, pl. 29, fig. 243, 9 (1890). Bingham, Fauna of Brit. India, Butt. ii. p. 452, 
woodcut (1907). 

Sterosis robusta, Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. p. 219, pl. 27, figs. 10, 11, 9 (1865). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. Forewing, black, the basal half of interspace 1, an 
oblique spot beyond the apex of cell, the costal margin somewhat broadly along the 
basal half, strongly narrowed towards the apex, and the cilia ochraceous-yellow. The 
yellow in the basal half of interspace 1 narrows outwardly, anteriorly spreads slightly 
into the cell and base of interspace 2, and posteriorly to the dorsal margin near the 
base of wing. Hindwing, ochraceous-yellow with the following black markings: a 
broad streak from the base of wing in the cell widened outwardly, that leaves an anterior 
small portion below the base of sub-costal vein and a posterior small portion along apical 
half of median vein of the ground colour; terminal margin very broadly black, that 
colour, however, not extended to the apex or tornus; between this marginal band and 
the cellular streak is an irregular patch connecting them. Cilia ochraceous, abdominal 
fold paler ochraceous. Underside, dull earthy ochraceous, paler along the dorsal area 
and at apex of forewing and on the termen near apex of hindwing. Vorewing, a 
medial large irregular brownish-black patch that occupies apical half of the discoidal 
cell and the basal thirds of the interspaces 3 and 4. Hindwing, costal margin with 
transverse mottlings of reddish-brown. In some specimens the ground colour on the 
underside is pale dull purplish with shadings of darker purple; on the forewing the 
medial is black and ochraceous-yellow. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen 
ochraceous ; beneath, in some specimens slightly paler. 

Female. Upperside. Fore and hind wings, rich ochraceous, marking on the latter 
wing as in the male, but the black streak in cell and the large spot or patch connecting to 
the broad area of black along the termen much smaller, often divided into two detached 
spots ; on the forewing the black is reduced to a large median patch that occupies the 
apical half of the cell, beyond and below it, the bases of interspaces 5, 6, 10 and 11, the 
basal third (sometimes more) of interspaces 3 and 4, and a very broad, inwardly irregularly 
concave band that is produced inwardly along the terminal half of the dorsal margin 
and shortly along veins 2,3 and 4. Underside as in the male, but generally the 
ground colour pale. In some specimens the whole hindwing is with mottlings of brown 
such as are present in all specimens of both sexes along the costal margin of that wing. 
Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male. 

2K 2 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


to 
or 
bo 


Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 3 to 34%5 inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim, Assam, Malayan Sub-region to Australia. 

A very variable form. The description given above is taken from Sikkim and 
Assam specimens. Specimens from Malacca and south and east through the sub- 
region have a decreasing amount of black colouring on the upperside. Australian 
specimens have the least of all. 

In Australian specimens, too, the antenne, the head, thorax and wings on the 
upperside are covered often with a curious irregular irroration of white fugitive scales, 
and the abdomen on both sides and beneath towards the apex, by a dense mass of brown 
hair, each of which terminates in a flattened broad plume-like scale. (Bingham.) 

Bingham’s description is so good, we give it in extenso. Our male figure is from 
a Sikkim example, our female from Felder’s type. 

Eee.—Very unlike that of other Lycezenide, but shows an unexpected resemblance 
to that of Logania, Distant, and Taraka, Doherty, MS. It is of great size, green, 
overlaid with white, shaped something like a section of a “drum” of a Dorie column, 
but somewhat widest at the base, the height, breadth at apex, and breadth at base 
being to each other as 9, 13, and 153. The top is marked with hexagonal reticulations, 
the lines turbinate in the middle, the margin deeply channelled, and then strongly 
carinate, the carina projecting both upwards and outwards, white, its contour even. 
Base also obscurely carinate. Sides crusted with white and minutely indented, with 
about forty-five vertical ribs, slightly irregular and even (very rarely) anastomosing, 
extending all over the outer part of the base, the inner part being green and minutely 
reticulated with hexagons. 

Liphyra brassolis flies slowly, with a distinct humming sound, and an uncertain 
circling flight, hesitating a long time before alighting. Whether it is, as it seems, a 
protected species, or whether, as I believe, it flies chiefly at twilight and so escapes 
capture, I do not know. No one would ever take it for a butterfly ; few moths are 
more typically moth-like in flight. It is probably the oldest type of lycenid existing, 
and unconnected with the rest, except through such primitive dwarf forms as Taraka 
and the smaller Gerydinz. It is the only Asiatic representative of the sub-family 
Liphyrine, and its nearest allies are apparently African. (Doherty, MS. de Nicéville.) 


Sub-Family RURALINZ. 


Eyes hairy. vrewing with veins 5 and 6 not approximate at base, 7 ends on the 
costal margin at or before the apex of the wing, 8 absent. Callophrys, Neolyczena and 
Strymon have 2 sub-costal nervules, the others three. Hindwing with a filamentous 
tail at the end of vein 2 absent in Callophrys and Neolyceena, no secondary sexual 


RURALING. 253 


characters except in the genera Callophrys and Strymon, in which there is an elongated 
narrow shining patch of differently formed scales from those of the rest of the wing, at 
the end of the cell of the forewing above, extending slightly into the cell, and beyond 
its end, a small anal lobe, somewhat produced in Callophrys. The genitalia of Ruralis, 
Strymon and Callophrys, Bethune-Baker informs us, are similar; clasps, tegumen and 
eedeeagus entirely after the same pattern. Much diversity in the coloration of the 
wings on the upperside, purple, purplish-brown, dull green, brilliant metallic green, 
blue and some brown, with ochreous markings, all are purely paleearctic. The genus 
Listera is altogether aberrant, it has three sub-costal nervules and a sexual tuft of 
hairs on the forewing; its venation is akin to those of this group, but its shape is 
entirely different ; the only known species is represented by an example in the Indian 
Museum, Calcutta, which we have not been able to examine; we put it into this group 
because de Nicéville, the author of the genus, has done so, 


Genus STRYMON. 


Strymon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 74 (1816). Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 190 
(1869). Tutt, Brit. Lep. viii. p. 314. 

Thecla, Kirby (nec Fabricius), Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond, 1870, p. 499. Scudder, Historical 
Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for Butterflies, p. 279 (1875). Godman and Salvin, 
Biol. Cent. Am. Rhop. ii. p. 9 (1887). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 297 (1890). Leech, 
Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 356 (1893). 


Eyes hairy. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted a 
little beyond the middle of the cell, 10 at one-third before the end in the male, at 
about one-fifth in the female, 7 ends at the apex of the wing, 5 from above the middle 
of the discocellulars in the male, exactly from the middle in the female ; discocellulars 
straight, equal in length, vein 3 emitted some little distance before the lower end 
of the cell, sub-median nervure straight; male with a long, narrow, shining patch of 
differently formed scales on the upperside, at the upper end of the cell, extending slightly 
into the cell and beyond its end. Hindwing with all the margins even, the wing 
produced and somewhat angled at the end of vein 6, a somewhat long, narrow tail at 
the end of vein 2, a small anal lobe; vein 8 much arched at its base, 7 emitted at some 
distance before the upper end of the cell, internal nervure very sinuous. Antenne long, 
club elongate, gradually formed, palpi short, obliquely porrect, second joint bristly 
beneath, third naked, legs short, scaly. 

Larva, as described by Westwood (Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 482), short, onisciform, 
thick or linear-oblong, and depressed and attenuated at each end, generally clothed 
with very fine, short hairs. 

Pura, short and smooth, head rounded, attached by the pointed tail, and girt across 
the middle. 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


i) 
ot 
rs 


de Nicéville notes that the difference in the neuration of the forewing in the 
opposite sexes of species of this genus is considerable, and appears to be entirely due to 
the presence of the secondary sexual characters of the male. The sex-mark has been 
figured and described by Aurivillius with the corresponding part of the wing of the 
female as it exists in Thecla w-album, Knoch, a European species. (Kong. Svens. Vet- 
Akad. Handl. v. p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 18, 14 (1880). 

Type, Papilio pruni, Linneeus, from Europe. 


STRYMON SASSANIDES. 
Plate 701, figs. 2, g, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 

Thecla sassanides, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Cl. i. p. 51 (1850). Westwood, 
Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 486 (1852). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 298, pl. 27, fig. 202, ¢ 
(1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 383. Leslie and 
Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. 

Thecla deria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 507, pl. 31, fig. 11, and 1874, p. 272. 

Thecla mirabilis, Erschoff, Lep. Turk. p. 7, pl. i. fig. 4, 9 (1874). Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, 


p. 342. 
Strymon mirabila (?), Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1882, p. 208. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown, with a slight purplish gloss in certain lights, 
and under a magnifying glass can be seen some golden very minute irrorations sparsely 
sprinkled all over both wings ; both wings with fine black outer marginal line. Cilia with 
the basal half brown, outer half white, marked and tipped with brown and black on the 
lower part of the hindwing, a rather long filamentous black tail, tipped with white at 
the end of vein 2, and sometimes a small orange spot on the anal lobe. Underside 
greyish-brown with a purplish or lilac tint, very uniform in colour on both wings. 
Forewing with a thin white discal band, edged inwardly by thin black lunules, 
very slightly outwardly curved, somewhat dislocated at vein 4 and sometimes also at 
vein 2,a black outer marginal line inwardly edged by a pure white line, two rather 
large and prominent black sub-marginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3, sometimes smaller 
hlack spots above and below them. Hindwing with a discal band like that on the fore- 
wing, but not dislocated, somewhat sinuous, its lower extremity elbowed inwards on to 
the abdominal margin one-third above the anal angle ; marginal line as in the forewing, 
a large black sub-marginal spot in interspace 2, a black spot on the anal lobe, some 
ereyish-white scales between them, an inner series of small black lunules, decreasing in 
size upwards and becoming obsolete before the apex, an orange cap between the large 
sub-marginal black spot and the inner black lunule opposite it, an indication of orange 
on the outer side of the next upper lunule, all the inner lunules sometimes edged 


RURALINA. 255 


with white. Antenne black, conspicuously ringed with white, a white streak on the 
club ; frons black, edged with white, palpi with white hairs, the tip of second joint 
and the entire last joint black, eyes ringed with white, a white collar, body brown 
above, white beneath, legs black with white stripes, tarsi ringed with white. 

Female, like the male above and below. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 133; to 14 inches. 

GeniTaLia.—The clasps of Thecla sassanides are quite diminutive, and probably 
of but little use for the function they are supposed to perform; they are roughly 
isosceles triangular in shape, with the base slightly bowed outwards. 

The tegumen is very considerably developed laterally, and is tunnel-shaped, 
excavated considerably at the top behind (i.e. towards the head 
of the insect), and slightly in the front, the sides are full, so 
that it might be described as being saddle-shaped ; it is sup- et eds 
ported on, or more correctly arises in, two slender horizontally- an (3 
‘inclined arms, and the clasp reaches but a little further than to Tegumen. 
where these suddenly expand into the ample sides of this part 
of the organ. At the front of the base of the tegumen two large hooks (¢) have their 
origin, which are bent backwards, and then make a bold curve to the 
front ; they must be, I believe, freely movable, and have probably been 
evolved to their present extent to compensate for the lack of power in Gian 
the clasps. 

The penis in this group of Thecla is extraordinarily long; it is, of course, tubular, 
becoming larger for the first third, from whence it 
rapidly tapers to its extremity, where it suddenly ) >= 
expands into a trumpet-shaped orifice. (Bethune-Baker, 
Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 28, pl. IL. figs 2, 2a, 2b.) 

Hasirat.—North-Western Himalayas, Beluchistan, Turkestan, South Persia. 

Disrrisurion.—We have it from Chaman in Beluchistan, from Simla and the 
Kashmir Valley ; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans 
from Chitral, Moore from Kunawar (the type of deria); Kollar’s type came from 
South Persia, and Erschoff’s type from Sarafschan Valley, Turkestan ; it is also in the 
B. M. from Pangi and Kashmir. 


Penis. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. 


Strymon pruni, Papilio pruni, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1767). Esper. Schmett. i. 1, pl. 19, fig. 3, 
pl. 39, fig. la. Thecla pruni, Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 15 (1887). Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete. ii. p. 361 (1893). Habitat, Sutsekan, Japan, Vladivostock, Lower Ussuri, Europe. 

Strymon spini, Papilio spini, Schiff, Wien, Verz. p. 186 (1776). Thecla spini, Leech, Butt. of China, 
etc. ii. p. 357 (1893). Habitat, Corea, Amurland, North and Eastern Asia, Europe. 


to 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Strymon w-album, Papilio w-album, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 85, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2 (1782). Thecla 
w-album, Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 14 (1886). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 358 
(1893). Habitat, Japan, China, Amurland, Siberia, Central and South Europe. 

Strymon grandis, Thecla grandis, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. vi. p. 24 (1862). Leech, Butt. of China, 
etc. ii. p. 360 (1893). Synonym, Thecla eretria, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. p. 114, pl. 42, 
fig. 153 (1869). Habitat, N. China, Ningpo. 

Strymon fentoni, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 854. Waterhouse, Aid, ii. pl. 115, fig. 2. 
Habitat, Yesso, Japan. 

Strymon mera, Thecla mera, Jansen, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 156 (1877). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, p. 15, pl. 4, 
tig. 16 (1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 358, pl. 29, fig. 14, 9? (1893). Habitat, 
Japan. . 

Strymon v-album, Thecla v-album, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. xi. p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 23 (1886). Leech, Butt. 
cf China, ete. ii. p. 365 (1893). Habitat, Western China. 

Strymon latior, Thecla spini var. latior, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 271 (1887). Habitat, Corea. 

Strymon herzi, Thecla herzi, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 279, pl. 13, fig. 4 (1887). Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete. ii. p. 367 (1893). Synonym, Thecla phyllodendri, Staudinger, MS. Elwes, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1881, p. 886. Habitat, Corea, Amurland. 

Strymon eximia, Thecla v-album, var. eximia, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 271, pl. 13, fig. 2 (1887). 
Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 359 (1893). Synonym, Thecla affinis, Staudinger, Rom. sur 
Lep. vi. p. 148 (1892). Habitat, Corea, West China. 

Strymon prunoides, Thecla prunoides, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 129, pl. 6, figs. la, b (1887). 
Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 362 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Amurland, Altai. 

Strymon inflammata, Thecla inflammata, Alpheraky, Rom. sur Lep. v. p. 102, pl. 5, fig. 3, 9 (1889). 
Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 365 (1893). Habitat, Kan-sow, China. 

Strymon rubicundula, Thecla rubicundula, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 40 (1890) ; id. Butt. of China, ete. ii. 
p. 363, pl. 29, fig. 8, 9 (1893). Habitat, Central China. 

Strymon ornata, Thecla ornata, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 40 (1890); id. Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 364, 
pl. 29, fig. 7, g (1893). Habitat, Chang-yang, China. 

Strymon patrius, Thecla patrius, Leech, Entom. xxiv. Suppl. p. 58 (June, 1891); id. Butt. of China, 
ete. ii. p. 359, pl. 29, fig. 11, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Pu-tsu-fong, China. 

Strymon lais, Thecla lais, Leech, l.c. p. 363, pl. 29, fig. 4, 9 (1895). Habitat, Wa-ssu-kow, China. 

Strymon percomis, Thecla percomis, Leech, l.c. p. 366, pl. 29, fig. 5, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Omei-shan, 


W. China. 

Strymon enone, Thecla cenone, Leech, l.c. p. 366, pl. 29, fig. 6, , 9, 9 (1893). Habitat, Ta-chien-lu, 
China. 

Strymon thalia, Thecla thalia, Leech, l.c. p. 367, pl. 30, fig. 15, g (1893). Habitat, Chang-yang, 
China. 


Genus CALLOPHRYS. 


Callophrys, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820). 
Satsuma, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 168 (1874). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 352 (1893). 


Venation and secondary sexual characters much as in the genus Sérymon, wings 


shorter and consequently broader. Hindwiny with the outer margin more or less 
rounded, the lower part of it scalloped, forming a well-developed anal lobe ; very short 


RURALINA. 257 


productions at the ends of veins 4, 3 and 2; no tails. Murray’s genus Safswma, the 
type of which is Lycena ferrea, Butler, from Japan, with which Thecla leechi, de 
Nicéville, is absolutely congeneric, differs so very little from the type of Callophrys in 
structure and character, that we do not think it advisable to separate them. 

Type, Papilio rubi, Linneus. 


CALLOPHRYS RUBI. 
Plate 701, figs. 3, g, 3a, 2, 3b, @. 

Papilio rubi, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 284 (1761) ; id. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 791 (1767). Esper, Schmett. 
i. 1, pl. 21, fig. 2 (1777). Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 364, 365 (1798-1804), fig. 786 (1818- 
1827). 

Polyommatus rubi, Godart. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 673 (1823). 

Thecla rubi, Leslie and Evans, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1903, p. 674. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside purple-brown, with a slight lilac tinge, shining, veins 
brown, marginal line on both wings finely black, indications of a little orange colour on 
the anal lobe of the hindwing. Cilia white with a black base. Underside green. 
Forewing with the lower third below the median vein brown, costal and marginal line 
finely brown. Hindwing uniformly green, a transverse discal series of white dots, 
marginal line, and the short productions at the ends of the veins brown. Cilia 
whitish. 

Female with the wings somewhat longer than in the male, coloration and 
markings above and below similar. Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a 
dull orange tip; head and body brown above, dark grey beneath. 

Expanse of wings, $ ¢ 17/5 to 14%) inches. 

Hapitat.—Chitral, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa. 

DisrripuTion.—The European green hair streak taken by Leslie and Evans at 
Chitral, and recorded from the Indian Region for the first time in 1903. There are 
also some examples from the same locality in the Hannyngton collection, a pair have 
been kindly lent to us for examination and figuring. 


CALLOPHRYS LEECHI. 
Plate 701, figs. 4, g, 4a, 9, 4b, ¢. 
Thecla leechi, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1893, p. 335, pl. F, fig. 17. Swinhoe, Trans. 
Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 304. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull greyish-blue. forewing with the blue colour 
shading into the blackish-brown marginal borders, which are narrow on the costa and 
very broad on the outer margin, occupying nearly a third of the wing space ; veins 

VOL. VIII. pas 


258 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


black, sex mark whitish, prominent. JHindwing with the greyish-blue colour much 
more extensive; the costal and apical portions broadly suffused with blackish-brown, 
narrowing rapidly down the outer margin to the middle, the terminal line darker 
blackish, a black and whitish mark at the anal angle, veins black. Cilia whitish, with 
blackish spots opposite the vein ends on the hindwing. Underside dark pinkish-grey. 
Forewing with some darker grey basal irrorations, a faintly indicated transverse discal 
brown line outwardly edged with pale whitish, somewhat sinuous to vein 4, where it 
juts outwards in a square-shaped bend, and then hindwards, being absorbed in the pale 
part on the lower portion of the wing. Hindwing with the base and abdominal space 
irrorated with dark grey atoms, indications of a discal outwardly curved irregular line. 
Antenne black, ringed with white, club with a dull orange tip; head and body above 
concolorous with the wings, below dark grey, abdomen whitish. Described from a male 
example in our collection from the Khasia Hills. 

Female. Upperside, both wings pale blue. Forewing with the costa broadly 
black, that colour reaching to the sub-costal nervure, the apex very broadly and the 
outer margin also broadly but decreasingly black. Hindwing with the costa and apex 
rather broadly, the outer margin narrowly pale fuscous, a fine black anteciliary thread ; 
the cilia cinereous. Underside, both wings ferruginous, rather darker on the hindwing. 
Forewing with an irregular discal darker line, commencing on the costa and ending on 
the first median nervule, outwardly defined with whitish; the inner margin broadly 
pale fuscous. Hindwing with very indistinct discal and sub-marginal line; the 
abdominal margin and anal lobe heavily sprinkled with black scales; the upperside 
of this species agrees with the description of S. chalybea, but the underside is 
ferruginous, not grey, and the forewing has no discoidal spot; the markings and 
ground colour of the underside are almost exactly as in Japanese males of S. frivaldszkyi 
in my collection, but the latter is considerably paler and the markings are far less 
distinct; whether these are specific or sexual differences I am unable to say. 
Lederer’s figure appears to portray a very small female specimen, though he describes 
it as a male, the figure is very rough and barely recognisable. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings,  ? 153; inches. 

Hapirat.—Khasia Hills, Assam. 

The type, a female from the Khasia Hills, is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we 
therefore give de Nicéville’s description of that sex ; the description and figures of the 
male are from a perfect specimen received from our native collector from the same 


locality, and the figure of the female from an example in the B. M., also from the 
Khasia Hills. 


RURALINA. 259 


ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. 


Callophrys ferrea, Lyczna ferrea, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1868, p. 57. Satsuma 
ferrea, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 353 (1893). Thecla frivaldszkyi, Pryer (nec Lederer), 
Rhop. Niphon, p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 20 (1886). Habitat, Japan. 

Callophrys chalybeia, Satsuma chalybeia, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 43 (1890) ; id. Butt. of China, ete. ii, 
p- 355, pl. 30, fig. 7, 9, 8 var. g (1893). Habitat, Central and Western China. 

Callophrys circe, Satsuma circe, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 354, pl. 30, fig. 12, ¢ (1893). 
Habitat, W. China. 

Callophrys nicévillei, Satsuma nicévillei, Leech, l.c. p. 355, pl. 30, fig. 9, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Chang- 
yang, Central China. 


Genus NEOLYCAENA. 
Neolyczna, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 64 (1890). 


Forewing, costa nearly straight, a little arched at base, apex rather acute, outer 
margin evenly convex, inner margin slightly sinuous, costal nervure ending opposite 
the apex of the discoidal cell, first sub-costal nervule (vein 11) originating a little 
beyond half the length of the cell from the base, well separated from the costal 
nervure, second sub-costal originating twice as far from the base of the first sub-costal 
as from the base of the upper discoidal ; middle discocellular nervule originating from 
upper discoidal just beyond its origin, inwardly oblique, lower discocellular in the same 
straight line and the same length as the middle discocellular, both slightly concave, 
second medial nervule originating some distance before the lower end of the discoidal 
cell. Hindwing very broad, almost as broad as the forewing, costa nearly straight, 
arched at base, apex truncated, outer margin slightly convex, almost straight, 
abdominal margin straight, costal nervure rather short, first sub-costal nervule 
originating some little distance before the apex of the cell, arched ; upper discocellular 
nervule outwardly oblique, concave ; lower discocellular a little shorter than the upper, 
straight, upright, second medial nervule originating just before the lower end of the 
cell, internal nervure recurved ; palpi rather long, porrect, clothed with closely appressed 
scales. Antenne exactly half the length of the costa of the forewing, distinctly 
annulated with white, with a gradually formed, moderate, rather long club. 

Type, Lycena sinensis, Alphéraky. (de Nicéville.) 


NEOLYCHNA SINENSIS. 
Plate 702, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 
Lycena sinensis, Alphéraky, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. xvi. p. 383, pl. 14, fig. 7 (1881). 
Neolyczena sinensis, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 65, pl. 26, fig. 166 (1890). 
Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside, both wings blackish-brown. Cilia of the 
same colour, but spotted with white at the end of the veins; but this is very narrowly 
Zee, 


260 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


so on the forewing and more broadly on the hindwing; the cilia is similar on the 
underside. Underside, both wings of a greyish-brown tint, very much lighter. An 
extremely fine bordering line runs along the exterior margin of both wings, sometimes 
very indistinct in the forewing. orewing traversed at nearly three millimetres from 
the outer margin by an interrupted series of white, irregular small streaks, with one 
whitish lunule placed above the first nervure and placed more towards the interior of 
the wing. This last disappears entirely in some specimens. A small streak, or rather 
a small whitish dot, is found generally in the discoidal cell. indwing faintly dusted 
with white scales near its first half. The disc is sprinkled with more or less large 
lunules, concave towards the base, and generally shaded with blackish interiorly, and 
also with some white streaks not far from the base, but the whole is so irregular and so 
different in each individual specimen that a figure alone could give a sufficiently exact 
idea of it. All along the exterior margin of both wings there is a sul-marginal series 
of small black dots, which are round and bordered with white on their interior side. 
These dots are very distinct on the hindwing, but on the forewing they are more or less 
obliterated, and sometimes they completely disappear. The species seems to be 
thoroughly isolated in the genus Lycezena, and must take its place in the small group 
formed by some very heterogeneous species, L. riymnus, Eversmann, L. tengstram, 
Erschoff, and LZ. anthracias, Christoph. 

It was on the 13th of May that I took some very old and worn specimens at an 
altitude of about 3,500 feet on one of the out-jutting spurs of the Tian-Chian. The 
species was flying about a bush which looked like a Carpinus, but which was certainly 
different from that genus. 

It is very probable that my description would be more detailed and more exact if 
I had some fresher specimens. Out of the twelve specimens which I brought away 
with me, I could make use of only three for the purpose of description, and even these 
were not good. (Alphéraky.) 

My knowledge of this species is confined to a single specimen taken by 
Lieutenant E. Y. Watson on the 21st of June, 1885, at Gunduk, which is situated in the 
Sarakola Pass, to the N.E. of Quetta, Biluchistan. Half of this specimen has been 
bleached and mounted for examination of the neuration. The figure shows both sides 
of this specimen, which is in my collection. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, # 2 14%; inches. 

Hasrrat.—Kouldja, Biluchistan. 

Our figures are from Kouldja examples. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES, 


Neolyceena tengstremi, Lycena tengstremi, Erschoff, Lep. Turk. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 8 (1874). Thecla 
tengstreemi, Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 368 (1893). Habitat, Tura, China. 


RURALINE. 261 


Neolycena davidi, Lycena tengstreemi var. davidi, Oberthiir, Btud. d’Ent. vi. p. 13, pl. 8, fig. 1 
(1881). Habitat, China. 


Genus RURALIS. 


Rurales, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. pp. 458, 482-484 (1758). 

Ruralis, Barbut, Gen. Ins. Linn. p. 173 (1781). 

Zephyrus, Dalman, Kong. Vet-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. pp. 62, 90 (1816). Wallengren, Lep. Scand. 
Rhop. p. 178 (1853). de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 299 (1890), Leech, Butt. of China, 
ete. li. p. 369 (1893). 

Zephyrius, Dalman, Kong. Vet-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. p. 48, et seq. (1816) ; id. in Billburg’s Enum. 
Ins. p. 80 (1820). 

Aurotis, Dalman, Kong. Vet-Akad. Hand. xxxvii. pp. 63, 90 (1816). 

Thecla, Fabricius, Ill. Mag. vi. p. 286 (1807). Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 129 (1815). Swainson, 
Zool. Illus. Ixii. p. 69(1821). Boisduval and Leconte, Lep. Am. Sept. p. 81 (1833). Westwood, 
Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 481 (1852). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 69 (1865). Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete. ii. p. 356 (1893). 


Eyes hairy. orewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted at 
one-third before the end, 10 a little before the end, 9 from 7 beyond its middle, 6 also 
from 7 some distance beyond the end of cell, middle discocellular slightly concave, 
upright, the lower longer than the middle, concave, slightly outwardly oblique, vein 3 
emitted before end of cell, sub-median nervure straight ; wing large, sub-triangular, 
costa arched, apex nearly acute, outer margin nearly straight, inner margin straight. 
Hindwing large, broadly ovate, a fine tail at the end of vein 2, variable in length, 
sometimes absent, the anal angle with a lobe varying in size, vein 7 emitted a little 
before upper end of cell, discocellulars straight, outwardly oblique, the upper the shorter, 
vein 3 from just before the lower end of cell. Antenne clavate, club gradual ; palpi 
long, obliquely porrect, third joint horizontal, the second very bristly beneath, third 
naked ; no secondary sexual characters. 

Type, Papilio betule, Linnzeus, the type of all the above-mentioned genera. 


RURALIS DOHERTYI. 
Plate 702, figs. 2, g, 2a, 2, 2b, ¢. 
Zephyrus dohertyi, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, p. 278, pl. 14, figs. 1, ¢, 2, @ ; id. 


Butt. of India, iii. p. 307, pl. 25, figs. 140, ¢, 141, 9 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, 
Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 348. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. orewing dark iridescent green, varying to iridescent 
purple in certain lights, the colour merging into the black borders, narrow on the 
costa and broad on the outer margin, increasing in width to the hinder angle and 


262 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


running narrowly along the hinder margin. /Tindwing blac’ash, with some streaks of 
the blue-green colour between the veins in the disc, anal lobe and tail reddish, the latter 
tipped with white. Underside reddish-brown, often with an ochreous tint. Forewing 
with a straight darker band, edged on both sides with black, closing the cell, a narrow, 
dark reddish-brown discal band from the costa, outwardly edged with black and white, 
slightly inwardly curved to vein 3, then somewhat inwardly oblique to vem 2, the 
apical and sometimes the outer marginal portion of the wing with some reddish 
suffusion, a sub-marginal series of thick reddish-brown lunules. Hindwing with the 
cell closed as in the forewing, a discal reddish-brown, rather broader band, outwardly 
edged with black and white, from the costa, almost straight down to vein 3, then 
bending round to the abdominal margin in three sharply pointed angles, the middle one 
the largest, a sub-marginal series of thick, red lunular marks, edged on both sides 
with black, most prominent towards the anal angle, where it is bent upwards and runs 
some distance up the abdominal margin, some red marginal lunules, tail red. Cilia 
cinereous. 

Female. Upperside brownish-black. Furewing with the cell and a patch in the 
middle of the sub-median interspace purple, sometimes without it, an orange spot at 
the end of the cell, with a smaller, similarly coloured spot beyond it a little lower down ; 
sometimes extending somewhat diffusely hindwards. Hindwing without markings. 
Underside as in the male, the orange spots above vary much in size in different 
examples, in some the resemblance to the upperside of £. atarus female is very near. 

Expanse of wings, # ? 14% to 14% inches. 

Haxirat.—Western Himalayas. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The types came from Tehri Gurhwal, near Masuri, 8,000 feet 
elevation, where Mackinnon took numerous specimens; we have it in our collection 
from Masuri, taken by Baine-Reed ; de Nicéville records it also from the Jalawri Pass, 
on the Kulu side, 9000 feet elevation. 


RURALIS ICANA. 
Plate 702, figs. 3, ¢, 3a, 9, 3b, g. 


Dipsas icana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 575, pl. 67, fig. 3, ¢. 

Thecla icana, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 149. Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 

Zephyrus icana, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 306 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 380, pl. 27, fig. 4, g (1893). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brown. Jvrewing with a slight purplish tint, costa 
with a narrow blackish band, the outer margin with an even band twice as broad, in 
some examples the interior portion is more or less glistening in certain lights. L/ind- 
wing with the costal and outer marginal border broader, narrowing a little hindwards on 


RURALIN A. 263 


the outer margin, all these border bands only indistinctly indicated. Cilia white with 
erey tips, and its base brown ; tail black tipped with white, abdominal fold pale ; outer 
margin somewhat scalloped. Underside pale chocolate-brown, sometimes with a slight 
ochreous tint, markings dark brown. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, edged 
with white, a discal outwardly curved band of moderate width, from the costa to a little 
lower than vein 2, outwardly edged with white, a sub-marginal band of thick lunules, 
with a white lunular line immediately beyond it, a sub-terminal series of pale lunular 
marks, a pale terminal line and an anteciliary dark line. Hindwing with a broader 
discal band with a slightly sinuous outer edge, from the costa straight down to the 
median vein (attached to the bar closing the cell, which is inwardly edged with white), 
pushed a little forward on the median vein, runs down to vein 2, then inwards in an 
acutely angled form, and then runs on to the middle of the abdominal margin in a 
straight line, and is outwardly edged with white throughout, a slightly narrower sub- 
marginal band, well separated from the margin and in continuation of the discal band 
of the forewing, inwardly edged with black lunules, and ending in a sub-terminal black 
spot in the first interspace, a small black spot at the anal angle, another close to it, all 
three capped with orange, a series of pale marks close to the margin, a marginal white 
line and anteciliary brown line. Antennze black, ringed with white, the club with an 
orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. 

Female. Upperside generally darker than the male, without any gloss. oerewing 
with an ochreous-orange spot outside the end of the cell, and another beyond it in the next 
lower interspace. Zindwing as in the male, and so also is the underside of both wings. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 1435 to 14%, 2 14% to 14% inches. 

Hasirat.—North-Western Himalayas, China. 

Disrrisution.—We have it from Simla, and a typical male from Omei-shan in 
Central China; Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, Doherty from 
Kumaon, 9,000 to 11,000 feet elevation ; de Nicéville says he took it in the Jalawri Pass, 
between Kulu and Simla; Grahame Young took it in Kulu at 7,000 feet, 8,000 feet to 
9,000 feet elevation, and that it does not appear to be a common species ; it is in the 
B. M. also from Bhagi and Huttoo, and several parts of Western China. 


RURALIS MANDARA. 


Thecla mandara, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 
Zephyrus mandara, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 308 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Allied to Z. teana, Moore, but whereas that species is (on the 
upperside) metallic over the disc of the hindwing and most of the forewing, interrupted 
by black veins, and appears green in some lights and violet in others, this species is 
only touched with obscure violet close to the base of the forewing; the disc has a faint 


264 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


lustre, as if greasy. Underside more rufous than Z. icana, the transverse discal line 
(of the forewing) extends to the first medial nervule, slightly bent inwards at its lower 
end; the discal band of the hindwing is straight, the sub-marginal band rounded, 
both are tinged with reddish ; a blurred, obsolescent ocellus of black and reddish anally 
and sub-anally ; outer margin of the forewing strongly convex, sinuous; outer margin 
of the hindwing not scalloped, abdominal margin not excavated, but straight or 
slightly convex. The prehensores, though generally resembling those of Z. icana, are 
quite distinct. Both are distinguished from Z. sila, Kollar, Z. birupa, Moore, by the 
uncus seen from the side being divided horizontally ; in Z. cana the upper lobe is 
slender, bent downwards, and projects beyond the lower, in Z. mandara the upper 
lobe is straight, and shorter than the long and massive lower lobe, the clasp (which in 
both species tapers obliquely forwards) here ends in a blunt, almost vertical point, 
while in Z. icana it ends in a sharp, horizontal beak; the uncus in Z. birupa and 
Z. sila is very different, broad and entire, when viewed from the side. (Doherty.) 

Expanse of wings not given. 

Hasirat.—Kumaon. 

We have not seen this species, and have not been able to ascertain where the 
type now is; probably in the United States in some private collection; it was not 
figured. 


RURALIS KHASIA. 
Plate 702, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, g. 


Zephyrus khasia, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 301 (1890) ; id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1890, 
p. 210, pl. H, fig. 4, ¢. Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 301. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside rich metallic green; the veins finely black. Forewing 
with the costal line black, an even fairly broad outer marginal black band; very 
slightly broader at the apex. Hindwing with the outer marginal black band about 
as broad as it is on the forewing, the costal black band a little broader and also even ; 
the outer margin scalloped as usual, the production at the end of vein 2 a little longer 
than at the ends of the other veins, but there is no tail; abdominal fold pale blackish. 
Cilia white with black base. Underside greyish-white, somewhat silvery, markings 
dark grey. Forewing with a thin straight bar closing the cell, a discal outwardly 
curved thin band from the costa to vein 2, outwardly edged with white. A sub- 
marginal rather thicker macular band from the costa to the sub-median vein, a little 
darkish suffusion between the upper part of the bands, and a little pale blue suffusion 
outside the sub-marginal band at the apex. Hindwing with a very thin pale straight 
line closing the cell, a discal outwardly curved band of small, short lunules edged 
outwardly with white, separated from each other, the second from the costa a little 


RURALINA. 265 


inwards ; a sub-marginal series of similar lunular marks, the lower portion of the series 
rather near the lower portion of the discal series; both wings with dark grey terminal 
line with indications of a sub-terminal series of pale grey lunular marks. Antenne 
black, ringed with white, the club with an orange tip; head and body above and 
below concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 13 inches. 

Female unknown. 

Hasirat.—Khasia Hills. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type from the Khasia Hills is in the Indian Museum, 
Calcutta ; we have, however, a perfectly fresh example from the same locality, which 
we describe and figure. 

RURALIS ATAXUS. 
Plate 703, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, g. 
Dipsas ataxus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. ii. p. 480, pl. 74, fig. 7, g (1852). 
Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 31 (1857). Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 65, 
pl. 26, fig. 6, ¢ (1863). 

Thecla ataxus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 247. 

Zephyrus atazus, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 303 (1890). Fixsen, Rom. Sur Lep. iii. p. 269 
(1887). Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 374, pl. 27, fig. 5, §, 6, 2 (1893). Mackinnon 
and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. 

Dipsas katwra, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 65, pl. 26, figs. 1, 2, 9 (1865). Fixsen, Rom. Sur Lep. 
iii. p. 268 (1887). 

Zephyrus katura, de Nicéville, l.c. 

Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic green. orewing with a broad black apical 
band which runs down the outer margin less broadly but evenly. Hindwing with the 
costal space and abdominal fold pale brown, the outer margin with a broad black 
band containing a fine white line towards the anal angle; tail black, tipped with 
white. Cilia of both wings white, dusky towards the anal angle of the hindwing, the 
hinder margin of the forewing with long fuscous cilia. Underside silvery white, 
irrorated in parts with ochreous-grey scales. Forewing with a brown line closing the 
cell, a discal brown line from the costa to vein 4, bent outwards at its middle, some- 
times obsolete, an irrorated sub-marginal fuscous spot in each of the interspaces 1 and 2, 
in continuation of a sub-marginal fuscous line, the lower spot sometimes obsolete. 
Hindwing with a broad fuscous line closing the cell, sometimes continued upwards to 
the costa, and also sometimes continued a little hindwards, a line parallel to it nearer 
the base of the wing, connected at its lower end to the outer line, a spot below it, 
with another spot again below the last, and a small round spot on the abdominal 
margin ; the inner line and spots often obliterated by the irrorations towards the base 
of the wing; a double sub-marginal series of lunular marks, a sub-marginal black 
spot in the first interspace, ringed with orange, a black spot in the anal lobe capped 

VOL. VII. 2M 


266 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


with orange, the orange colour continued narrowly up the abdominal margin for a short 
distance, a very fine terminal black line on both wings, prominent towards the anal 
angle of the hindwing. 

Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the cell and lower portion of the 
wing, from the base, for two-thirds its length, pale blue, glistening in certain lights, 
the blue colour divided by the median nervure and the base of the first median nervule, 
an orange spot at the end of the cell and another beyond it in the next lower inter- 
space, an orange smear on the hinder margin near the angle. indwing paler brown 
without markings, tail black, tipped with white, outer margin scalloped and slightly 
produced at the end of vein 3, both wings with black marginal line and white cilia. 
Underside pale slaty-brown. orewing with a dark thin bar at the end of the cell, pale 
edged, a discal narrow dark band, from the costa to vein 4, where it is pushed a little 
inwards and runs down to a dark square patch at the hinder angle, above which is a 
large irregular whitish patch with a dark spot at its upper inner end close to the discal 
band, the band from this spot to the costa edged outwardly with white. Hindwing 
with the basal third dark brown, with a very irregular outer margin of white, the white 
line running down from the middle of the costa, is angled inwards at the upper end of 
the cell, curves round inwards on the median vein, is angled inwards in the middle of 
the curve, then runs straight upwards to the costa, and below the eurve is continued 
round in two curves to the abdominal margin at the middle, the middle portion of the 
wing is more or less whitish, followed by a broad diffuse brown shade across the wing 
with a series of small white lunules, and this is followed by a whitish marginal space, 
a large black anal spot, capped with orange, the orange colour running in a thin line 
for a short distance up the abdominal margin, a black sub-terminal spot, ringed with 
orange in interspace 1, a sub-terminal series of small brown lunular marks, a terminal 
white line and black anteciliary line. Antenne black, ringed with white, the club 
with an orange tip; head and body concolorous with the wings above and below. 

Expanse of wings, f ? 13%5 to 135; inches. 

Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, China. 

Disrripution.—The type came from Simla, the type of katura is marked N. India, 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri; it is in the B. M. from Kangra, 
Kulu, and Moupin, Central China. 


RURALIS DUMA. 
Plate 703, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, g. 
Dipsas duma, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 15, pl. 6, Suppl. fig. 15, g¢ (1869). Staudinger, 
Ex. Schmett. p. 273, pl. 95, ¢ (1888). 
Zephyrus duma, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 304 (1890), Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 634. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside brilliant metallic green. orewing with a narrow 


RURALINZ. 267 


black costal hand, and a broader outer marginal band, broadest at the apex. Hindwing 
with the costal space broadly black, outer marginal black band even, and slightly 
broader than on the forewing ; abdominal fold pale blackish ; tail black, tipped with 
white. Cilia white, with black base, the white tipped with black from vein 3 to the 
anal angle. Underside dark glossy grey, markings brown. orewing with a bar at the 
end of the ¢ell, edged on both sides with white, a discal almost straight, moderately 
broad band from the costa to vein 2 narrowing hindwards and outwardly edged with 
white, a sub-marginal band, from the costa to the sub-median vein, thickening 
hindwards, inwardly edged with white ; a marginal band with a white line between it 
and the sub-marginal band. Hindwing with a short transverse bar, edged on both 
sides with white, from below the costa one-third from the base, a long bar at the end 
of the cell, inwardly edged with white, attached to the discal band which runs in a 
straight line from the middle of the costa to vein 2, commences rather broadly, is 
attenuated hindwards, then bends in two sharp-pointed angles, and a short straight 
line to the abdominal margin beyond the middle, and is outwardly edged with white 
throughout; a sub-marginal band also somewhat attenuated hindwards, inwardly 
edged with white and well separated from the margin, a black anal spot capped with 
orange, a sub-terminal black spot in the first interspace ringed with orange, a very 
narrow band close to the margin ; both wings with terminal white line, most apparent 
on the hindwing an anteciliary blackish line. Antenne black, ringed with white, the 
club with an orange tip; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings. 

Female. Upperside dark brown. orewing with a large orange spot at the end 
of the cell, and another outside it in the next lower interspace, both spots varying 
much in size in different examples and often joined together. Hindwing without 
markings, tail brown, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings brown. Underside 
brown, not grey as in the male, markings similar. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 145 to 2, ? 1,% to 1,8; inches. 

Hasirat.—Sikkim, Sylhet. 

DistTRIBuTION.—Elwes records it from the Naga Hills, the type is marked North 
India ; we have it from Sylhet, and have received many examples from Sikkim, where 
it appears to be common ; in the B. M. it is also from Sinchal, 8,000 feet elevation. 


RURALIS SYLA. 
Plate 703, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢. 


Thecla syla, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. (2), p. 414, pl. 4, figs. 7, 8, g (1848). Doherty, Journ. 
As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 
Dipsas syla, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 30 (1857). Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 
1865, pp. 508 and 774. 
2M 2 


268 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


Diysas sila, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 64, pl. 26, fig. 3, @ (1865). 

Zephyrus syla, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 305 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, p. 674. 

Zephyrus trilocha, Hannyngton, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1910, p, 367, 9. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic green, with a somewhat bronzy gloss, of a 
different hue to that of R. duma, Forewing with costal black line, and a moderately 
broad and even outer marginal black band. Hindwing with costal space broadly 
black, outer marginal band evenly black, a little broader than it is on the forewing ; 
abdominal fold dark grey, tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white with black base. 
Underside silvery-greyish-white, markings ochreous-brown. forewing with a bar at 
the end of the cell, edged with white, a moderately broad discal band, slightly 
outwardly curved, with its lower end turned somewhat inwards, slightly decreasing in 
width hindwards, from the costa to vein 2, outwardly edged with white; a sub- 
marginal band from the costa to the sub-median vein, where it is broadest, narrowing 
upwards and sometimes becoming almost obsolete before reaching the costa. Zindwing 
with a short transverse line from near the costa one-fourth from the base ; a line closing 
the cell; adiscal thin band, somewhat lunular, broadly edged with white on its outer side, 
a black anal spot, capped with orange, a sub-terminal black spot im the first interspace, 
ringed with orange, both wings with a grey band on the margin, a sub-terminal white 
thread, most prominent on the hindwing, and a black anteciliary line. Antenne black, 
ringed with white, club tipped with orange ; head and body above and _ below 
concolorous with the wings, abdomen below white. 

Female. vrewing with the cell, asmall space outside in the next lower interspace, 
and the whole of the interno-median area from the base to the outer marginal band pale 
purplish-blue, a white spot at the end of the cell, another outside in the next lower 
interspace, both varying somewhat in size in different examples, and sometimes with a 
small orange or white spot below the outer spot, the costal space above the cell, the 
apical space beyond the spots black and the outer margin with a fairly even and 
moderately wide black band, the veins black, the place below the sub-median vein 
suffused with black. Hindwing pale blackish, veins black, some bluish streaks on the 
outer portions between the veins, outer marginal band narrowly black. Cilia and tail 
as in the male. Underside also similar, bands usually narrower. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 14% to 158; inches. 

Hasirat.—N.W. Himalayas, Sikkim, Bhutan. 

DisTRIBUTION.—The type is marked N.W. Himalayas ; Doherty records it from 
Dhankuri, N.W. Kumaon, 9,000 to 11,000 feet elevation, also from Chandans, N.E. 
Kumaon ; Lang took it at Narkunda, near Simla, 9,000 feet; de Nicéville at Jalauri, 
between Kulu and Simla; Grahame-Young at Kulu, 7,000, 8,000, 8,800 and 9,000 feet ; 
Mackinnon and de Nicéville record it from Mussuri, Leslie and Evans from Chitral; we 


RURALIN A. 269 


have it also from Sikkim; it is in the B. M. also from Thundiani, Ramghat, Kanera, 
Bhagi, 9,000 feet, Rala, Jalaori and Bhutan. 

Zephyrus trilocha, Hannyngton, whose type he has kindly allowed us to examine, 
is undoubtedly only a dry form of the female of this species, the anal spots of the 
hindwing below are obsolete or very faintly indicated, and without the orange ring ; 
but we have examples in our collection that are very similar. 


RURALIS BIRUPA. 
Plate 704, figs. 1, g, la, 9, 1b, ¢, le, d, larva and pupa. 


Dipsas birupa, Moore, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, p. 51. 

Thecla or Zephyrus birupa, Doherty, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, p. 130. 

Zephyrus birupa, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 306 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384, pl. V, fig. 15a, 15b, larva, 15c, pupa. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside metallic green. orewing with the costal black band 
narrow, outer marginal band moderately broad and even. //indwiny with the costal 
and outer marginal bands a little broader, broadest on the costa, and fairly even 
throughout, the immediate costal space pale; tail black, tipped with white, slight 
productions at the ends of veins 3 and 4, abdominal fold grey. Cilia of both wings 
white, with a black base. Underside dark grey, markings greyish-brown. J orewing 
with a thin bar closing the cell, with whitish edges; a discal narrow band, its upper 
part slightly outwardly curved, from the costa to vein 2, where its end inclines 
slightly outwards, edged outwardly with white, a sub-marginal band from the costa to 
the sub-median nervure, broadest at its lower end, narrowing upwards. Sindwing 
with a thin bar edged with whitish at the end of the cell; a linear mark below the 
costa one-fourth from the base, also with whitish edges; a thin discal band, slightly 
irregular at its upper end, from the costa to vein 1, where it turns inwards with two 
sharp angles and a straight line to the middle of the abdominal margin, edged 
outwardly with white throughout; a discal band of angulated lunules with white 
lunular marks on each side; a black spot at the anal angle capped with orange, 
another in the first interspace ringed with the same colour, some bluish-grey suffusion 
between them,a white terminal line and anteciliary brown line. Antenne black, ringed 
with white ; club with an orange tip ; head and body black above, grey beneath. 

Female, somewhat pale brownish-black, with a purplish tint. orewing with the 
colour merging narrowly into dark black on the costa, and broadly on the apex and 
outer margin, a white spot at the end of the cell, with another on its outer side in the 
next lower interspace. /7indwing with an indistinct, blackish outer marginal border 


narrower than it is in the forewing; abdominal fold grey; tail black, tipped with 


270 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


white. Cilia of both wings white, with a black base, the white tipped with black from 
the tail to the anal angle. Underside as in the male. 

Expanse of wings, S 2 1445 to 155 inches. 

Hasrrat.—North-West Himalayas. 

Disrrisution.—Recorded by de Nicéville from Pyura and Ramgarh, 4,000 to 
7,000 feet elevation, by Doherty from Kumaon, by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from 
Mussuri, where they say it was exceedingly common, double brooded, the first from 
May to July, the second in September. The earlier brood is found in shady, woody 
ravines only, the latter brood on the tops of hills. They say Mrs. Robson has bred it 
at Mussuri in May. The larva feeds on Rhododendron arbarum. We have it from 
Simla, the types are labelled Western Himalayas ; it is in the B. M. also from Ranikhet 
and Bhagi. The larva and pupa, though figured, have not been described. 


RURALIS LETHA. 
Plate 704, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, g. 
Zephyrus letha, Watson, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1897, p. 664, pl. A, fig. 7, g. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings rich metallic green, with a marginal black 
border. orewing has the black border narrow, of even width throughout, the apical 
half of the costal margin also very narrowly black. Hindwing with the costal margin 
broadly black, the black border to the outer margin of moderate width, twice as broad 
as in the forewing. Cilia black; tail black, tipped with white. Underside, both 
wings pale fawn colour, glossed with silvery. orewing with an outer discal 
slightly curved white band, attenuated posteriorly, extending from the costa to the 
first median nervule, inwardly bordered with fuscous; a broad sub-marginal fuscous 
band, anteriorly faint, terminating at the sub-median nervure, in two dark spots, 
narrowly margined throughout its length with white ; a marginal white line followed 
by a fine blackish anteciliary line; the discocellular nervule faintly marked with 
fuscous. Hindwing, a broad white discal band from the costa to the first median 
nervule passing beyond the discoidal cell, inwardly margined with fuscous, and 
continued to the abdominal margin in a broken V-shaped line; a double row of 
sub-marginal white spots, outwardly concave, the outer row conspicuously, the inner 
row obsoletely, followed by a black-centred spot at the extreme anal angle, inwardly 
marked with yellow, which is continued narrowly up the abdominal margin ; a marginal 
white line, followed by an anteciliary black line, the discocellular nervules faintly 
marked with fuscous. Abdomen dark, paler beneath; thorax densely clothed with 
greenish-white and pure white hairs above and below respectively. 

Mr. de Nicéville has kindly compared the type with its nearest allies and writes to 
meas follows :—Appears to be most allied to Z. syla, Kollar, and Z. birupa, Moore, from 


RURALINA. 271 


both of which the outer black band to the forewing on the upperside being half as 
wide will distinguish Z. letha; the markings of the underside also are entirely different 
to any other species described from the Indian region except Z. ziha, Hewitson, with 
which they agree somewhat closely, but the coloration of the upperside is entirely 
different, being in both sexes of that species dull blue ; it is also closely allied to Z. 
scintillans, Leech, from Chang-Yang, in Central China, and has the apex of the forewing 
similarly acute, but differs in the less prominence of the orange markings on the 
underside of the hindwing. 7. diamentina, Oberthiir, from Amurland and the Island 
of Askold, is another very closely allied species, and principally differs in the greater 
development of the orange coloration at the anal angle of the hindwing on the 
underside ; that species is said by Leech to equal Z. smaragdina, Bremer. 

Described from a single male taken near Tiddim in the North Chin Hills in May ; 
Tiddim is situated on an off-shoot of the Letha range, at an elevation of about 
5,000 feet. The type specimen is in de Nicéville’s collection. (Watson.) 

Expanse of wings, $ 1355 inches. 

Hasirat.—Burma, Assam. 

We have not seen the type, it is now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; we have a 
male from the Khasia Hills which corresponds well with Watson’s description and 
figure ; the coloration of the underside is fawn colour, as stated by Watson, but it is 
somewhat darker than the underside of his figure, in every other respect it exactly 
corresponds to his figure and description; our figures are from our Khasia Hill 
example ; the female is unknown. 


RURALIS ZOA. 
Plate 704, figs. 3, g, 3a, g. 


Zephyrus zoa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1889, p. 167, pl. A, fig. 3, 5; id. Butt. of 
India, iii. p. 802 (1890). 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings black. Forewing with all but the outer 
margin (which is somewhat broadly and evenly of the ground colour) and the veins 
(which are black) clouded with rich metallic iridescent dark green scales (exactly as 
in Ilerda viridipunctata niihi), this colour in some lights is quite invisible. Hindwing 
with a patch of similar green scales in the middle of the wing, the costa and outer 
margin being broadly of the ground colour, the abdominal margin a little paler fuscous. 
Underside, both wings dull fuliginous-black. orewing with a deeper black discocellular 
mark outwardly defined by a fine silvery white line; an indistinct, somewhat broad, 
straight, blackish discal band from the costa to the first median nervule outwardly 
defined by a fine silvery white line; an indistinct, blackish sub-marginal band which 
widens out on either side of the first median nervule, and is there rather prominent. 


272 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


ITindwing with a short blackish bar near the base of the costal interspace inwardly 
defined by a fine silvery white line ; a narrow discocellular lme outwardly surrounded 
with white, the usual W-shaped discal prominent line, silvery white inwardly, slightly 
defined by a narrow blackish line; the outer margin sprinkled with white scales; a 
prominent marginal large oval deep black spot circled with orange in the first median 
interspace, an anal deep black spot crowned with orange, which latter colour extends 
on one side to the first median nervule, on the other side nm a narrow line for some 
short distance up the abdominal margin, where it is inwardly bounded by a faint black 
line and then bya line of turquoise-blue ; a fine anteciliary white line, obsolete towards 
the apex. Thorax above anteriorly clothed with ferruginous hairs in some lights, 
posteriorly with green hairs; abdomen black above, pale fuscous below. 

This species belongs to the group which contains Thecla (Zephyrus) tangkie, 
Oberthiir, and 7. desgodinsi, Oberthiir, from Thibet, but appears to be quite distinct 
from either ; it differs from the former in being larger ; it has no brilliant blue spots 
on the margin of the hindwing on the upperside on either side of the tail, and the 
colour of the underside is black, not brown. From the latter (of which the female 
only is known) it also differs in the ground colour of the underside, and in the discal 
white lines being straight, instead of outwardly convex as in 7. desgodinsi, and in the 
presence of the bar in the costal interspace on the hindwing. T. diamantina, Oberthiir, 
which is also of this group, appears to have the green colour on the upperside of the 
male less powdery, and extended much nearer to the outer margin. It was described 
from the Island of Askold. From the description alene, Z. zoa appears to come very 
near to “Dipsas” japonica, Murray, but that species seems to have no discocellular 
markings on the underside, and also has a third black spot with whitish scales in the 
middle between the two large ones on either side of it on the underside of the hindwing 
near the anal angle not found in my species. To judge of it also from the late 
Mr. H. Pryer’s figures in his ‘‘Rhopalocera Japonica,” the male has the green 
coloration of the upperside much more extensive than in Z. zoa. A single specimen 
has been obtained by Mr. A. V. Knyvett on Tiger’s Hill above Darjiling, at 8,000 feet 
elevation, on 26th June, 1888. (de Nicéville.) 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 inches. 

Hasirat.—Ssikkim. 

We have not been able to examine this species, the unique type being in the: 
Indian Museum, Caleutta, we therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s figure. 


RURALIS ZIHA. 
Plate 704, figs. 4, ¢, 4a, 2, 4b, ¢. 
Dipsas ziha, Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lep. p. 66, pl. 26, figs. 4, 5, @ (1865). 


RURALINGA. 273 


Zephyrus ziha, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 308 (1890). Mackinnon and de Nicéville, Journ. 
Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. 

Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside mauve-coloured, the veins black. orewing 
with a white spot at the end of the cell, a rather long spot outside in the next lower 
interspace, the costal, apical and outer marginal space above and beyond these spots 
black, continued on the outer margin somewhat broadly and increasingly hindwards to 
the hinder angle. Hindwing with a little dark suffusion on the costal portion, a black 
outer marginal line with a white line inside it and a series of black lunular marks 
capped with white; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings white, with a 
black base except at the hinder angle and hinder margin of the forewing, where it is 
white throughout. Underside greyish-white, not shining, markings dark grey, nearly 
black on the forewings. orewing with a thin bar at the end of the cell, edged with 
white on both sides, a well curved thin band of conjoined lunules outwardly edged with 
white, from the costa to vein 2 where it nearly touches the sub-marginal band, which 
is broader, composed also of conjoined lunules from the costa to the sub-median vein, 
increasing in size and depth of colour hindwards and terminating in two somewhat 
suffused large black spots. £indwing with a very thin band edged with white closing 
the cell, a discal, thin band outwardly edged with white, slightly outwardly curved 
from the costa to vein 2, then bent round in two acute angles and a curved line to the 
middle of the abdominal margin, a sub-marginal acutely angled thin band outwardly 
white edged, continued to the end and curved inwards, rather near the lower end of 
the discal band, also in a line to the abdominal margin; a small anal black spot, 
capped with orange; a small black spot in the first interspace, ringed with orange ; 
both wings with dark grey terminal line with a white thread inside it, and a sub- 
terminal pale grey band, almost linear on the forewing, lunular on the hindwing. 
Antennz black, ringed with white ; club with an orange tip; head and body above and 
below concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings, $ ? 142, to 1445 inches. 

Hasirat.—North-West Himalayas. 

DisrrisuTion.—The type is without locality; we have it from Masuri, from 
whence Mackinnon and de Nicéville also record it, 7,000 feet elevation ; de Nicéville 
says that Grahame-Young took one in Kulu and one in Simla; it is a rare species. 


RURALIS PAVO. 
Plate 705, figs. 1, ¢, la, 9, 1b, ¢. 
Zephyrus pavo, de Nicéville, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 460, pl. 40, fig. 11, g ( ex errore); id. Butt. 
of India, ili. p. 309 (1890). Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 635. 
Imaco.—Male. Upperside, both wings black. Forewing with the costa somewhat 
widely, the apical third of the wing, and the outer margin to the anal angle black, the 
" VOL. VILL 2N 


274 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


rest of the wing rich peacock-purple ; a quadrate spot beyond the end of the cell, and 
an elongated one beyond and below it in the second median interspace, orange. Cilia 
black. Hindwing unmarked, the tail black, tipped with white. Cilia white, tipped 
with black, except at the termination of the veins from the second median to the 
second sub-costal nervule, where the cilia are entirely white. Underside, both wings 
brownish-fuscous. vrewing, the discocellular nervules defined with a white line on 
each side ; an obscure darker broad discal fascia from the costa to the first medial 
nervule outwardly defined with a narrow white line, heyond which the wing is 
sprinkled with pale violet scales; another dark fascia from near the anal angle, 
decreasing in width from the inner margin to the third medial nervule, where it 
becomes obliterated, also outwardly defined with a whitish line. Hindwing sprinkled 
almost throughout with pale violet scales; a broad irregular wedge-shaped discal 
fascia, free of viclet sprinkling, broad on the costa, narrowing to a bluntly rounded 
point above the anal angle, its margins defined with a fine violet-white line ; another 
similar fascia beyond, inwardly defined with violet-white lunules ; two sub-basal ring 
spots, one of which is within the discoidal cell, and a pair of lines on the abdominal 
margin, all violet-white ; a sub-marginal oval black spot in the first median interspace, 
surrounded by a deep orange ring ; a deep orange patch at the anal angle extending a 
short distance up the abdominal margin ; a fine anteciliary dark line inwardly defined 
by a white line. 

Zephyrus pavo is nearly allied to the Z. katura of Hewitson, that species being 
probably the female of Z. atarus, Doubleday and Hewitson, but differs on the upper- 
side of the forewing in having the basal area of a richer shade of purple, of greater 
extent, and not divided by the black veins; on the underside the silvery bands in 
Z. katura are replaced in 4. parxo by violet irrorations ; the two species also differ in 
other minor particulars. 

The type specimen is unique, and is deposited in Mr. A. V. Knyvett’s collection, 
by whose native collectors it was obtained near Buxa in Bhutan. 

Mr. W. Doherty has recently taken a male specimen of this species near 
Margherita in Upper Assam, at 400 feet elevation only. It agrees closely with the 
type, but is a little larger. The specimen I described may also be a male; it is very 
singular, however, that the male of Z. pavo should put on the pattern of markings and 
coloration of females of several Indian species, though it is probably to be accounted for 
by the fact that they represent the primordial coloration of the group, and that the 
green colour of the upperside of the males of several species has been but lately 
acquired by that sex. (de Nicéville.) 

Female. Upperside brown with a faint blue gloss. J orewing with the apical and 
outer marginal borders rather broader than in the male. Hindwing without markings. 
Underside paler than in the male. /vrewing with the discal band much broader, 


RURALINA. 275 


limited on its inner side by an outwardly oblique, whitish, elongated, oval-shaped 
patch ; on the inner and lower side of this patch the wing is suffused with pale 
brownish ; the outer marginal space is pale, and the sub-marginal band on the lower 
half of the wing is much broader than it is in the male, and there is a small pale or 
whitish space on the outer half of the hinder margin. Hindwing with traces of the 
markings as in the male, but very pale and indistinct, the anal markings as in the male, 
size similar. 

Expanse of wings, S ? 13°; inches. 

Hasirat.—Upper Assam, Naga Hills, Bhutan. 

DistripuTion.—The type male form from Buxa, Bhutan, is in the Carnegie Museum, 
Pitsburg, U.S.A.; we have not seen it, we therefore give de Nicéville’s description and 
copies of his figure. Elwes records it from Margherita in Upper Assam, a male taken 
by Doherty ; there is a female in the Hannyngton collection, taken at Kilari in the 
Naga Hills, which has been kindly lent to us, and from which our description and 
figures of that sex are taken. 


ALLIED CHINESE AND JAPANESE SPECIES. 


Ruralis hetule, Papilio betule, Linneus, Syst. Nat. x. p. 482 (1758). Zephyrus betule, Leech, Butt. 
of China, ete. ii. p. 383, pl. 28, figs. 8, 11, vars. (1893). Synonym, Thecla elwesi, Leech, Entom. 
xxiii. p. 39 (1890). Habitat, W. China, Northern Asia, Europe. 

Ruralis attilia, Thecla attilia, Bremer, Bull. Acad. Petr. iii. p. 469 (1861). Pryer, Rhop. Niphon, 
p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 11 (1886). Zephyrus attilia, Leech, lc. p. 392 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Central 
China, Amurland. 

Ruralis taxila, Thecla taxila, Bremer, Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 26, pl. 3, fig. 7, p. 95, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1864). 
Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. Lye. Suppl. p. 10, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17, ¢ (1869). Leech, l.c. p. 370 
(1893). Habitat, Isle of Askold. 

Ruralis smaragdina, Thecla smaragdina, Bremer, l.c. p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 5 (1864). Pryer, le. p. 13, 
pl. 4, figs. 6a, 6b (1886). Leech, le. p. 372 (1893). Synonym, Thecla diamanta, Oberthiir, 
Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 18, pl. i. fig. 1 (1880). Habitat, Japan, Central China. 

Ruralis szpestriata, Dipsas sepestriata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 67, pl. 26, figs. 7, 8 (1865). 
Pryer, l.c. p. 13, pl. 4, fig. 5 (1886). Leech, lc. p. 384 (1893). Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis lutea, Dipsas lutea, Hewitson, l.c. pl. 26, figs. 9, 10 (1865). Pryer, l.c. pl. 4, fig. 4 (1886). 
‘Leech, l.c. p. 385 (1893). Habitat, Japan, Amurland. 

Ruralis absolon, Dipsas absolon, Hewitson, l.c. p. 65, pl. 30, figs. 11, 12, g (1865). (India ex errore.) 
Zephyrus absolon, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 304 (1890); id. Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 
1895, p. 291, pl. P, figs. 33, ¢, 34, 9. Habitat, Java. 

Ruralis japonica, Dipsas japonica, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. xi. p. 169 (1875). Thecla japonica, Pryer, 
le. p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 7a, d (1886). Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis orientalis, Dipsas orientalis, Murray, l.c. p. 169 (1875). Thecla orientalis, Pryer, l.c. p. 14, 
pl. 4, figs. 8a, 8b (1886). Zephyrus orientalis, Leech, l.c. p. 376, pl. 27, fig. 14 var. (1893) 
Habitat, Central China. 

Ruralis enthea, Thecla enthea, Jansen, Cist. Ent. ii. p. 157 (1877). Pryer, l.c. p. 15, pl. 4, fig. 12 

2N 2 


LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


(1886). Zephyrus enthea, Leech, Butt. of China, etc. ii. p. 391, pl. 30, fig. 18 var. (1893). 
Habitat, W. China. 

Ruralis jonasi, Thecla jonasi, Jansen, l.c. Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. vi. p. 13, pl. 8, fig. 2 (1881). Dipsas 
jonasi, Pryer, l.c. p. 13, pl. 4, fig. 5 (1880). Zephyrus jonasi, Leech, lc. p. 385 (1893). 
Habitat, Japan, Amurland. 

Ruralis fasciata, Thecla fasciata, Jansen, l.c. iii. p. 272, pl. 5, fig. 4 (1878). Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis aurorina, Thecla taxila, var. aurorina, Oberthiir, Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 18 (1880). Habitat, 
China. 

Ruralis michzlis, Thecla micheelis, Oberthiir, l.c. p. 19, pl. 5, fig. 2 (1880). Zephyrus michzelis, Leech, 
Le. p. 388, pl. 28, fig. 7, var. (1893). Habitat, Omei-Shan, W. China. 

Ruralis raphelis, Thecla raphelis, Oberthiir, l.c. p. 20, pl. 5, fig. 1 (1880). Zephyrus raphzelis, Leech, 
le. p. 389, pl. 28, fig. 10, var. (1893). Synonym, Dipsas flamen, Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, 
p. 410, pl. 36, fig. 2. Habitat, Corea, Isle of Askold, Amurland. 

Ruralis signata, Thecla signata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 854. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 114, 
fig. 2 (1882). Pryer, le. p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 19 (1886). Zephyrus signata, Leech, lc. p. 381, 
pl. 27, fig. 12, ? (1893). Habitat, Yesso, Japan. 

Ruralis ibara, Thecla ibara, Butler, I.c. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 113 (1882). Pryer, lc. p. 16, pl. 4, 
fig. 18 (1886). Zephyrus ibara, Leech, l.c. p. 390 (1893). Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis stigiana, Thecla stygiana, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1881, p. 35, pl. 4, fig. 6. Zephyrus 
stygiana, Leech, l.c. p. 391 (1893). Habitat, Central Japan. 

Ruralis butleri, Thecla butleri, Fenton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 853. Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 115, 
fig. 1 (1882). Pryer, l.c. p. 16, pl. 4, fig. 13 (1886). Zephyrus butleri, Leech, l.c. p. 393 (1893). 
Synonym, Thecla oberthiiri, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 138, pl. 6, figs. 4a, b, 9 (1887). 
Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis orsedice, Thecla orsedice, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 852. Pryer, Le. p. 15, pl. 4, 
fig. 17, g (1886). Waterhouse, Aid, pl. 107, 9 (1882). Zephyrus orsedice, Leech, lc. p. 393 
(1893). Habitat, Japan, Isle of Yesso. 

Ruralis regina, Thecla regina, Butler, l.c. p. 853. Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis tsangkie, Thecla tsangkie, Oberthiir, l.c. ix. p. 20, pl. 7, figs. 55, ¢, 56, 9 (1884). - Zephyrus 
tsangkie, Leech, l.c. p. 330 (1893). Habitat, Western China. 

Ruralis desgodinsi, Thecla desgodinsi, Oberthiir, lc. xi. p. 21, pl. 7, fig. 24 (1886). Zephyrus 
desgodinsi, Leech, l.c. p. 374 (1893). Habitat, W. China. 

Ruralis bieti, Thecla bieti, Oberthiir, l.c. p. 19, pl. 4, fig. 22, g (1886). Zephyrus bieti, Leech, lc. 
p- 381 (1893). Habitat, Moupin, China. 

Ruralis seraphim, Thecla seraphim, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1886, p. xii. ; id. Ktud. d’Ent. xi. 
p. 19, pl. 5, fig. 37 (1886). Zephyrus seraphim, Leech, l.c. p. 378 (1893). Habitat, Japan, 
Corea, Amurland. 

Ruralis seraphina, Thecla seraphina, Staudinger, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 135, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4, 5 (1887). 
Pryer, le. p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 9a, 9b (1886). Zephyrus seraphina, Leech, lc. p. 386 (1893). 
Habitat, Western China. 

Ruralis ultramarina, Thecla taxila, var. ultramarina, Fixsen, Rom. sur Lep. iii. p. 278 (1887). 
Habitat, Japan. 

Ruralis quercivora, Thecla quercivora, Staudinger, l.c. p. 137, pl. 6, figs. 2a, b (1887). Zephyrus 
quercivora, Leech, l.c. p. 382, pl. 27, fig. 15, 9 (1893). Habitat, China, Amurland. 

Ruralis celestis, Thecla ccelestis, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 191 (1890). Zephyrus ceelestis, Leech, Butt. 
of China, ete. ii. p. 383, pl. 27, fig. 9, g (1893). Habitat, Western China. 


RURALIN A. 277 


Ruralis melpomene, Dipsas melpomene, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 41 (1890). Zephyrus melpomene, 
Leech, Butt. of China, ete. ii. p. 386, pl. 28, fig. 14, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Chang-Yang, China. 

Ruralis minerva, Dipsas minerva, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 40 (1890). Zephyrus minerva, Leech, Butt. 
of China, etc. ii. p. 387, pl. 28, fig. 12, 9 (1893). Habitat, Ichang, W. China. 

Ruralis comes, Dipsas comes, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 41 (1890). Zephyrus comes, Leech, Butt. of 
China, etc. ii. p. 388, pl. 28, fig. 9, 9 (1893). Habitat, Central and Western China. 

Ruralis thespis, Dipsas thespis, Leech, Entom. xxiii. p. 42 (1890). Zephyrus thespis, Leech, Butt. of 
China, ete. ii. p. 388, pl. 28, fig. 2, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Ichang, China. 

Ruralis coruscans, Zephyrus coruscans, Leech, l.c. p. ii. pl. 17, fig. 7, 9,8, ¢ (1893). Habitat, 
Moupin, China. 

Ruralis scintillans, Zephyrus scintillans, Leech, l.c. p. 376, pl. 27, fig. 10, 9, 11, ¢ (1893). Habitat, 
Chang-Yang, Central China. 

Ruralis pedius, Zephyrus pedius, Leech, l.c. p. 378, pl. 27, fig. 3, 9 (1893). Habitat, Wa-ssu-Kow, 
China. 

Ruralis hecale, Zephyrus hecale, Leech, l.c. p. 379, pl. 27, fig. 1, 9, 2, ¢ (1893). Habitat, Wa-ssu- 
Kow, Ta-chien-lu, China. 


Genus EUASPA. 
Euaspa, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 29. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 309 (1890). 


Hyes finely hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite upper end of cell, 
11 is emitted at one-third before end of cell, 10 at three-fourths, 9 short from 7 beyond 
its middle, 6-also from 7 some distance beyond end of cell, middle discocellular short, 
straight, upright, the lower about one-fourth longer than the middle, upright, concave, 
vein 3 emitted a little before lower end of cell, wing short, broad ; costa arched from 
the base, outer margin erect, convex, hinder margin long, straight. //indwing, vein 7 
emitted close to upper end of the cell ; discocellulars outwardly oblique, concave, the 
upper a little shorter than the lower, vein 3 from lower end of cell; wing short, very 
broad, outer margin convex and slightly sinuous, a single filamentous tail from the end 
of vein 2; body short, palpi porrect, second joint long, pilose beneath, third slender, 
a little longer than the second, legs slender. Antenne thickened at the end, tip blunt ; 
no secondary sexual characters. 

Type, Myrina milionia, Hewitson. 


EUASPA MILIONIA. 
Plate 705, figs. 2, ¢, 2a, 9, 2b, ¢. 
Myrina milionia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Suppl. p. 5, pl. 3, Suppl. figs. 70, 80, ¢ (1869). 


Hypolyceena milionia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1882, p. 429. 
Euaspa milionia, Moore, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1884, p. 29. de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. 


p. 310, pl. 27, fig. 203, @ (1890). 


Imaco.—Male and Female. Upperside cerulean-blue. orewing with a large, 
almost square white patch beyond the end of the cell, its lower end limited by vein 2, 


278 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


its upper end narrower and more or less rounded, extending above vein 5, the apical 
and outer marginal portions of the wing above and beyond the patch black, the basal 
third of the costa and the outer margin below vein 2 narrowly black. Hindzwing with 
a large white, very broad band, divided by the veins, from the middle of the costa to 
vein 2, all the veins black, the base inside the white band rather darker than the rest 
of the wing ; the costa outside the band blackish, the entire outer margin with a narrow 
blackish band, the abdominal fold pale, terminal line black with an inner white line, 
the vein ends dividing them both; tail black. Underside chocolate-brown ; a broad 
white transverse band across both wings, its inner edge running outside the end of the 
cell of each wing, narrowing on the costa of the forewing and towards the abdominal 
margin of the hindwing above the anal angle which it does not reach, its outer edge 
on the lower part of the forewing and throughout on the hindwing somewhat 
irregular; the outer marginal space on both wings pale, with greyish suffusion, broadest 
on the hindwing, a sub-marginal series of rather large chocolate-brown spots, a series of 
smaller similar spots on its inner side, represented on the forewing by two dark spots 
hindwards, the whole series often complete on the hindwing, a large, somewhat oblong 
black sub-terminal spot ringed with orange in the first interspace, a small black spot 
at the anal angle capped and split into two pieces by orange, a streak of this colour 
running shortly up the abdominal margin, and sometimes a dot or two of orange 
between the two black spots. Antenne black, ringed with white; head and body 
above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below whitish. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1435 to 15°, inches. 

Hasirat.—North-West Himalayas. 

Distripution.—The type came from Simla, we have it from Kulu; de Nicéville 
records it from the Kangra Valley, 9,000 feet elevation, also from Masuri, and Kujiar 
near Dalhousie ; it is in the B. M. also from Sultanpore. 


Genus CH/ZTOPROCTA. 
Chztoprocta, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p. 311 (1890). 


Eyes hairy. Forewing, vein 12 ends on costa opposite end of cell, 11 emitted 
at one-third before the end, 10 from near the end, 9 from 7 at one half beyond 
end, 6 from upper end of cell, 3 from before lower end, sub-median nervure 
straight ; wing triangular, costa evenly arched, outer margin slightly convex, apex 
somewhat acute, hinder margin straight. Hindwing, vein 7 emitted a little before 
upper end of cell, discocellulars in a straight line, the lower nearly twice as long as the 
upper ; vein 3 from a little before lower end of cell; wing oval, with a short tail at the 
end of vein 2; a very small anal lobe. Antennz short, with a well-formed long club, 
gradually thickened; palpi short porrect, second joint densely scaly, third naked, 


RURALINZ. 279 


abdomen of female with a very dense and large tuft of closely packed hairs, with 
which the eggs are thickly covered after being laid on the branches of the walnut trees 
on which the larvee feed. 

Type, Dipsas odata, Hewitson. 


CHATOPROCTA ODATA. 
Plate 705, figs. 3, g, 3a, 9, 3b, ¢g. 


Dipsas odata, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 66, pl. 30, figs. 13, 14, § (1865). Moore, Proc. Zool, 
Soe. 1865, p. 507, and 1874, p. 272. 

Chetoprocta odata, de Nicéville, Butt. of India, iii. p, 312, pl. 27, fig. 204, 9 (1890). Mackinnon 
and de Nicéville, Journ. Bo. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 384. Leslie and Evans, id. 1903, 
p- 674. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside dull violet-blue. Fvrewing with the costal half 
narrowly black, from whence it expands rapidly outwards, the apex being very broadly 
black, the outer marginal band narrower, but also fairly broad, its inner edge being a 
little excavated in its middle, the dull blue colour overshadows the black margins, 
making them somewhat obscure.  J/indwing with the outer marginal band nearly 
thrice as broad as it is on the forewing, paler black and still more obscure ; abdominal 
fold very little paler than the rest of the wing; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia 
white, black at the base. Underside pale grey. Forewing with a pale brownish-grey 
thin bar edged with white at the end of the cell, a discal rather broad, darker brown 
band, edged with white on both sides, outwardly oblique from the costa to vein 3, then 
straight down across the next interspace, where it is broken, and has a short straight 
band inside in continuation ; three macular and somewhat lunular, indistinct pale grey 
thin bands between the discal band and the margin, the hinder part of the middle 
series with the spots enlarged and darker than the rest. Hindwing with the bands 
paler, very slightly darker than the ground colour, indicated by their white edgings, a 
narrow bar at the end of the cell, a discal slightly outwardly curved band, about as 
broad as the discal band of the forewing, from the costa to vein 2, where it curves 
round in a couple of indistinct spots to the abdominal margin, three macular bands 
between it and the margin, the inner one the narrowest, a brown terminal line with a 
blue-grey line inside it, a narrow sub-terminal lunular black spot in each of the two 
anal interspaces, both capped with pale orange. 

Female, like the male above and below, but the black obscure bands above are 
broader. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ ? 1%, to 13% inches. 

Larva, when full grown about 0°6 of an inch in length; onisciform, nearly 
cylindrical ; coloration a pale rose-pink, vinous or pale yellowish-green ; second segment 


280 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA, 


anteriorly rounded, third, fourth and fifth slightly progressively wider, thence slightly 
tapering to the anal segment, which is about sub-equal in width to the third and 
rounded posteriorly ; the divisions between the segments fairly well marked ; the 
entire upper surface widely pitted throughout, covered with minute tubercles bearing 
very short, bristly hairs, the latter much longer on the lateral edge of the body; 
spiracles inconspicuous, concolorous ; head small, entirely retracted beneath the second 
segment, anteriorly and laterally black, smooth, shining, posteriorly ochreous, the 
ochreous colour extending on to the middle of the head in a square figure, the entire 
head sparsely covered with rather long, white hairs ; the body is practically unmarked, 
there being only a slightly darker dorsal line, the under surface is pale green. Mr. Mac- 
kinnon describes the larva as possessing “a yellow dorsal stripe, wide on the second 
segment, narrower to sixth, from thence to anal segment narrow.” Feeds on the 
walnut. 

Pupa, of the usual Lyceenid shape, nearly cylindrical, head rounded, thorax very 
slightly humped and constricted posteriorly, abdomen ending in a blunt point ; colora- 
tion dark reddish-brown, sparsely covered above with short hairs. 

The above description has been drawn up from numerous specimens sent me in 
spirit, and a few alive, and a single live pupa, by Mr. P. W. Mackinnon of 
Masuri. He informs me that the larve are not attended by ants, though he has 
watched them carefully for many days; and this is probably correct, as I can find 
no trace with a strong magnifying glass of the special organs affected by ants, nor can 
I, by pressure, make the live larvee extend those often found on the twelfth segment. 
(de Nicéville.) 

Eac.—de Nicéville gives the following note received from Wood-Mason on a cluster 
of eggs of this butterfly sent him by P. W. Mackinnon from Masuri for examination :— 
“The abdomen bears at its extremity a huge, smoothly convex seminal mass nearly as 
large as the thorax. This mass is made up of innumerable modified scales which are so 
arranged and so closely packed together that their united free ends form a smoothly 
dead, whitey-brown, solid-looking velvety surface. The scales are whitey-brown in their 
apical half, black in their setiform basal half. A number of them is attached by the 
black end fanwise nearly all round the oval pole of each egg, so as to conceal all except 
a small (less than a fourth) part of it. The eggs are attached to the surface of the 
walnut twigs in elongated masses, consisting of five longitudinal rows, which appear to 
be covered with quincuncially-arranged imbricated scales throughout, except at one 
end, where a portion of one egg is left exposed. A study of an egg mass shows that 
the first four or five eggs are laid in a line transverse to the long axis of the completed 
mass, and so that their fan sides are turned away from, and their exposed sides turned 
towards, the end of the insect’s body, then four or five more are added, so that their 
fans cover the exposed portions of the first row, and so on until the mass is finished, 


RURALING. 281 


the last egg of which is necessarily left partially exposed, for the eggs as they pass out 
of the oviduct are coated with the secretion of the glue-glands, and passing in this 
sticky state through or rubbing against the hairy mass, simply agglutinate a lair of 
highly deciduous fluffy material composing it to those parts of their periphery only 
that come into relation therewith, the insect apparently not interfering in the matter 
even so far as to cover the last egg, the exposed condition of which may even act 
advantageously by concentrating the attack of ichneumons, etc., on the one weak spot 
of the egg armour.” 

de Nicéville also says the butterfly is best obtained by beating the lower branches, 
as it is rather a sluggish insect and does not appear to fly much ; the species is certainly 
single-brooded, the larvee eating the young leaves only of the walnut. They do-an 
immense amount of damage to the trees. 

Mackinnon and de Nicéville say that C. odata occurs in great numbers in Mussuri 
in May and June, and in the Ganges Valley in July, in fact wherever walnut trees grow 
(Juglans regia, Linneus), and is a perfect pest in places, as the larve literally strip the 
trees of their leaves. Although the larva spins a fluffy sort of web beneath which it 
hides, itis not of much protection, as the birds pick them out without much difficulty 
and with great rapidity. The butterfly is most active at sunset, and is single-brooded. 
The winter is passed in the egg state. 

Hazirat.— Western Himalayas. 

DistriputTion.—Recorded by Mackinnon and de Nicéville from Mussuri, by Leslie 
and Evans from Chitral, by de Nicéville from Upper Kunawar, 8,000 to 10,000 feet 
elevation ; we have it from Kulu. 


Genus LISTERIA. 
Listeria, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 35. 


Male. forewing rather long and narrow, costa almost straight, apex to 
termination of third median nervule truncate, outer margin below truncation 
emarginate, inner angle rather acute, inner margin lobed before the middle; costal 
nervule ending just beyond the upper end of the discoidal cell ; sub-costal nervure 
with three branches, excluding the terminal portion of the nervure, which is often 
counted as an additional sub-costal nervule, terminating on the costa just before the 
apex of the wing, first sub-costal nervule arising from the sub-costal nervure a little 
before the middle of the cell, ending on the costa beyond the end of the cell, second 
sub-costal arising nearer to the apex of the cell than to the origin of the first sub-costal ; 
third sub-costal arising midway between the end of the cell and the apex of the wing ; 
upper discocellular nervule wanting, middle discocellular arising at the point where the 
upper discoidal nervure is given off, concave; lower discocellular longer than the 

VOL. VIII. 20 


282 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 


middle discocellular, in the same straight line, concave ; second median nervule arising 
well before the lower end of the cell ; first median nervule arising twice as far from the 
base of the second as the second does from the end of the cell; sub-median nervure 
straight, a sexual tuft of hairs attached to the inner margin before its middle and 
turned under and upwards. Hindwing large, broad, costa nearly straight, outer margin 
broadly curved to the anal angle, slightly produced at the termination of the third 
median nervule ; anal lobe very large; abdominal margin excavated anterior to the 
anal lobe ; costal nervure ending at the apex of the wing, very much curved at the 
base, then straight to the apex; first sub-costal nervule arising well before the apex 
of the cell, ending at the apex of the wing; upper discocellular nervule straight, lower 
discocellular also straight, im the same straight line as the upper; second median 
nervule arising just before the lower end of the cell, sub-median nervure straight, 
internal nervure short, recurved ; a sexual glandular “scale” patch extending from 
the base of the first sub-costal nervule to the termination of the discoidal cell, not 
extending into the cell, but with as large, or rather larger area anterior to the first 
sub-costal nervule as there is posterior to that vein. Antenne about half as long as 
the costa of the forewing, with a large, well-formed club. Palpi rather long, porrect, 
eyes hairy, thorax rather robust, abdomen short, extending to two-thirds the length of 
the abdominal margin of the hindwing only. Cilia of the hindwing very long and 
coarse. Type, L. dudgeonii, de Nicéville. The secondary sexual characters of the 
genus are nearest as far as Indian genera go to those of Bindahara, Moore, the “ scale ” 
patch on the hindwing being placed in much the same position, though it is not quite 
so large and reaches quite up to the origin of the upper discocellular nervule, which it 
does not do in Bindahara, and it has a small tuft of long hairs on the forewing ; but it 
differs from the five Indian genera, Hysudra, Rapala, Bindahara, Virachola and Sin- 
thusa, all of Moore, which possess the “scale” mark and tuft of hairs, in being entirely 
devoid of a tail to the hindwing; the genus being so entirely aberrant that it is very 
difficult to know where to place it, though its affinities are perhaps more with Thecla, 
Fabricius, than with any other. (de Nicéville.) 


LISTERIA DUDGEONII. 
Plate 705, figs. 4, g, 4a, ¢. 


Listeria dudgeonii, de Nicéville, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1894, p. 36, pl. 4, fig. 3, ¢. 


Imaco.—Male. Upperside. vrewing black; the discoidal cell, a small area at 
the base of the second and a larger area at the base of the first median interspace and 
thence broadly to the inner margin of the wing, but nearly reaching the anal angle, 
bright blue. L/indwing with the costa broadly extending into the cell, the onter margin 


RURALINEA. 283 


hroadly but decreasingly to the anal angle, black; the abdominal margin broadly pale 
fuscous; the rest of the wing bright blue. Underside. vrewing pale fuscous 
inclining to pale ochreous broadly on the inner margin; a large reddish spot at the 
end of the cell; a discal macular reddish band from the costa to the first median 
nervule, a sub-marginal black-mixed-with-red band; the sexual tuft of hairs on the 
inner margin turned under and upwards, pale ochreous. Hindwing with the base 
rather broadly black, the rest of the wing reddish, becoming darker towards the outer 
margin, where it is umber-coloured ; beyond the black area is a broad area extending 
across the wing, consisting of a confused mass of ill-shaped ochreous spots, the outer 
margin bears a double lunulated fuscous line, each pair of lunules enclosing a small 
space of the ground colour. Cilia reddish throughout, broad and coarse, and very long 
on the hindwing, especially where they fringe the anal lobe. 

The butterfly is so entirely different from all others known to me in shape, 
markings and sexual characters that I can compare it with none. It remotely reminds 
one of Thecla frivaldszkyi, Lederer, and allies, in the markings of the underside ;_ but 
the coloration of the upperside, the truncated apex of the forewing and the “male 
marks” are wholly dissimilar. 

Described from a single example not in perfect order, captured 2,500 feet 
elevation above the sea by Mr. J. L. Lister, after whom I have much pleasure in 
naming the genus. As my friend Mr. G. C. Dudgeon “ discovered” the species in 
Mr. Lister’s collection, I have named it specifically after him. (de Nicéville.) 

Female unknown. 

Expanse of wings, $ 1525 inches. 

Hasirat.—Bhutan. 

We have not seen this species, the type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, we 
therefore give copies of de Nicéville’s figure. 


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ADDENDA. 


Mr. F. Davinson informs us that some of the larve and pupz described and 
figured in this vol. do not represent the larvee and pup reared at Kanara and described 
and figured by Messrs. Davidson, Bell and Aitken in the Journal of the Bombay 
Natural History Society in 1890 and 1896; we therefore think it advisable to give 
their descriptions and figures, as follows; the figures are for the’ most part from 
Davidson’s original coloured drawings, very kindly put at our disposal. 


IRAOTA TIMOLEON, Stoll. (p. 132). 
Plate 705, A, figs. 1, larva, la, pupa. 


Larva.—We got five or six of these in September, feeding on the bark of Ficus 
glomerata, and, when that failed, on each other, for they are horrible cannibals. They 
never ate a leaf. The larva is very stout, but is much constricted in the middle, so 
that the circumference is greatest about the 3rd or 4th and 9th or 10th segments, 
varying a little with position. It moves as freely backwards as forwards, the whole 
ventral surface adhering closely to the branch, so that head and legs are seldom 
visible. The colour is clear green, with or without a brown bar on each side of the 
10th segment. 

Pupa.—Thick and short, humped on the thorax, and somewhat constricted behind ; 
- light brown mottled with darker. 

There were no ants with these larvae when they were brought to us, but after they 
became pupze they were discovered by a nest of common house ants, and were 
immediately put under a guard and carefully watched. 

At page 381 of the 1896 Journal they say that the larva feeds on young 
shoots of the various fig trees, 


SURENDRA QUERCETORUM, Moore (p. 127). 
Plate 705, A, figs. 2, larva, 2a, pupa. 


Larva.—Onisciform, anal segments flattened ; slightly ridged along the back ; head 
concealed by a plate, which is distinctly separated from the next segment, colour light 
green, with a broad pink band in the middle of the back, centred by a dark green line, 
a pink lateral band above the legs on each side, the sides banded obliquely with 


286 ADDENDA. 


alternate bands of very light and dark green. It feeds on the young thorny shoots of 
Acacia pennata, Willd. 

Pupa.—Fastened only by the tail, short and stout, with the head slightly pointed 
and the thorax higher than the abdomen, it is of an almost uniform dark brown. 


AMBLYPODIA ANITA, Hewitson (p. 137). 
Plate 705, A, figs. 3, larva, 3a, pupa. 


Larva.—A very striking object, it is of the woodlouse form, and large for the size 
of the butterfly ; the segments are well defined, giving the back and sides a serrated 
outline ; the colour is an oily yellow with a broad, dorsal, electric-blue line (a colour it 
is impossible to paint), not extending to the last segment, a sub-dorsal line on each 
side of a similar colour, but narrower, and not extending to the last two segments, and 
a similar lateral narrower line ; head small and of a clear transparent brown devoid of 
markings. The second segment projects and is cloven in the middle, acting as a shield 
to the head ; the legs, feet, and lower parts are yellowish-green. It feeds on young 
shoots of Olar scandens, Rox. 

Pupa.—Thick, broad, and of a rough texture; it has no protuberances, and is fixed 
by the tail (which is short and broad) along a leaf, the thoracie band being very fine ; 
in colour it is whitish-brown, slightly tinged with purple. It has two faint, 
interrupted bands extending from the tail obliquely to the thorax; it is also mottled 
‘with brown round the thorax. 


ARHOPALA CORUSCANS, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville (p. 149). 
Plate 705, A, figs. 4, larva, 4a, pupa. 
Arhopala centaurus, Davidson, Bell and Aitken. 

Larva.—Found from June to October on Yerminalia paniculata, one of the 
commonest jungle trees in Canara, has the usual woodlouse form, the head being 
concealed under the 2nd segment, and the sides extending beyond the legs, but it is 
proportionally longer and flatter than most of the family, and the last two segments 
are much depressed. There are a few strong, black bristles about each spiracle, and 
below these a fringe of similar bristles skirting the whole outline of the insect as seen 
from above. There is a honey gland on the 11th segment, but we saw no signs of 
erectile organs on the 12th. The colour varies a little, but is usually green below and 
on the sides, the whole back being of a fine, reddish-brown, very prettily marked with 
darker and lighter shades. 

Pupa.—Stout and broad, with the thorax humped, and the under-surface very fiat. 
The last segment is peculiarly prolonged and expanded : to describe it appropriately a 
Greek word is required signifying,—having-the-form-of-a-horse’s-hoof. By this alone 


the pupa is firmly attached to a strong web of silk in a loose, half-open, leaf-cell. 


ADDENDA. 287 


We never found either larva or pupa of this butterfly without an attendant guard 
of the ferocious red, or yellow, tree ant, Gicophylla smaragdina, as we believe the fiend 
is called. Half-a-dozen of them, kept with the larva in a bottle, lived quite happily 
for a week, and seemed to require no food besides what they obtained from it and from 
the leaves with which it was supplied. The larva was in no degree dependent on them, 
as we proved by rearing some from a very small size without ants. From this it would 
appear that the advantage which the larva derives from the alliance is protection 
against enemies. The house swarmed with a small brown ant, very active in killing 
and carrying off sickly larve, or butterflies just emerging from the pupa. We 
introduced some of these to a centaurus, and immediately they took it into their care 
and showed that they thoroughly understood the management of it. First the larva 
was assiduously caressed all over, especially the head; then the ant went to the 
11th segment, touched the gland gently with its antennz, and was rewarded with a 
drop of honey, which it licked up at ouce. This process was repeated many times. 
Now, supposing these ants to be nine years old, like some of Sir John Lubbock’s, it is 
not possible they ever could have seen a centaurus larva before, for the house in the 
walls of which they had their nest stood actually on the sand of the sea-beach, a mile 
from the nearest spot on which we ever saw this butterfly, or found its larva. How did 
they understand it so well? Perhaps they had had some practice with Lampides 
zlianus, the larve of which we sometimes found in the garden. 


ARHOPALA AMANTES, Hewitson (p. 150). 
Plate 705, A, fig. 5, larva. 


Larva.—Feeds on the same plants, is very similar, but differs in the hairs being 
longer. It is a much paler caterpillar, the 4th and 5th segments and the 10th having 
the back a clear chrome-yellow instead of brown. It is usually attended by masses of 
red ants. 

Pupa.—So similar, that differences can only be discovered by microscopic 
examination. 


ERRATA. 


p. 31. Plate 648, figs. lb, e; should be 1b, ¢, le, 9. 

p. 117. Simiskina. Forewing with three sub-costal nervules, not four. 

p. 133. Erase last two lines ; should be, ‘‘ We give Horsfield’s and Moore’s figures, and de Nicéville’s 
descriptions made out from those figures.” 

p- 194. dodonea should be dodonza. 

Plate 662, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. The artist has left out the tails; they should be similar to those of 
Chrysophanus susanus. 


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INDEX OF 


abdul (Jamides), 73. 
aberrans (Arhopala), 228. 
aberrans (Nacaduba), 86. 
aboé (Arhopala), 218. 
abseus (Arhopala), 191. 
absolon (Ruralis), 275. 
ace (Arhopala), 236. 
Acesina, 228. 

acestes (Arhopala), 235. 
acetes (Arhopala), 234. 
achelous (Arhopala), 234. 
acuta (Curetis), 249. 
adala (Arhopala), 221. 
adana (Jamides), 73. 
adatha (Arhopala), 234. 
aditya (Chrysophanus), 94. 
adonias (Arhopala), 234. 
adorea (Arhopala), 187. 
adriana (Arhopala), 202. 
adulans (Arhopala), 221. 
wdias (Arhopala) 189. 
zeta (Arhopala), 224. 
zgina (Lycena), 10. 
zlianus (Hesperia), 66. 
zesopus (Curetis), 249. 
zsopus (Curetis), 239. 
affinis (Thecla), 256. 
agaba (Arhopala), 164. 
agelastus (Arhopala), 219. 
agesias (Arhopala), 234. 
agesilaus (Arhopala), 236. 
aglais (Arhopala), 234. 
agnata (Cupido), 66. 
agnis (Arhopala), 152. 
agrata (Arhopala), 178. 
Agriades, 21. 

ahanus (Flos), 201. 

aida (Arhopala), 180. 
alaconia (Arhopala), 235. 
albida (Phengaris), 2. 
albopunctata (Arhopala), 184. 
Albulina, 16. 

Albulina, 12. 

alea (Arhopala), 179. 
alemon (Arhopala), 175, 
alesia (Arhopala), 185. 
alexis (Lycena), 66. 


VOL. VIII. 


289 


GHNERA AND SPECIES. 


VOt. Vv ITY. 


aliteeus (Arhopala), 234. 
allata (Arhopala), 236. 
allous (Papilio), 14. 

almora (Cupido), 86. 

aluta (Nacaduba), 88. 
amantes (Arhopala), 150. 
amatrix (Arhopala), 152. 
amaura (Nacaduba), 86. 
Amblypodia, 135. 
AMBLYPODIIN#, 126. 

ameria (Mahathala), 141. 
amisena (Surendra), 129. 
ammon (Arhopala), 234. 
ammonides (Arhopala), 230. 
amphea (Arhopala), 235. 
amphea (Arhopala), 192. 
amphimuta (Arhopala), 234. 
amphimuta (Narathura), 173. 
anamuta (Arhopala), 236. 
anarte (Arhopala), 157. 
ancyra (Nacaduba), 86. 
andamanica (Arhopala), 217. 
andersoni (Amblypodia), 137. 
andersoni (Logania), 109. 
androcles (Heliophorus), 107. 
anella (Arhopala), 237. 
angulata (Curetis), 247. 
angusta (Nacaduba), 88. 
anila (Arhopala), 237. 


anita (Amblypodia), 137, 286. 


anniella (Arhopala), 206. 
annulata (Arhopala), 234. 
annulata (Plebeius), 20. 
Anops, 239. 

anthelus (Arhopala), 155. 
antimuta (Arhopala), 208. 
antimuta (Arhopala), 207. 
antura (Arhopala), 168. 
anunda (Arhopala), 235. 
apella (Nilasera), 150. 
apha (Arhopala), 154. 
apidanus (Arhopala), 200. 
Apporasa, 139. 

arama (Arhopala), 162. 
aratus (Jamides), 73. 
araxes (Arhopala), 234. 
arca (Arhopala), 236. 


arcana (Euchrysops), 43. 
archias (Papilio), 45. 
arcuata (Curetis), 240. 
ardates (Nacaduba), 83. 
ardeola (Nacaduba), 88. 
ardeola (Lycena), 78. 
arene (Lycena), 26. 
areste (Arhopala), 205. 
argentea (Arhopala), 236. 
argus (Plebeius), 20. 
Arhopala, 144. 

arjana (Polyommatus), 26. 
Aricia, 14. 

Aricia, 12. 

aricia (Amblypodia), 188. 
ariel (Arhopala), 233. 
arisba (Acesina), 229. 
aroa (Arhopala), 170. 
aronya (Arhopala), 235. 
arracana (Amblypodia), 138. 
arsenius (Arhopala), 235, 
artegal (Arhopala), 211. 
arvina (Arhopala), 218. 
asia (Arhopala), 236. 
asialis (Azanus), 55. 
asiatica (Plebeius), 17. 
asinarus (Arhopala), 234. 
asoka (Arhopala), 199. 
asoka (Lyczna), 47. 

asopia (Arhopala), 223. 
astraptes (Jamides), 73. 
astrarche (Plebeius), 14. 
ataxus (Ruralis), 265. 
atkinsoni (Apporasa), 139. 
atosia (Arhopala), 188. 
atrata (Nacaduba), 80. 
atrax (Arhopala), 176. 
atrax (Arhopala), 177. 
atroguttata (Phengaris), 2. 
atromarginata (Nacaduba), 88. 
attilia (Ruralis), 275. 
auratus (Chrysophanus), 100. 
aurea (Arhopala), 234. 
aurorina (Ruralis), 270. 
Aurotis, 261. 

auxesia (Arhopala), 235. 
auzea (Arhopala), 237. 


2 P 


290 


avatha (Arhopala), 237. 
Azanus, 32. 

azata (Arhopala), 236. 
azureus (Nacaduba), 88. 
azinis (Arhopala), 237. 
bagus (Lampides), 46. 


baralacha (Chrysophanus), 91. 


barami (Arhopala), 238. 
barine (Lycena), 10. 
basivirides (Arhopala), 181. 
baton (Papilio), 3. 
bazaloides (Arhopala), 174. 
bazalus (Arhopala), 166. 
bazalus (Satadra), 174. 
belenus (Heliophorus), 103. 
bella (Arhopala), 237. 
belpheebe (Arhopala), 203. 


bengalensis (Liyczenesthes), 55. 


bengalia (Catochrysops), 37. 
beroé (Nacaduba), 88. 
betulz (Ruralis), 275. 
bhutea (Nacaduba), 77. 
bicolora (Amblypodia), 235. 
bieti (Ruralis), 276. 
bilucha (Polyommatus), 28. 
biplagiata (Surendra), 127. 
birmana (Arhopala), 229. 
birupa (Ruralis), 269. 
bochides (Lampides), 62.” 
bochus (Jamides), 58. 
beeticus (Lampides), 44. 
borneensis (Arhopala), 237. 
boswelliana (Iraota), 134. 
bracteata (Plebeius), 21. 
bradamante (Zarona), 125. 
brahma (Arhopala), 237. 
brahma (Heliophorus), 102. 
brassolis (Liphyra), 251. 
brookei (Arhopala), 238. 
buddha (Arhopala), 238. 
bulis (Curetis), 244. 

bupola (Satadra), 158. 
butleri (Ruralis), 276. 
cadmus (Ilerda), 100. 

cca (Arhopala), 235. 
cwligena (Lycena), 10. 
cerulea (Jamides), 62. 
Callophrys, 256. 

camdeo (Arhopala), 156. 
eamilia (Arhopala), 235. 
canaraica (Arhopala), 171. 
capeta (Amblypodia), 197. 


cashmirensis (Scolitantides), 3. 


Catochrysops, 37, 39. 
Catochrysops, 46. 

catori (Arhopala), 238. 
celebensis (Curetis), 249. 
celeno (Jamides), 66. 
centaurus (Arhopala), 147. 
Cheetoprocta, 278. 


INDEX, 


chalybea (Callophrys), 259. 
chamanica (Lycena), 12. 
chinensis (Arhopala), 204. 
chinensis (Chrysophanus), 99. 
chinensis (Plebeius), 21. 
chitralensis (Polyommatus), 30. 
chola (Satadra), 199. 
CHRYSOPHANINA, 90, 
Chrysophanus, 90. 

cinyra (Papilio), 239. 

circe (Callophrys), 259. 
clarissa (Arhopala), 236. 
cleobis (Plebeius), 21. 
cleodus (Jamides), 63. 
cnejus (Euchrysops), 40. 
coalita (Jamides), 73. 
ccelestis (Nacaduba), 85. 
celestis (Ruralis), 276. 
coluthez (Papilio), 45. 
comes (Ruralis), 277. 
comica (Arhopala), 195. 
conferenda (Jamides), 65. 
constancee (Arhopala), 146. 
contracta (Euchrysops), 42. 
corinda (Arhopala), 235. 


coruscans (Arhopala), 149, 286. 


coruscans (Ilerda), 107. 
coruscans (Jamides), 60. 
coruscans (Ruralis), 277. 
crameri (Azanus), 34. 
cunilda (Jamides), 73. 
cupa (Nacaduba), 88. 
CuretTIn&, 238. 

Curetis, 239. 
Cyaniriodes, 109. 
Cyaniris, 20. 

Cyaniris, 12. 

ceymbia (Niphander), 52. 
dajagaka (Arhopala), 237. 
dama (Arhopala), 186. 
damoétes (Papilio), 45. 
dana (Nacaduba), 78. 
daones (Jamides), 74. 
daonides (Jamides), 74. 
darana (Amblypodia), 138. 
Darasana, 144. 

datarica (Nacaduba), 88. 
davaona (Arhopala), 236. 
davidi (Neolycena), 261. 
davisonti (Arhopala), 208. 
democritus (Hesperia), 59. 
dentata (Curetis), 245. 
deria (Thecla), 254. 
desgodinsi (Ruralis), 276. 
detrita (Arhopala), 236. 
deva (Arhopala), 237. 
devanica (Polyommatus), 25. 
diamanta (Thecla), 275, 
diardi (Arhopala), 196. 
didda (Lycena), 47. 


discalis (Surendra), 128. 
discalis (Curetis), 244. 
divina (Lyczna), 10. 
dodoncea (Arhopala), 194. 
dohertyi (Arhopala), 237. 
dohertyi (Ruralis), 261. 
dorimond (Papilio), 200. 
drasula (Polyommatus), 23. 
drucei (Arhopala), 237. 
drunela (Polyommatus), 27. 
dubiosa (Lycena), 83. 
dudgeonii (Listeria), 282. 
duesse (Arhopala), 210. 
duma (Ruralis), 266. 
Edales, 37. 

elfeta (Arhopala), 235. 

ella (Catochrysops), 42. 
ellisi (Plebeius), 19. 
elopura (Arhopala), 236. 
elpidion (Jamides), 73. 
elpis (Jamides), 69. 

elwesi (Thecla), 275. 
emolus (Lycznesthes), 55. 
empyrea (Lycena), 12. 
enthea (Ruralis), 276. 
epicles (Heliophorus), 103. 
epimete (Arhopala), 236. 
epimuta (Arhopala), 207. 
erebina (Amblypodia), 234. 
eretria (Thecla), 256. 
erichsonit (Amblypodia), 138. 
eridanus (Arhopala), 254. 
erycinoides (Poritia), 112. 
Euaspa, 277. 

Euchrysops, 39. 

eumolphus (Arhopala), 158. 
euphemia (Lyczna), 10. 
evanescens (Jamides), 73. 
evansi (Chrysophanus), 98. 
eximia (Strymon), 256. 
Farquhari (Narathura), 160. 
fasciata (Ruralis), 276. 
felderi (Curetis), 250. 
felderi (Curetis), 244. 
felicis (Lyczena), 6. 

fentoni (Strymon), 256. 
ferrea (Callophrys), 259. 
festivus (Jamides), 73. 
jflamen (Dipsas), 276. 
florimel (Surendra), 130. 
Flos, 144. 

Frivaldszkyi (Thecla), 259. 
friihstorferi (Arhopala), 257. 
fugitiva (Polyommatus), 29. 
Julgens (Simiskina), 122. 
fulgida (Arhopala), 198. 
fulla (Arhopala), 218. 

fusea (Niphanda), 54. 
galathea (Lyczna), 9. 
gamra (Azanus), 34. 


ganesa (Arhopala), 226, 
geta (Poritia), 114. 

glauca (Nacaduba), 88. 
gloriosa (Curetis), 243. 
grandis (Strymon), 256. 
griseus (Jamides), 73. 
grynea (Amblypodia), 234. 
gunongensis (Arhopala), 237. 
hainana (Amblypodia), 139. 
hainana (Mahathala), 142. 
hampsoni (Nacaduba), 79. 
hapalina (Catochrysops), 42. 
harterti (Massaga), 118. 
havilandi (Arhopala), 237. 
hecale (Ruralis), 277. 
Heliophorus, 100. 

hellenore (Arhopala), 161. 
helus (Polyommatus), 147. 
Heodes, 90. 

hercules (Arhopala), 234. 
hermus (Lyczna), 76. 
hermus (Nacaduba), 87. 
herzi (Stymon), 256. 

hesba (Arhopala), 235. 
hewitsoni (Arhopala), 177. 
hewitsoni (Poritia), 110. 
Hirsutina, 21. 

horsfieldi (Arhopala), 236. 
horsfieldi (Arhopala), 181. 
hylas (Lyczna), 3. 

hylastor (Papilio), 3. 
hypomuta (Arhopala), 212. 
ibara (Ruralis), 276. 
iburienses (Plebeius), 21. 
icana (Ruralis), 262. 

icarus (Lycena), 29, 31. 
ijauensis (Arhopala), 237. 
ila (Heliophorus), 108. 
Tlerda, 100. 

inflammata (Strymon), 256. 
inornata (Arhopala), 234. 
insularis (Curetis), 249. 
insularis (Jamides), 73. 
insularis (Lycena), 10. 
Tois, 144. 

Traota, 131. 

iris (Plebeius), 15. 
irregularis (Arhopala), 238. 
jaloka (Plebeius), 18. 
Jamides, 58. 

japonica (Ruralis), 275. 
japonica (Lycena), 234. 
jasoda (Zarona), 124. 
jermyni (Plebeius), 89. 
jesous (Azanus), 34. 

jonasi (Ruralis), 276. 
kandarpa (Lyczna), 47. 
kankena (Jamides), 72. 
kashgharensis (Polyommatus), 31. 
kasyapa (Chrysophanus), 95. 


INDEX. 


katuva (Dipsas), 265. 
kazamoto (Lycena), 10. 
kerriana (Nacaduba), 76. 
khamti (Arhopala), 190. 
khasia (Ruralis), 264. 
kiana (Heliophorus), 108. 
kinkurka (Jamides), 68. 
kondulana (Jamides), 71. 
kounga (Arhopala), 237. 
kuhni (Arhopala), 236. 
kurava (Lycena), 80. 
kurzi (Arhopala), 236. 
labuana (Arhopala), 237. 
lacteata (Jamides), 61. 
Langia, 49. 

langii (Ilerda), 107. 

lais (Strymon), 256. 
Lampides, 44. 

Lampides, 58. 

LaAMPIDIN®, 44. 

lanty (Scolitantides), 4. 
lasurea (Niphanda), 54. 
latimargo (Surendra), 127. 
latimargus (Jamides), 73. 
latior (Strymon), 256. 
Latiorina, 18. 

Latiorina, 12. 

lazarena (Iraota), 135. 
lazula (Satadra), 204. 
leechi (Callophrys), 257. 
leela (Liycena), 19. 

lehana (Plebeius), 16. 
letha (Ruralis), 270. 

li (Chrysophanus), 100. 
libna (Cyaniriodes), 109. 
limes (Jamides), 74. 
Liphyra, 250. 

Lippyrina, 250. 

livens (Poritia), 117. 
livescens (Poritia), 117. 
lividus (Jamides), 74. 
Listeria, 281. 

lithargyria (Catochrysops), 48. 
loewii (Plebeius), 12. 
loomisi (Arhopala), 236. 
lucida (Jamides), 73. 
lugine (Jamides), 74. 
lunata (Jamides), 74. 
lutea (Nacaduba), 88. 
lutea (Ruralis), 275. 
luzonicus (Euchrysops), 43. 
Lyczena, 4. 

Lyczna, 12. 

lycenaria (Arhopala), 234. 
Lycznesthes, 54. 

lycenina (Lycenesthes), 57. 
Lyc2&nina, 1. 

lycambes (Liyceenesthes), 57. 
lycormas (Lyczena), 10. 
macropthalma (Nacaduba), 74. 


291 


mzcenas (Iraota), 132, 
Mahathala, 140. 
malaccanus (Plebeius), 67. 
malayica (Arhopala), 237. 
malayica (Curetis), 247. 
mandara (Ruralis), 263. 
manderst (Chrysophanus), 98. 
mandschurica (Lyeena), 21. 
maniana (Nacaduba), 86. 
marcia (Niphanda), 53. 
margarita (Jamides), 74. 
marica (Heliophorus), 108. 
Massaga, 117. 

maxwelli (Arhopala), 160. 
meander (Arhopala), 233. 
medon (Lyczena), 14. 
melpomene (Ruralis), 277. 
mera (Strymon), 256. 
merguiana (Liycenesthes), 87. 
metallica (Lyczna), 7. 
metamuta (Arhopala), 213. 
michelis (Ruralis). 270. 
micrargus (Plebeius), 21. 
milionia (Euaspa), 277. 
mindanensis (Arhopala), 172. 
mindora (Jamides), 73. 
minerva (Ruralis), 277. 
minima (Curetis), 250. 
mirabella (Arhopala), 182. 
mirabilis (Thecla), 254. 
moelleri (Nilasera ?), 204. 
moolaiana (Arhopala), 209. 
moorei (Arhopala), 237. 
moorei (Heliophorus), 106. 
morphina (Arhopala), 235. 
multicaudata (Thaduca), 143. 
muta (Arhopala), 254. 
myrtale (Arhopala), 236. 
myrtha (Arhopala), 236. 
myrzala (Arhopala), 239. 
Nacaduba, 74. 

nakula (Amblypodia), 147. 
nanda (Nacaduba), 88. 
narada (Amblypodia), 136. 
naradoides (Amblypodia), 138. 
Narathura, 144. 

nazira (Polyommatus), 14. 
nelides (Nacaduba), 88. 
Neolycena, 259. 

nesophila (Curetis), 249. 
newarra (Darasana), 213. 
ni (Nacaduba), 88. 

niasana (Simiskina), 123. 
nicévillei (Arhopala), 163. 
nicévillei (Callophrys), 259. 
nicobarica (Curetis), 244. 
nicobaricus (Jamides), 60. 
nicobaricus (Lampides), 82. 
nicola (Catochrysops), 37. 
nila (Iraota), 135. 

2 Pe 2 


“= 


292 


nila Lycena), 59. 

nila (Thecla), 132. 
Nilasera, 144. 

Niphanda, 51. 

Nomiades, 12. 

nora (Nacaduba), 82. 
noreia (Nacaduba), 84. 
nycula (Lycena), 8. 
oberthiiri (Arhopala), 225. 
oberthiiri (Thecla), 276. 
obscurus (Jamides), 73. 
obsoleta (Curetis), 249. 
ocrida (Arhopala), 235. 
oda (Ilerda), 105. 

odata (Cheetoprocta), 279. 
cenea (Arhopala), 191. 
cenone (Strymon), 256. 
cenotria (Arhopala), 235. 
olinda (Amblypodia), 234. 
omphisa (Lyczena), 6. 
opalina (Arhopala), 179. 
optilete (Plebeius), 21. 
optimus (Jamides), 73. 
orestes (Jamides), 73. 
orientalis (Ruralis), 275. 
orion (Scolitantides), 4. 
orissica (Lycenesthes), 57. 
ornata (Strymon), 256. 
orsedice (Ruralis), 276. 
Orthomiella, 35. 

osias (Jamides), 73. 

ouang (Chrysophanus), 100. 
pactolus (Lampides), 75. 
pactolus (Nacaduba), 88. 


palawanus (Amblypodia), 201. 


palowna (Amblypodia), 129. 
pamela (Nacaduba), 88. 
panava (Theela), 93. 
Panchala, 144. 

pandava (Edales), 37. 
pandia (Lyecena), 40. 

pang (Chrysophanus), 100, 
paracuta (Curetis), 250. 
paraganesa (Arhopala), 231. 
paramuta (Arhopala), 213. 
pastorella (Arhopala), 209. 
patala (Lyezna), 40, 41. 
patrius (Strymon), 256. 
patuna (Satadra), 205. 
pavana (Chrysophanus), 93. 
pavana (Nacaduba), 76. 
pavo (Ruralis), 273. 
pavonica (Simiskina), 123. 
pediada (Simiskina), 117. 
pedius (Ruralis), 277. 
pellonia (Poritia), 116. 
percomis (Strymon), 256. 
perimuta (Arhopala), 216. 
perissa (Arhopala), 220. 
persica (Lyceena), 29. 


INDEX. 


Phzdra, 239. 

pheedrus (Curetis), 240. 
phenops (Arhopala), 235. 
phakos (Poritia), 117. 
phalena (Simiskina), 118. 
phalia (Simiskina), 120. 
phaluke (Poritia), 116. 
phama (Poritia), 116. 

phare (Poritia), 116. 

pharis (Plebeius), 17. 
pharyge (Simiskina), 123. 
pharygoides (Zarona), 125. 
Phengaris, 1. 

pheretes (Plebeius), 21. 
pheretia (Poritia), 116. 
philatus (Jamides), 73. 
philo (Lycenesthes), 58. 
philota (Poritia), 116. 
philura (Simiskina), 123. 
phleas (Chrysophanus), 91. 
phormedon (Poritia), 116. 
phraatica (Poritia), 115. 
phyllodendri (Thecla), 256. 
pirama (Nilacera), 149. 
pirithous (Arhopala), 149. 
pisorum (Papilio), 45. 
plateni (Poritia), 116. 
platissa (Liycena), 47. 

plato (Hesperia), 59. 
PLEBEINe, 10. 

Plebeius, 10. 

pleurata (Poritia), 116. 
pleurata (Poritia), 114. 
plinioides (Niphanda), 52. 
plinius (Syntarucus), 49. 
plinius (Tarucus), 50. 
plumbeomicans (Nacaduba), 82. 
pluto (yczena), 59. 
Polyommatus, 21. 
Polyommatus, 44. 

pontis (Orthomiella), 36. 
Poritia, 110. 

Poritin2#, 108. 

potina (Simiskina), 122. 
procotes (Simiskina), 123. 
prominens (Nacaduba), 80. 
promula (Poritia), 116. 
proxima (Simiskina), 123. 
pruni (Strymon), 255. 
prunoides (Strymon), 256. 
pryeri (Amblypodia), 170. 
pseudegon (Plebeius), 21. 
pseudelphis (Lampides), 61, 70. 
pseuderos (Polyommatus), 22. 
pseudo-centaurus (Arhopala), 233. 
pseudomuta (Arhopala), 236. 
pseudomuta (Arhopala), 173. 
pseustis (Nacaduba), 86. 
pura (Lampides) 63, 65. 
querceti (Amblypodia), 193. 


quercetorum Surendra), 127, 285. 
quercevira (Ruralis), 276. 
quercoides (Arhopala), 236. 
rafflesii (Arhopala), 173. 
rama (Arhopala), 193. 
rapheelis (Ruralis), 276. 
Raywardia, 49. 

regina (Ruralis), 276. 

reta (Niphanda), 54. 

robusta (Sterosis), 251. 
rochana (Iraota), 134. 
rogersi (Lampides), 72. 
roona (Arhopala), 215. 

rubi (Callophrys), 257. 
rubicundula (Strymon), 256. 
Rumicia, 90. 

RuRALIN«, 252. 

Ruralis, 261. 

sepestriata (Ruralis), 275. 
samoa (Lycena), 40. 
samudra (Plebeius), 13. 
sandakana (Arhopala), 237. 
sangira (Arhopala), 237. 
santana (Anops), 240. 
saphir (Heliophorus), 108. 
saronis (Curetis), 244. 

sarta (Lycena), 21. 
sartoides (Polyommatus), 21. 
sassanides (Strymon), 254. 
Satadra, 144. 

Satsuma, 256. 

saturata (Jamides), 73. 
saturatior (Amblypodia), 235. 
sceva (Arhopala), 238. 
scintillans (Ruralis), 277. 
Scolitantides, 3. 

selta (Arhopala), 169. 
seminigra (Arhopala), 236. 
semperi (Arhopala), 237. 
sena (Heliophorus), 100. 
seraphim (Ruralis), 276. 
seraphina (Ruralis), 276. 
sericina (Nacaduba), 88. 
signata (Ruralis), 276. 
silhetensis (Arhopala), 161. 
silva (Poritia), 116. 

similis (Arhopala), 237. 
Simiskina, 117. 

sinensis (Neolycena), 259. 
sinensis (Orthomiella), 37. 
singapura (Panchala), 198. 
singla (Arhopala), 167. 
siraha (Jamides), 73. 
smaragdina (Ruralis), 275. 
snelleni (Jamides), 73. 
solyma (Simiskina), 123. 
sperthis (Curetis), 249. 
spini (Strymon), 255. 
standfussi (Chrysophanus), 100. 
staudingeri (Arhopala), 236. 


sterosis, 250. 

stigiana (Ruralis), 276. 
stigmata (Curetis), 242. | 
stimula (Surendra), 130. 
stoliczkana (Polyommatus), 24. 
strabo (Catochrysops), 47. 
Strymon, 253. | 
stygianus (Chrysophanus), 93. 
subdita (Jamides), 64. 
subfasciata (Arhopala), 183. 
subfasciata (Narathura), 217. 
subfestivus (Nacaduba), 88. 
subperusa (Jamides), 73. 
suidas (Jamides), 73. 
sumatre (Poritia), 113. 
Surendra, 126. 

susanus (Chrysophanus), 97. 
sutleja (Lycena), 26. 

syla (Ruralis), 267. 
Syntarucus, 49. 

tagalica (Curetis), 249. 
talanjang (Jamides), 73. 
talinga (Jamides), 73. 
tameanga (Arhopala), 237. 
tamu (Heliophorus), 105. 
taoona (Amblypodia), 137. 
Tarucus, 49. 

tavoyana (Poritia), 110. 

taxila (Ruralis), 275. 

teesta (Satadra), 166. 
telicanus (Tarucus), 50, 


INDEX. 


tengstreemi (Neolycena), 260. 


tephlis (Arhopala), 235. 
terricola (Phzedra), 240. 


| tessellata (Niphanda), 54. 


tessellata (Niphanda), 52. 
Thaduea, 142. 

thalia (Strymon), 256. 
theba (Arhopala), 235. 
Thecla, 261. 

theseus (Catochrysops), 40. 
thespis (Ruralis), 277. 
thetys (Curetis), 239. 
timeus (Chrysophanus), 92. 
timoleon (Iraota), 132, 285. 


| tombugensis (Nacaduba), 88. 


tounguva (Arhopala), 223. 


transiens (Chrysophanus), 97. 


trifracta (Euchrysops), 43. 
trilocha (Zephyrus), 268. 
tristis (Amblypodia), 234. 
trogon (Arhopala), 235. 
truncata (Curetis), 249. 
tsangkie (Ruralis), 276. 
tseng (Chrysophanus), 98. 
turbata (Amblypodia), 166. 
ubaldus (Azanus), 33. 
ultramarina (Ruralis), 276. 
unicolor (Nacaduba), 88. 
uranus (Azanus), 34. 
Vaceiniina, 12. 

v-album (Strymon), 256. 


| 


293 


viardi (Amblypodia), 197. 
vicrama (Polyommatus), 3. 
vihara (Amblypodia), 148. 
viola (Arhopala), 236. 

viola (Nacaduba), 87. 
violacea (Amblypodia), 193. 
virgaurez (Papilio), 91. 
virgulatus (Jamides), 74. 
viridipunctata (Heliophorus), 104. 
viridissima (Arhopala), 161. 
vivarna (Surendra), 131. 


| vivarna (Amblypodia), 127. 


viviana (Amblypodia), 234. 
w-album (Strymon), 256. 
waterstradti (Arhopala), 237. 
wimberleyi (Nilasera), 185. 
yarkundensis (Polyommatus), 31. 
yendava (Amblypodia), 153. 
younghusbandi (Lycena), 5. 
zambra (Arhopala), 165. 
zanella (Zarona), 124. 
zariaspa (Chrysophanus), 95. 
Zarona, 123. 

zebra (Jamides), 74. 

zena (Lycena), 33. 
zephyretta (Arhopala), 232. 
Zephyrus, 261. 

zeta (Arhopala), 215. 

zethus (Lampides), 66. 

ziha (Ruralis), 272. 

zoa (Ruralis), 271. 


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